Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112804
|
| Title: | 台灣高齡貧窮現象之研究
Poverty among the Elderly in Taiwan: An Insight from Japan`s case |
| Authors: | 黃驛媗
Huang, I-Hsuan |
| Contributors: | 姜家雄
Chiang, Chia-Hsiung
黃驛媗
Huang, I-Hsuan |
| Keywords: | 台灣貧窮老人
老年貧窮
下流老人現象
獨居老人
社會福利政策
日本高齡化社會
Elderly poverty in Taiwan
Elderly poverty
The low-living elderly
Elderly living-alone
Social welfare policy
Aging society in Japan |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-09-13 15:47:23 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 有鑑於過去人口結構的變化，台灣已成為人口老化速度最快的國家，人口老
齡化已成為一個重大議題。而老年人比例最高的日本，卻出現廣泛的老年貧窮
（下流老人）現象。因此，本研究以日本的情況為依據，對台灣老年貧窮的整體
概況和未來趨勢的發展進行資料整合與分析。主要探討台灣“老年貧窮”問題的
出現，並找出其影響的程度及其未來的發展，後續並深入分析其造成台灣“老年
貧窮”問題之關鍵指標因素，以及政府解決老年貧窮問題的政策與措施。研究發
現，超過五成老年人口落在最低收入、最貧窮層級的家戶中，顯示台灣社會的“老
年貧窮”現象有所增加。而造成台灣老年貧窮的原因為：一、退休養老金不足（低
於基本生活開銷）; 二、就業（低薪的工作環境）; 三、家庭養老功能下降（老
人獨居比率不斷上升）; 四、太早離開勞動力市場（儲蓄不足）。研究結果顯示，弱化的社會保障制度是老年貧窮比率升高的主要原因，而老年貧窮的現象亦廣泛存在於台灣社會，因此建議需提升公眾意識，提早準備充足的退休養老金、並加
強社區老人關懷功能、以及持續關注老年貧窮的問題。本研究結果可提供未來探
討台灣老年貧窮議題之參考，相關研究值得後續做進一步的探討分析。
In view of the change in demographic structure in the past few years, Taiwan has become the country with the fastest speed of population aging. The aging population has become a major issue. Japan has the highest ratio of aged citizens, and the widely discussed phenomena of elderly poverty (The low-living elderly). Thus, this study based on Japan`s case, has systematically reviewed, analyzed, and secondary data, in order to provide the overall and future trends of elderly poverty situation in Taiwan. The study probes into the emergence of the “elderly poverty” problem and try to find out the extent of this problem and its future outlook, to explore the causes of the “elderly
poverty” problem in Taiwan and the official measures for alleviating elderly poverty. The research found that more than 50% of the elderly was the poorest households with
the lowest income, nearly half of the elderly population falls to the lowest and poorest level, shows “the low-living elderly” phenomenon has increasing in Taiwan’s society. The causes of the elderly poverty in Taiwan: 1. the labor pension is too low (less than the necessary living expenses); 2. unstable employment (low income work); 3. family care function are decline (the elders living alone has keep rising); 4. early to exit from the labor market (lack of deposits). The weakened social security system are the main causes for the rising old-age poverty. The elderly poverty exists widely and need to promote public awareness for prepare adequate deposit in retirement, strengthen care function of community and focus on the elderly poor issues. For overall pictures of
elderly poverty in Taiwan is worthy of further investigation and discussion. |
| Reference: | References References
Barak, Kushner. (2015). Examining Japan`s Lost Decades. 297-313. https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/gji3/files/chapter_15-the_stakeholder_state.pdf
Blank, R. M., & A.S. Blinder. (1986). Macroeconomics, income distribution, and poverty. S. H. Danziger and D. & D. Weinberg, eds., Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn`t. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Bureau of Labor insurance, Ministry of Labor. (2016). Characteristics of the New Labor Pension System. http://www.bli.gov.tw/en/sub.aspx?a=nhOjj7pu60c%3D
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. (2015). Annual report on the aging society. http://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/english/annualreport/2015/2015pdf_e.html
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. (2016). White Papers on the Aging Society http://www.ipss.go.jp/pp-zenkoku/j/zenkoku2017/pp_zenkoku2017.asp
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. (2011). Aging situation - the ratio of the old-aged population to the working age population. (Table. 1-1-6) http://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2011/zenbun/pdf/1s1s_1.pdf
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. (2014). Situation on Aging, (Chart 1-1-2). http://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/english/annualreport/2014/pdf/c1-1.pdf
Campbell J. C., Ikegami N., Gibson M. J. (2010). Lessons from public long-term care insurance in Germany and Japan. http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/29/1/87.full.html
Campbell, D. T. (1979). A tribal model of the social system vehicle carrying scientific knowledge. Knowledge, 2, 181-201.
