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| Title: | 國際貿易下食品衛生安全措施之同等效力機制研究
A study on equivalence mechanism of food sanitary measures under international trade |
| Authors: | 施虹妤 |
| Contributors: | 楊培侃
施虹妤 |
| Keywords: | 國際食品貿易
SPS協定
Codex
同等效力
International food trade
SPS agreement
Codex
Equivalence |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-07-03 14:33:00 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 在食品貿易全球化的趨勢下，食源性疾病將隨著跨國貿易而擴散，如何在促進貿易的同時亦確保人類食用之安全，即為當今重要之議題。WTO作為涵蓋最多貿易經濟體，並係目前處理國際貿易規則的唯一全球貿易國際組織，對於食品安全與貿易議題，在SPS協定第4條訂有「同等效力」規範作為權衡兩種利益之對策。在國際食品貿易領域下，同等效力係指若進口國對於出口國所採「相異」於進口國本身之SPS措施，如出口國之SPS措施達到與進口國國內「相同」的保護水準，即可認定出口國之措施具備同等效力而承認之，而非要求出口國採用與進口國完全一致之SPS措施。
國際間依據該規範，尤以美國及歐盟為例，實施「輸入前系統性查核機制」，即在食品輸入前先行對出口國之食品安全體系及政府監督措施進行審查，經評估後判定其保護水準與進口國具備同等效力後，該出口國始得出口食品，大幅提升食品安全之保護水準。我國亦順應該趨勢，於民國103年2月11日由衛生福利部公布施行〈輸入食品系統性查核實施辦法〉，將食品安全管制時點從邊境提前至境外。
為瞭解我國規範是否完善，本文將利用比較法的方式，先了解各該國際規範以及美國與歐盟兩大食品貿易國之規範內容，並檢視我國系統性查核機制並提出可能之建議。本文以為，我國已具備同等效力之基本運作架構，惟細部的運作規則、如何判斷同等效力、如何確保後續同等效力之維持，並無明確之規定。故本文建議應先健全我國系統性查核機制之運作及法律機制，以備將來擴大適用。
With the trend of international trade in food products, foodborne illnesses spread through cross-border trade. Therefore, how to ensure food safety of human consumption while facilitating trade is the most critical issue nowadays. As the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations, the WTO SPS agreement article 4 provides the “equivalence” mechanism as a way to balance the rights between trade and food safety. In the field of international food trade, the equivalence means that SPS measures does not require duplication or sameness of measures between exporting and importing Members, but the acceptance of alternative measures that meet importing Member`s appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection.
Based on the provisions governing equivalence mechanism, each state would implement ante systematic audit, via reviewing food safety system and monitoring measures adopted by competent authorities of exporting party before the importation of food products. As long as the importing state makes a positive determination recognizing of the appropriate level of protection has been achieved, the food products from exporting party are eligible to export to the market of importing state. Such mechanism facilitates cross-border trade in food products and secures the interests of food safety. With this trend, our government enacted the Regulations for Systematic Inspection of Imported Food in recent years.
This thesis tries to review the soundness of current Regulation through comparative analysis with international rules and regulations of the US as well as EU. The conclusion is that our system lacks of the specific rules for operation, determination of equivalence and the assurance of the equivalent persistency. Consequently, our government should set up these core elements before transforming current rules to a more comprehensive mechanism in the future. |
| Reference: | 壹、中文部分
一、專書
1. 農委會動植物防疫檢疫局，2001年，食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施協定叢書（一），農委會動植物防疫檢疫局
二、期刊論文
1. 林勤富、蘇昱心，2017年，我國輸入食品系統性查核規範之WTO適法性初探，月旦醫事法報告，第6期
2. 林麗芳，2000年，美國食品安全管理機制分析，農政與農情，第164期
3. 陳雅琴，2006年，美國食品安全的制度體系與法令規定，農政與農情，第164期
三、學術論文
1. 吳明美，我國輸入食品查驗制度之研究，天主教輔仁大學法律學系碩士論文（2014）
2. 張凱斐，食品安全管理之國際法律制度—以食品法典為例，東吳大學法律學系法律專業碩士班（2011）
3. 楊岱欣，歐盟與我國食品管理法制之比較研究，國立中央大學法律與政府研究所碩士論文（2014）
四、研究資料
1. 行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局，《歐盟動植物防疫檢疫體系考察報告》，106年1月12日
2. 駐歐盟兼駐比利時代表處經濟組，《食品輸銷歐盟法規概述》，2014年7月
3. 駐歐盟兼駐比利時代表處經濟組，《歐盟動植物檢驗檢疫暨食品衛生法規簡介》，2006年11月
五、網際網路
1. 行政院農業委員會，歐盟食品安全管理，上網日期106年4月7日，檢自：http://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505761
2. 食品藥物管理署，「輸入食品系統性查核實施辦法」，上網日期106年4月7日，檢自：https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Law/Detail.aspx?nodeID=518&lawid=579
3. 食品藥物管理署衛生福利部，訂定「輸入食品系統性查核實施辦法」，完善高風險食品輸入前審查制度，上網日期106年3月28日，檢自：http://www.mohw.gov.tw/news/455443536
4. 食藥署，「Questionnaires of Equivalence Information of Food Safety System in Meat and Poultry products for applying import to Taiwan」，上網日期106年4月25日，檢自：https://www.google.com.tw/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiElonDlZLTAhWEpJQKHesCC8IQFggbMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.wto.org%2Fcrnattachments%2F2014%2Fsps%2FCHT%2F14_5385_00_e.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGZe9d69nw-L08DO8cXFV159s48nw&sig2=nIJGHqGLCGj6GqpSQ0mJmg
5. 食藥署，103年度『輸入食品系統性查核申請案審查』委託辦理計畫需求說明書，上網日期106年4月25日，檢自： http://www.fda.gov.tw/tc/includes/GetFile.ashx?mID=102&id=27879&chk=44d96ee3-2a64-43df-86a2-49850f0b098c
6. 食藥署，第二次預告修正「輸入食品系統性查核實施辦法」草案，上網日期106年4月25日，檢自http://www.fda.gov.tw/tc/newsContent.aspx?id=21259&chk=c10a8444-79d2-419a-90e3-f54e900c1dd6#.WJMEcVN97IU
7. 動植物防疫檢疫局，參加世貿組織食品衛生檢驗及動植物檢疫措施委員會第十九次會議及赴比利時洽談我國農產品銷歐檢疫事宜報告，上網日期106年3月28日，檢自：http://www.baphiq.gov.tw/public/Attachment/6112314473271.pdf
8. 經濟部標準檢驗局，赴歐盟執委會健康暨消費者保護總署食品及獸醫辦公室參加歐盟結構訓練報告，上網日期106年3月20日，檢自：http://report.nat.gov.tw/ReportFront/report_detail.jspx?sysId=C09700289
9. 經濟部標準檢驗局高雄分局，CODEX，上網日期106年4月10日，檢自：http://www.bsmi.gov.tw/bsmiGIP/wSite/ct?xItem=16649&ctNode=4023&mp=7
10. 衛福部，輸入食品系統性查核實施辦法第三條附表、第四條及第五條修正草案總說明及逐點說明，106年4月10日，檢自：http://www.fda.gov.tw/tc/includes/GetFile.ashx?mID=19&id=57173
