Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/106877
|
| Title: | 不孕污名與因應策略對不孕患者情緒適應的影響
The effects of infertile stigma and coping strategies on emotional adjustment in infertile patients |
| Authors: | 吳宜蓉 |
| Contributors: | 許文耀
吳宜蓉 |
| Keywords: | 不孕症
汙名
生活品質
因應策略
正負向情緒
Infertility
Stigma
Quality of life
Coping strategy
Positive affect and negative affect |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-03-01 17:13:13 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究之目的是發展適用於華人文化之不孕污名量表並驗證之，藉此探討不孕污名對不孕患者心理適應的影響。然而根據壓力與因應互動理論，Lazarus與Folkman （1984）認為個體面對壓力源時並不會直接產生情緒問題，而是會進行一些調適與因應，因此本研究亦進一步探討在不孕污名與情緒適應間，不同因應策略的中介效果。在不孕污名方面，將根據雷俊等人（2010）與台灣相關質化研究之結果分成家庭污名與自我污名；因應向度方面，根據探索性因素分析之結果將短版因應量表（Abbey, Andrews, & Halman, 1991）分為問題解決因應與逃避因應等兩個因應向度；情緒狀態則分成正向情緒與負向情緒。本研究採用自陳式問卷調查，調查對象為654位台灣與大陸廈門不孕症初診女性病人及其配偶（包含177位台灣女性、177位台灣男性、215位大陸女性、85位大陸男性）。主要研究結果如下：(1)女性部分，探索性與驗證性因素結果均支持不孕污名的二因素結構，而男性僅萃取出一個因素。(2)階層迴歸結果顯示，當女性感受到的家庭污名與自我污名越高，不孕相關生活品質越低、正向情緒越低、負向情緒則越高。(3)中介效果部分，在台灣女性中，逃避因應在家庭污名與負向情緒間具備部分中介變項的角色，而在大陸女性中，逃避因應在自我污名與負向情緒間具有部分中介的效果。最後將根據研究結果提出實務上的運用與研究限制之建議。
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate Infertile Stigma Scales which was applicable to Chinese cultures and examined the effects of perceived infertile stigma on psychological adjustment in infertile patients. According to “transactional model of stress and coping”（Larazus & Folkman, 1984）, the stressors didn’t directly influence the individual’s emotion, but though coping to influence. Therefore, this study would investigate the mediation effects of coping strategies on relationship between infertile stigma and emotional adjustment. Infertile stigma was divided into two dimensions─family stigma and self stigma suggested in previous studies. Brief Ways of Coping（Abbey et al., 1991）was divided into problem-solving coping and avoidant coping, while emotional state was divided into positive emotion and negative emotion based on the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA). This study recruited 654 first-visit female patients and their partner, including 177 women in Taiwan, 177 men in Taiwan, 215 women in Xiamen, and 85 men in Xiamen. The main results showed: (1) the two-factor model of infertile stigma was supported in EFA and CFA in women, while only one factor was extracted in men; (2) hierarchical regression analysis indicated that higher levels of perceived family stigma and self stigma were associated with decreased infertility-related quality of life, decreased positive emotion and increased negative emotion in women; (3) Partial mediation effect of avoidant coping is significant on relation between family stigma and negative affect in Taiwan’s female infertile patients, while in Xiamen’s female infertile patients, avoidant coping was the partial mediator between self stigma and negative emotion. Finally, implications and limitations of this study were discussed. |
| Reference: | 吳嘉苓（2002）。受受污名的性別、性別化的污名：從台灣『不孕』男女處境分析污名的性別政治。台灣社會學刊，29，127-179。
李麗熒（1994）。不孕婦女感受到的壓力源及因應行為。高雄醫學大學護理學系研究所學位論文，高雄市。
林瑋嬪（2000）。人觀、空間實踐與治病儀式：以一個台灣西南農村為例。考古人類學刊，56，44-76。
林旖旎、蔡永杰、康介乙（2006）。台灣女性的不孕經驗: 關係的觀點。中華輔導學報，19，175-210。
姚開屏（2002）。健康相關生活品質概念與測量原理之簡介。臺灣醫學，6（2），183-192。
張昇平（1987）。試管嬰兒治療對象的選擇與其心理層面之顧念。護理雜誌，34（2），23-29。
陳淑（1995）。一位充滿失落經驗的繼發性不孕症婦女再次生產時對身體功能的關注。護理雜誌，42（3），57-65。
黃秀珠（2006）。不孕婦女成為母親的心路歷程。嘉義大學家庭教育研究所學位論文，嘉義市。
葉重新（2010）。心理與教育測驗。新北：心理出版社。
葛樹人（1999）。心理測驗學。台北：桂冠圖書。
詹豐毓（2009）。看不見說不出的「痛」─不孕婦女的失落, 悲傷與自我調適之質性研究。臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士班論文，台北市。
雷俊、李暉、朱妹娟、晏春麗（2010）。不孕症女性污名現象產生原因，影響及對策思考。醫學與哲學：人文社會醫學版，4，32-33。