Central News Agency. (2017) In Japan still unmarried at age 50: report.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/04/05/national/1-4-japanese-men-still-unmarried-age-50-report/#.WT1En2h942w
Chang, Chia-ting. (2012). The impacts of population ageing on the economic and welfare in Taiwan. Department of International Business, Chung Yuan Christian University. Master’s thesis.
Chang, Ching-chin. (2014). Gender differences of labor participation and old-age woman poverty in the ageing societies of Taiwan. Department of Labor Relations, National Chung Cheng University. Master’s thesis.
Chan, Yi-chang. (1997). Economic security and protection of the elderly-a risk approach. Social Policy & Social Work, vol. 1, no. 2, 3-38.
Chen, Po-chien. (2016). The storm of the Old-age poverty was coming. Taiwan Higher Education Union report. http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20160909/945120/
Chen, Fei-juan. (2011). The study of the middle-aged generation`s perspective on the choices of residential after retirement in Taiwan. National Chengchi University EMBA. Master’s thesis.
Chen, Hao-yi & Shi, Rong-jie. (2016). Japan`s most horrible murder, at least 19 people dead with a knife. APPLE Daily report. http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/international/20160726/915446/%E6%97%A5%E7%94%B7%E9%97%96%E5%AE%89%E9%A4%8A%E9%99%A2%E4%BA%82%E7%A0%8D19%E6%AD%BB%E3%80%80%E5%AB%8C%E7%8A%AF%E7%85%A7%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89
Chen, Hsiu-hui. (2011). The evolution and development of Taiwan`s old-age income security system. Community Development Journal, no. 133, 123-138
Chen, Jing-ping. (2011). The impact of labor market status and retirement pattern on elderly well-being. Department of social welfare, Chinese Culture University.
Master’s thesis.
Chen, Kuan-zeng. (2009). The causes and consequences of population aging. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 2, 28-39.
Chen, Mao. (2004). The influence of population aging on our country macroeconomic and its response. Taiwan Economic Research Monthly, vol. 27, no. 11, 21-29.
Chen, Xin-yi & Pang, Pao-hong. (2005). Working poor in Taiwan. Journal of Culture and Society, no. 20, 103-128.
Chen, Yu-cang. (2016). Dusk Elegy - Poverty Status and Countermeasure of Elderly in Japan. New Social Policy, no. 42, 5-8.
Chen, Zih-ting. (2009). The phenomenon of the wealth inequality in Taiwan. The social Development of South Taiwan Academic Seminar Proceedings. Department of social development, National Pingtung University. Master’s thesis.
Cheng, Ching-hsia & Wang, Ching-Yi.(2016). The Pension Equity of the Labor Insurance Old-Age Pension Benefit in Taiwan: On Generational Accounting. Social Policy & Social Work, vol. 20, no. 2, 83-124
Cowgill, D. O. (1986). Aging around the World. Belmont, California: Wadsworth
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2013). The annual report.
https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/44815337MKFO31LR.pdf
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). Report on the Survey of Family Income & Expenditure. http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/a11.asp?year=103
Estévez-Abe, M., Kim, Y. (2013). Beyond the familialist state? Outsourcing care in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Carlo Alberto Working Papers Series 343.