貳、英文部分
一、期刊論文
1. Bettcher, Douglas W., Yach, Derek & Emmanuel, G. Guindon, Global trade and health: key linkages and future challenges, 78(4) BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 521 (2000)
2. Lin, Ching-Fu, Global Food Safety: Exploring Key Elements for an International Regulatory Strategy, 51(3) VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 637 (2011).
二、研究資料
1. Elvestad, Christel & Veggeland, Frode, International Trade and Guidelines on Equivalence and Mutual Recognition
2. ERG, Food And Feed Import Practices of Foreign Governments to Improve Food Safety
3. Lang, Tim, Trade, Public Health and Food
4. Silverglade, Bruce, The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Weakening Food Safety Regulations to Facilitate Trade?
5. Veggeland, Frode & Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Hard and Soft Governance in World Food Trade--The use of dispute settlement and equivalence in conflict-resolution
三、國際組織資料
1. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Guidelines on the judgement of equivalence of sanitary measures associated with food inspection and certification systems, CAC/GL 53-2003
2. World Trade Organization, Decision on the Implementation of Article 4 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, G/SPS/19/Rev.2
3. World Trade Organization, SPS Committee’s decision on equivalence, G/SPS/19
4. WTO ECAMPUS, WTO E-Learning, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.
四、官方資訊
1. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DG HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY, Imports of Food of Animal Origin from Non-EU Countries
2. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR HEALTH & CONSUMER, EU Import Conditions for Fresh Meat and Meat Products
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, GUIDANCE DOUCUMENT—Key questions related to import requirements and the new rules on food hygiene and official food controls (2014)
4. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Health and Food Audits and Analysis Programme 2017 (2017)
5. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Implementation of Certain Provisions of Regulation (EU) No 852/2004 on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs (2005)
6. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Food and Veterinary Office Annual Report 2008 (2008)
7. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, General guidance on EU import and transit rules for live animals and animal products from third countries (2010)
8. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL, Plan for the Audit to Be Carried out in (Country) from (Start Date) to (Finish Date) in Order to (Title of Audit)
9. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Guideline for Countries on the Food Safety and Inspection Service’s Equivalence Process (2016)
10. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Process for Evaluating the Equivalence of Foreign Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products Food Regulatory Systems (2011)
11. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SELF-REPORTING TOOL(SRT)
五、網路資料
1. EC, Directorate-General for Health & Consumers, EU import conditions for fresh meat and meat products, from https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/ia_trade_import-cond-meat_en.pdf
2. EC, European Union import conditions for poultry and poultry products, from http://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/ia_trade_facstheet_poultry-and-products.pdf
3. EC, Food, Animals and products of animal origin, from http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/official_controls/legislation/imports/animal_en
4. EC, Food, Health and Food Audits and Analysis, from https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits_analysis_en
5. EC, Food, Official controls on imported products, from http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/official_controls/legislation/imports_en
6. European Commission, Food, Food Safety: Overview, from https://ec.europa.eu/food/overview_en
7. European Commission, Health and Food Safety, Organisational chat, from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_food-safety/chart.pdf
8. U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION, FDA Food Code 2009: Chapter 1 - Purpose & Definitions, from https://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/retailfoodprotection/foodcode/ucm186464.htm
9. United States Department of Agriculture-FSIS, Importing Meat, Poultry & Egg Products to the United States, from https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/production-and-inspection/importing-meat-poultry-and-egg-products-to-the-united-states/importing-meat-poultry-egg-products-us
10. Worldatlas, Countries Most Dependent on Others for Food, Feb. 24, 2017, from http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-countries-importing-the-most-food-in-the-world.html |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
103351043 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103351043 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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