蔡明宏（2006）。公民營機構組織成員工作滿意度量表之重建。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士班論文，高雄市。
韓德彥、陳淑惠（2008）。精神疾病污名感受量表及其短版之心理計量特性。中華心理衛生學刊，21（3），273-290。
Aarts, J., Van Empel, I., Boivin, J., Nelen, W., Kremer, J., & Verhaak, C. (2011). Relationship between quality of life and distress in infertility: a validation study of the Dutch FertiQoL. Hum Reprod, 26(5), 1112-1118.
Abbey, A., Andrews, F. M., & Halman, L. J. (1991). Gender`s role in responses to infertility. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15(2), 295-316.
An, Y., Sun, Z., Li, L., Zhang, Y., & Ji, H. (2013). Relationship between psychological stress and reproductive outcome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment: Psychological and neurohormonal assessment. J Assist Reprod Genet, 30(1), 35-41.
Baber, K. M., & Monaghan, P. (1988). College women`s career and motherhood expectations: New options, old dilemmas. Sex roles, 19(3-4), 189-203.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Beaurepaire, J., Jones, M., Thiering, P., Saunders, D., & Tennant, C. (1994). Psychosocial adjustment to infertility and its treatment: male and female responses at different stages of IVF/ET treatment. Journal of psychosomatic research, 38(3), 229-240.
Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E. A. (2000). Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessments of health expanding our view beyond illness and disability. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(2), 107-116.
Berg, B. J., & Wilson, J. F. (1991). Psychological functioning across stages of treatment for infertility. Journal of behavioral medicine, 14(1), 11-26.
Boivin, J., & Schmidt, L. (2005). Infertility-related stress in men and women predicts treatment outcome 1 year later. Fertility and sterility, 83(6), 1745-1752.
Boivin, J., Takefman, J., & Braverman, A. (2011). The fertility quality of life (FertiQoL) tool: development and general psychometric properties. Fertility and sterility, 96(2), 409-415. e403.
Bowman, G. D., & Stern, M. (1995). Adjustment to occupational stress: The relationship of perceived control to effectiveness of coping strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(3), 294-303.
Cataldo, J. K., Jahan, T. M., & Pongquan, V. L. (2012). Lung cancer stigma, depression, and quality of life among ever and never smokers. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(3), 264-269.
Chachamovich, J. R., Chachamovich, E., Ezer, H., Fleck, M. P., Knauth, D., & Passos, E. P. (2010). Investigating quality of life and health-related quality of life in infertility: a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 31(2), 101-110.
Chan, D. W. (1998). Stress, coping strategies, and psychological distress among secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. American Educational Research Journal, 35(1), 145-163.
Cook, E. P. (1987). Characteristics of the biopsychosocial crisis of infertility. Journal of Counseling & Development, 65(9), 465-470.
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614-625.
Corrigan, P. W., Rafacz, J., & Ruesch, N. (2011). Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness. Psychiatry research, 189(3), 339-343.
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20.
Cousineau, T. M., & Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308.
Daniluk, J. C., & Tench, E. (2007). Long-term adjustment of infertile couples following unsuccessful medical intervention. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 85(1), 89-100.