Euromonitor International. (2012). Special Report: Rise in single-person households globally impacts consumer spending patterns. http://www.euromonitor.com/
Fackler, M. (2010). Japan Tries to Face Up to Growing Poverty Problem. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/world/asia/22poverty.html
Fujimori K. (2016). The rapid increase of elderly single households and the declining marriage rate--social system rebuild inevitable http://www.japanpolicyforum.jp/archives/economy/pt20160609151042.html
Fu, Tsung-hsi. (2012). The view and future prospect of the economic security guarantee system for the elderly in our country. Taiwan`s response the old age society is coming policy research seminar. National Taiwan University. Center for Public Policy and Law, Topic 4, 1-24
Fu, Tsung-hsi & Wang, Hong-wen & Shi, Shi-jun. (2012). A study on the economic security and personal retirement of the elderly in Taiwan. Research, Development and Evaluation Commission, Executive Yuan. Commissioned research report
Fujisawa, R. and F. Colombo (2009), The Long-Term Care Workforce: Overview and Strategies to Adapt Supply to a Growing Demand. OECD Health Working Papers no. 44, OECD, Paris.
Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2016a). A silver tsunami hit Taiwan. https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=1131&pid=2276
Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2016b). The 10-year long-term care 2.0 plan. (2017~2026) file:///C:/Users/Christy%20Huang/Downloads/1051219%E9%95%B7%E7%85%A72.0%E6%A0%B8%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%AC.pdf
Health and Welfare Bureau for the Elderly, Ministry of Helath, Labour and Welfare. (2016). Long-Term Care Insurance System of Japan http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/care-welfare/care-welfare-elderly/dl/ltcisj_e.pdf
Hong, Hau-yi. (2012). The impact of senior citizens welfare living allowance on private transfer and consumption of one-person elderly household. Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University. Master’s thesis.
Hong, Ming-huang. (2009). Income distribution analysis in Taiwan. Department of Social Welfare, National Chung Cheng University. PhD thesis.
Howard, D. (2012). Standard of living in Japan stacks up fairly well. http://the-carter-group.com/?p=536
HSBC (2016). Global white-collar workers are prepared earlier than the previous generation for planning retirement. file:///C:/Users/Christy%20Huang/Downloads/160809-hsbc-survey-tw.pdf
Hsieh, Hsin-ling., Chou, Shin-Yi., Liu, Echu & Lien, Hsien-ming. (2015). Strengthening or Weakening? The Impact of Universal Health Insurance on Intergenerational Coresidence in Taiwan. Demography, vol. 52, no. 3, 883-904.
Hsieh, Mei-O. (2013). Exploring quality of life among the retired elderly from retirement planning, sociological theories of aging, and self-perception of the elderly and the meaning of life. Soochow Journal of Social Work, no. 25, 35-70
Hsueh, Cherng-tay. (2007). Is Taiwan a Becoming an M-shaped Society? National
Policy Foundation. http://www.npf.org.tw/post/2/3076
Hsueh, Cherng-tay. (2001). An analysis of the trend of single family and its poverty in Taiwan. Taiwan`s single-parent family status and policy seminars. National Policy Foundation, 1-18.
Hsu, Pi-chun & Hong, Ming-huang. (2012). The analysis of economic security of Taiwanese middle-aged and elderly women caregivers. Social Analysis Academic Journal, no. 5, 39-63.
Income Poverty in Old Age: An Emerging Development Priority. Department of Economic and Social Affairs programmed on ageing. The focal point on ageing in the United Nations system. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/PovertyIssuePaperAgeing.pdf
Japan Pensioners’ Union. (2010). The Pension Reform and Income Security. http://nenkinsha-u.org/08-english/pensionreform.html
Keiko Takanami. (2010). Rising income inequality and poverty in Japan. San Diego State University. Master thesis.
Ku, Yeun-wen & Chan, Yi-chang. (1998). Economic security and annuity policy for the elderly in Taiwan: a study of social exclusion of view point. Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, vol. 10, no. 2, 191-225
Lam, Shushan. (2017). Poor and on their own, South Korea’s elderly who will work until they die. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/poor-and-on-their-own-south-korea-s-elderly-who-will--work-until-8577758
Lau, Wai-hing. (2015). The elderly poverty. New Society for Taiwan, no. 42, 9-12.
Lee, R. & A. Mason. (2011). Population Aging and the Generational Economy. Oxfordshire: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Legislative Council. (2013). Report in the duty visit to study the experience of poverty alleviation in Taiwan and Japan. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/hc/papers/hc0411cb2-1266-a-e.pdf
Leu, Chao-hsien & Wang, Te-mu & Wang, Shu-twu. (1999). Age, period, cohort and the poverty rate in Taiwan. National Taiwan University of Population and Gender Studies Center, no. 20, 125-138.
Li, Pu. (2016). Unimaginable of Taiwan`s Old-Age Poverty. Taiwan News Review, vol. 10, no. 9.
Li, Sheng-yan. (2012). Taiwan`s economy Japanization and the revelation of Korea`s Rising. Asian Financial Quarterly, 3-5.
Li, Shu-Jung. (2014). Labor and poverty in the era of globalization. Community Development Journal, no. 148. 64-77.
Li, Zhuo. (2016). The population aging and the challenge of social welfare. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of NGO International Affairs Council.
http://www.taiwanngo.tw/files/13-1000-9962-1.php?Lang=zh-tw
Lin, Jian-cheng. (2016). Looking forward to a inclusive growth of annuity reform. National Policy Foundation. National Policy Research Report.
Lin, Jian-cheng. (2015). State administration analysis: Do not repeat the mistakes of Japan`s long-term care. National Policy Foundation.
Lin, Ya-ching. (2015). The influence of population aging on economic growth, labor market and saving behavior: Taiwan`s case studies. Department of Finance, National Sun Yat-sen University. Master’s thesis.
Lin, Yu Cheng. (2015). The Problem of the Elderly Care in the Situation of Aging and Low Fertility in Japan: Case Study of the Decision Making Process of the Long-Term Care Insurance System. Master Program in Japan Studies, National Chengchi University. Master’s thesis.
Lin, Zheng Yue-o. (2016). 2015 Hong Kong Poverty Situation Report. Commission on Poverty.
Lin, Zhao-Zhen. (2009). Can not afford the future. NPF Report. National Policy Foundation. http://www.npf.org.tw/printfriendly/6307
Liu, Chia-Yung. (2015). Social care programs in communities for the elderly living alone: a comparative study between Taiwan and Japan. Taiwan Community Work and Research Association, vol. 5, no. 2, 47-96.
Liu, Kuei-Yin. (2003). The effects of fiscal policy on lifetime net tax rate in Taiwan. Department of Accounting, Feng Chia University. Master’s thesis.
Liu, Li-Fen. (2016). The aging of the population is imminent. Sci-Tech Vista. https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/c/JTcx.htm
Liu, Yu-Wei & Lu, Chun-Liang. (2011). The integration of national pension and labor insurance-with old age benefits and conditions as the central content. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, vol. 19, no. 2, 308-318.
Lin, Zhao-Zhen. (2009). Cannot afford the future - the impact of Taiwan`s labor for elderly, low fertility, secure old-age economy and reform suggestion. Community Development Journal, no. 125, 440-453.
Lynch, J. (2001). The age-orientation of social policy regimes in OECD countries. Journal of Social Policy, vol. 30, no. 3, 411-436.
Mann, David. (2017). Ageing – Passing the baton to Asia. Global Research, Standard
Chartered Bank. https://www.sc.com/BeyondBorders/wp- content/uploads/2017/02/2017-02-15-Ageing-report.pdf
Masahiro K. (2015). Housing and demographics: experiences in Japan. http://www.jhf.go.jp/files/300304336.pdf
McCall W. V., and Kintziger K. W. (2013). Late life depression-A global problem with few resources
http://www.psych.theclinics.com/article/S0193-953X(13)00082-8/pdf
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2013). Report of the senior citizen condition survey. http://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/lp-1767-113.html
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2017). The long-term care 2.0 policy. http://topics.mohw.gov.tw/LTC/cp-91-107-201.html
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2016). Social statistics monthly report: low-income households. http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=312&fod_list_no=4197
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2014). Social security of Japan.