Depla, M. F., de Graaf, R., van Weeghel, J., & Heeren, T. J. (2005). The role of stigma in the quality of life of older adults with severe mental illness. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(2), 146-153.
Dickerson, F. B., Sommerville, J., Origoni, A. E., Ringel, N. B., & Parente, F. (2002). Experiences of stigma among outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(1), 143-155.
Domar, A. D., Broome, A., Zuttermeister, P. C., Seibel, M., & Friedman, R. (1992). The prevalence and predictability of depression in infertile women. Fertility and sterility, 58(6), 1158-1163.
Dong, Y., & Zhou, F. (2016). Comparison of fertility quality of life between urban and rural infertile couples. Int J Clin Exp Med, 9(5), 8664-8670.
Donkor, E. S., & Sandall, J. (2007). The impact of perceived stigma and mediating social factors on infertility-related stress among women seeking infertility treatment in Southern Ghana. Soc Sci Med, 65(8), 1683-1694.
Dunkel-Schetter, C., & Lobel, M. (1991). Psychological Reactions to Infertility. In A. Stanton & C. Dunkel-Schetter (Eds.), Infertility (pp. 29-57): Springer US.
Dural, O., Yasa, C., Keyif, B., Celiksoy, H., Demiral, I., Yuksel Ozgor, B., . . . Bastu, E. (2016). Effect of infertility on quality of life of women: a validation study of the Turkish FertiQoL. Human Fertility, 1-9.
Else-Quest, N. M., LoConte, N. K., Schiller, J. H., & Hyde, J. S. (2009). Perceived stigma, self-blame, and adjustment among lung, breast and prostate cancer patients. Psychology and Health, 24(8), 949-964.
Ferrell, B. R., Dow, K. H., Leigh, S., Ly, J., & Gulasekaram, P. (1995). Quality of life in long-term cancer survivors. Oncol Nurs Forum, 22(6), 915-922.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(1), 150-170.
Fritz, M. A., & Speroff, L. (2011). Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility (8 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Gnoth, C., Godehardt, E., Frank-Herrmann, P., Friol, K., Tigges, J., & Freundl, G. (2005). Definition and prevalence of subfertility and infertility. Hum Reprod, 20(5), 1144-1147.
Gonzalez, L. O. (2000). Infertility as a transformational process: a framework for psychotherapeutic support of infertile women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 21(6), 619-633.
Greil, A. L. (1997). Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 45(11), 1679-1704.
Guttmacher, A. F. (1956). Factors affecting normal expectancy of conception. J Am Med Assoc, 161(9), 855-860.
Haica, C. C. (2013). Gender differences in quality of life, intensity of dysfunctional attitudes, unconditional self-acceptance, emotional distress and dyadic adjustment of infertile couples. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 506-510.
Herek, G. M. (1990). Illness, stigma, and AIDS. Psychological aspects of serious illness: Chronic conditions, fatal diseases, and clinical care, 107-150.
Holzemer, W. L., Human, S., Arudo, J., Rosa, M. E., Hamilton, M. J., Corless, I., . . . Moezzi, S. (2009). Exploring HIV stigma and quality of life for persons living with HIV infection. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20(3), 161-168.
Hsu, P.-Y., Lin, M.-W., Hwang, J.-L., Lee, M.-S., & Wu, M.-H. (2013). The fertility quality of life (FertiQoL) questionnaire in Taiwanese infertile couples. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52(2), 204-209.
Hsu, Y.-L., & Kuo, B.-J. (2002). Evaluations of emotional reactions and coping behaviors as well as correlated factors for infertile couples receiving assisted reproductive technologies. Journal of Nursing Research, 10(4), 291-302.
Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Huppelschoten, A., Van Dongen, A., Verhaak, C., Smeenk, J., Kremer, J., & Nelen, W. (2013). Differences in quality of life and emotional status between infertile women and their partners. Hum Reprod, det239.
Hyman, M. D. (1971). The stigma of stroke. Its effects on performance during and after rehabilitation. Geriatrics, 26(5), 132-141.