http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/japan/socsec/maruo/maruo_5.html
Ministry of the Interior, Department of Statistics. (2016). Population analysis. http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/news_content.aspx?sn=10225
Myer, J. (2015) Where are pensioners most at risk of poverty? Geo-economic. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/where-are-pensioners-most-at-risk-of-poverty/
National Development Council. (2013). Global aging population present situation and trend. http://www.ndc.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=4AE550655153
National Development Council. (2014).The study of social welfare service in Taiwan. file:///C:/Users/Christy%20Huang/Downloads/%E6%88%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6103.03.25%20.pdf
National Development Council. (2016). Taiwan population estimates (2016~2061) https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=84223C65B6F94D72
National Development Council (2010). The estimate of population in Taiwan (2010-2060). http://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Files/policy/2012/policy_12_017_1.pdf
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. (2016). Japan`s population estimate.
http://www.ipss.go.jp/pp-zenkoku/j/zenkoku2017/pp_zenkoku2017.asp
National Statistics, R.O.C. (2010). Population and housing census. http://www.stat.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=548&CtUnit=383&BaseDSD=7&mp=4
NHK special interview group. (2014). 老後破産―長寿という悪夢The old-age bankruptcy: nightmare of the longevity. Streamer Publishing, Taipei.
NHK special interview group. (2015). 無縁社会むえんしゃかいIndifferent Social: Society in which individuals are isolated and have weak personal links between each other. Newrain Publishing, Taipei.
NIKKEI STYLE News. (2017). Mature unmarried: Elderly-live living together.
http://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO11578180S7A110C1TZD000
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2012). Household net adjusted disposable income in OECD countries. https://figure.nz/chart/j1zCZHMttYs2FkR7
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2013). Social expenditure - aggregated data: net total social expenditure, in % GDP.
https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). Pensions at a Glance. https://www.oecd.org/japan/PAG2015_Japan.pdf
Paul Demeny & Goffrey Mcnicoll. (2003). Encyclopedia of population. New York: Macmillan Reference.
Peng, Huai-zhen & Peng, Zhan-jiang. (2012). Gerontology Introduction. Wiseman Publishing, New Taipei.
Rejda, G. E. (1994). Social Insurance and Economic Security. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Rowntree, S. (1922). Poverty: A Study of Town Life. New York: Howard Fertig. (reprinted in 1971).
Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and communications. (2015). Population Census. http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/index.htm
Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency. (2010). Chapter II: population by sex and age, 21-24 http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2010/poj/pdf/2010ch02.pdf
Satyajit, D. (2016). The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth is Unattainable and the Global Economy is in Peril. Prometheus Books. New York.
Shih, Yang. (2005). Discussion on the system of economic security in the elderly. Community Development Journal, no. 110, 260-273.
Social Security Office of Retirement and Disability Policy. Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific.
https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/asia/japan.html
Spicker, P. (1993). Poverty and Social Security: Concepts and Principles, London: Routledge.
Su, Li-chiung. (2012). An exploratory study on the life course and preparation for old age among unmarried older-women living alone. Department of Social Work, Donghai University. PhD thesis.
Sun, Nai-yi. (2014). Some myths on the policy of our countries pension reform - on the economic secure system of the elderly and the relevance of labor economic conditions. Formosa Transnational Attorneys at Low, no. 198, 2-14.
Taichi Ohno. (2011). Aging in Japan-focusing on long-term care insurance. Healthy aging summit. Los Angeles. https://www.slideshare.net/keiroservices/aging-in-japan-focusing-on-longterm-care-insurance
Takanori Fujida. (2016). 下流老人: 一億総老後崩壊の衝撃The Low-Living Elderly : The impact of future decay of elderly lives of 100 million Japanese. Asif Publishing. Taipei.
Takanori Fujida. (2017). 続・下流老人 一億総疲弊社会の到来The Low-Living Elderly¬ Continuance (かりゅうろうじん): The arrival of 100 million total impoverishment society. Asif Publishing. Taipei.
Takenobu Mieko (2011). The change of work styles and poverty in Japan. Asia leadership fellow program report. Asia in Dialogue: Visions and Actions for a Humane Society. International House of Japan and Japan Foundation, Tokyo, Japan, 83-84. http://alfpnetwork.net/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ALFP-2011-complete-Book.pdf
The World Bank. (2016). Living Longer and Prosper: Aging in East Asia and Pacific. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Tong, Ze-rong. (2015). Decline Savings are Reflected the Aging of Population. Paper.udn.com. https://news.housefun.com.tw/news/article/206606110537.html
Toru Nakagawa. (2016). Forum: Poverty problems in the Japanese society. Takanori Fujita, the speech in Seigakuin University. http://www.ogjc.osaka-gu.ac.jp/php/nakagawa/TRIZ/eTRIZ/eforum/e2016Forum/eNaka-Social-2016/eNaka-Social-Elderly-Intro-160329.html#IntroBook
United Nations Population Fund. (2012). Aging in the twenty-first century: A celebration and a challenge, 12.
http://www.unfpa.org/publications/ageing-twenty-first-century
United Nations Population Fund. (2013). World population prospects-The 2012 revision. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/Files/WPP2012_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf
United Daily News Group of Vision Project (2013). Taiwan of centenarian longevity aging study. https://www.unitedway.org.tw/news/17671
Wang, Ruo-ping. (2013). Taiwanese poverty issues and community consultation and feasible conduct. Counseling & Guidance, no. 333, 48-52.
Wang, De-mu & Lu, Chao-xian. (1997). Population aging and care of the elderly. Population Association of Taiwan, 68-87.
Wang, Wen-Jhong. (2015). The old-age economic security system in Taiwan. Institute of China and Asia-Pacific Studies, National Sun Yat-sen University. PhD thesis.
Wang, Yu-Zen. (2009). A study of the relationship among income sources subjective and objective economic well-being of the elderly. Department of Sociology, National Chengchi University. Master’s thesis.
Wang, Yeong-Tsyr. (2005). The poverty issue in Taiwan. National Taiwan University Journal of Social Work, no. 10, 1-54.
Web Japan. (2016). Social security system- An aging society and its impact on social security. http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e42_security.pdf
Weekly Toyo Keizai Magazine. (2015). The low living elderly. Toyo Keizai Shinposha,Tokyo, Japan, 46-88. https://store.toyokeizai.net/user_data/contents/toyo/2015/t_9900111544.pdf
Wikipedia. (2017). Declaration of not providing support to parents.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%9B%E9%A4%8A%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E6%9B%B8
Wikipedia. (2013). Poverty in Japan. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Japan
World Finance. Life Cycle Hypothesis.
http://finance.mapsofworld.com/savings/concepts/life-cycle.html
World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health, Populations are getting older. Number of people over 60 years set to double by 2050.
http://www.who.int/ageing/events/world-report-2015-launch/en/
World Health Organization. Healthy ageing. Europe.
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/healthy-ageing/healthy ageing
World Health Organization. 2011-2014 Health statistics and information systems.
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/
Wu, Ming-Ru. (2008). Build a multi pillar of Taiwan and the basic life of safety net. Back to basics: Reconstruction of basic safety net in Taiwan. Health Welfare & Environment Foundation. 107-127.
Wu, Ya-Hui. (1997). The research on the poverty of elderly women - The factors of the poverty and major hardships. Department of Sociology, National Chengchi University. Master’s thesis.
Yeung, Wei-jun & Cheung Ka-lok. (2015). Living Alone: One-Person Households in Asia. Demographic Research, vol. 32, no. 40, 1099-1112.
Zheng, Jing-wen. (2014). Japan`s tax reform in response to old age. Ministry of Finance of the Republic of China. Finance and Taxation Research, vol. 43, no. 6, 120-128. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
99926009 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0999260091 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 009101.pdf | 1824Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 59 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