Imeson, M., & McMurray, A. (1996). Couples` experiences of infertility: a phenomenological study. Journal of advanced nursing, 24(5), 1014-1022.
Kahyaoglu Sut, H., & Balkanli Kaplan, P. (2015). Quality of life in women with infertility via the FertiQoL and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales. Nursing & health sciences, 17(1), 84-89.
Keramat, A., Masoomi, S. Z., Mousavi, S. A., Poorolajal, J., Shobeiri, F., & Hazavhei, S. M. M. (2013). Quality of life and its related factors in infertile couples. Journal of research in health sciences, 14(1), 57-64.
Khayata, G., Rizk, D., Hasan, M., Ghazal-Aswad, S., & Asaad, M. (2003). Factors influencing the quality of life of infertile women in United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 80(2), 183-188.
Koeske, G. F., Kirk, S. A., & Koeske, R. D. (1993). Coping with job stress: Which strategies work best? Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 66(4), 319-335.
Kraemer, L. M., Stanton, A. L., Meyerowitz, B. E., Rowland, J. H., & Ganz, P. A. (2011). A longitudinal examination of couples` coping strategies as predictors of adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 963-972.
Landsman, I. S. (2002). Crises of meaning in trauma and loss. Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss, 13-30.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping: Springer publishing company.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(3), 466-475.
Lee, S., Lee, M. T., Chiu, M. Y., & Kleinman, A. (2005). Experience of social stigma by people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(2), 153-157.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual review of Sociology, 363-385.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. The Lancet, 367(9509), 528-529.
Livingston, J. D., & Boyd, J. E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 71(12), 2150-2161.
Lysaker, P. H., Roe, D., Ringer, J., Gilmore, E. M., & Yanos, P. T. (2012). Change in self-stigma among persons with schizophrenia enrolled in rehabilitation: associations with self-esteem and positive and emotional discomfort symptoms. Psychological services, 9(3), 240-247.
Mak, W. W., Cheung, R. Y., Law, R. W., Woo, J., Li, P. C., & Chung, R. W. (2007). Examining attribution model of self-stigma on social support and psychological well-being among people with HIV+/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 64(8), 1549-1559.
Markowitz, F. E. (1998). The effects of stigma on the psychological well-being and life satisfaction of persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 335-347.
Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri, A., & Omani Samani, R. (2016). Factors associated with poor quality of life among Iranian infertile women undergoing IVF. Psychology, health & medicine, 1-7.
Matsubayashi, H., Hosaka, T., Izumi, S.-i., Suzuki, T., & Makino, T. (2001). Emotional distress of infertile women in Japan. Hum Reprod, 16(5), 966-969.
McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services.
Menning, B. E. (1982). The psychosocial impact of infertility. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 17(1), 155-163.
Monach, J. H. (2003). Childless: no choice: the experience of involuntary childlessness: Routledge.
Monga, M., Alexandrescu, B., Katz, S. E., Stein, M., & Ganiats, T. (2004). Impact of infertility on quality of life, marital adjustment, and sexual function. Urology, 63(1), 126-130.
Moskowitz, J. T., Hult, J. R., Bussolari, C., & Acree, M. (2009). What works in coping with HIV? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness. Psychol Bull, 135(1), 121-141. doi: 10.1037/a0014210
Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
O’connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 32(3), 396-402.
Oddens, B. J., den Tonkelaar, I., & Nieuwenhuyse, H. (1999). Psychosocial experiences in women facing fertility problems—a comparative survey. Hum Reprod, 14(1), 255-261.
Olshansky, E. F. (1987). Identity of self as infertile: an example of theory-generating research. Advances in Nursing Science, 9(2), 54-63.
Papakostas, G. I., Petersen, T., Mahal, Y., Mischoulon, D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2004). Quality of life assessments in major depressive disorder: a review of the literature. General hospital psychiatry, 26(1), 13-17.
Peterson, B. D., Newton, C. R., & Feingold, T. (2007). Anxiety and sexual stress in men and women undergoing infertility treatment. Fertility and sterility, 88(4), 911-914.
Peterson, B. D., Newton, C. R., Rosen, K. H., & Skaggs, G. (2006). Gender differences in how men and women who are referred for IVF cope with infertility stress. Hum Reprod, 21(9), 2443-2449.
Remennick, L. (2000). Childless in the land of imperative motherhood: Stigma and coping among infertile Israeli women. Sex roles, 43(11-12), 821-841.
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41(7), 813-819.
Sandler, I. N., Tein, J. Y., & West, S. G. (1994). Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross‐sectional and longitudinal study. Child development, 65(6), 1744-1763.
Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. In B. N. Carpenter (Ed.). Personal coping: Therapy, research, and application (pp. 149-170).
Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological bulletin, 130(4), 601.
Sexton, M. B., Byrd, M. R., & von Kluge, S. (2010). Measuring resilience in women experiencing infertility using the CD-RISC: examining infertility-related stress, general distress, and coping styles. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(4), 236-241.
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: a review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological bulletin, 129(2), 216-269.
Slade, P., Emery, J., & Lieberman, B. (1997). A prospective, longitudinal study of emotions and relationships in in-vitro fertilization treatment. Hum Reprod, 12(1), 183-190.
Stanton, A. L. (1991). Cognitive appraisals, coping processes, and adjustment to infertility Infertility (pp. 87-108): Springer.
Stanton, A. L., Danoff‐burg, S., & Huggins, M. E. (2002). The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment. Psycho‐Oncology, 11(2), 93-102.
Steptoe, A., Hamer, M., & Chida, Y. (2007). The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 21(7), 901-912.
Sun, T.-Y. L., G-H. (2000). Psychosocial response of Chinese infertile husbands and wives. Archives of andrology, 45(3), 143-148.
Tarlatzis, I., Tarlatzis, B., Diakogiannis, I., Bontis, J., Lagos, S., Gavriilidou, D., & Mantalenakis, S. (1993). Psychosocial impacts of infertility on Greek couples. Hum Reprod, 8(3), 396-401.
Thonneau, P., Marchand, S., Tallec, A., Ferial, M.-L., Ducot, B., Lansac, J., . . . Spira, A. (1991). Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1 850 000) of three French regions (1988–1989)*. Hum Reprod, 6(6), 811-816.
Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., Blair, D. C., & Littlewood, R. A. (2006). Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV-positive men and women. AIDS and Behavior, 10(5), 473-482.
Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H., & Wade, N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 311-316.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 218-235.
Wen, J., Shi, Y. K., Li, Y. P., Yuan, P., & Wang, F. (2012). Quality of life, physical diseases, and psychological impairment among survivors 3 years after Wenchuan earthquake: a population based survey. PLoS One, 7(8), e43081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043081
Wetherell, J. L., Thorp, S. R., Patterson, T. L., Golshan, S., Jeste, D. V., & Gatz, M. (2004). Quality of life in geriatric generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(3), 305-312.
Whiteford, L. M., & Gonzalez, L. (1995). Stigma: the hidden burden of infertility. Social Science & Medicine, 40(1), 27-36.
WHOQOL. (1995). The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science & Medicine, 41(10), 1403-1409.
Wilson, J., & Kopitzke, E. (2002). Stress and infertility. Current women`s health reports, 2(3), 194-199.
Wolf, T. M., Balson, P. M., Morse, E. V., Simon, P. M., Gaumer, R. H., Dralle, P. W., & Williams, M. H. (1991). Relationship of coping style to affective state and perceived social support in asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV-infected persons: implications for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry, 52(4), 171-173.
Yamasaki, K., Sakai, A., & Uchida, K. (2006). A longitudinal study of the relationship between positive affect and both problem-and emotionfocused coping strategies. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 34(5), 499-510.
Zegers-Hochschild, F., Adamson, G. D., de Mouzon, J., Ishihara, O., Mansour, R., Nygren, K., . . . Vanderpoel, S. (2009). International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009. Fertility and sterility, 92(5), 1520-1524. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009 |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
102752005 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1027520051 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [心理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 005101.pdf | 2037Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 46 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
