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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/117632


    Title: 優步公司訂價演算法關於價格聯合行為爭議之研究─以美國休曼法為中心
    A Study on Price-Fixing Controversies over Uber`s Pricing Algorithm Focusing on U.S. Jurisprudence of Sherman Act
    Authors: 劉穎蓁
    Contributors: 楊培侃
    劉穎蓁
    Keywords: 優步公司
    訂價演算法
    高峰動態訂價法
    價格聯合行為
    休曼法
    Uber
    Pricing algorithm
    Surge pricing
    Price-fixing
    Sherman act
    Date: 2018
    Issue Date: 2018-06-12 16:58:47 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 近來共享經濟商業模式崛起，對各國既有相關市場皆造成不少之衝擊，當中，優步公司用以計算車資之「訂價演算法」，於美國實務亦引起許多爭議。美國司法案例中其中一個重要爭議即為優步公司單方制定之「訂價演算法」與其採行之「高峰動態訂價法」究否構成價格聯合行為。於美國實務近來2起與價格聯合行為相關之案例，即包含Meyer v. Kalanick案與Chamber of Commerce & RASIER, LLC v. City of Seattle案（以下簡稱「City of Seattle案」）中，皆可見Uber企圖正當化其價格聯合行為，以免於競爭法審查下有違法之嫌。而美國對於價格聯合行為之規範，載明於休曼法第1條；依據休曼法第1條規定，若原告擬主張被告行為違反卡特爾行為，則應證明系爭卡特爾行為符合合意主體要件、具合意或共謀行為，與造成限制性之競爭效果等三項要件。由於上述二案皆仍於訴訟前階段，判決尚未出爐，因此，此議題值得吾等分析之。本文擬以美國實務判決為基準，彙整相關爭議，進而探討Uber所採訂價演算法是否構成價格聯合行為。
    本文發現，雖然此等訂價演算法究否構成價格聯合行為尚未有定論，然由於訂價演算法中之高峰動態訂價法可提高駕駛於尖峰時段中提供載客服務之誘因，將有助於調節市場機制與促進競爭。此外，Uber亦可利用其訂價演算法與設置平台所奠立之優勢，使其得以潛在破壞市場秩序之形式，創造競爭優勢。據此，Uber除可克服既有行政管制下市場進入之劣勢外，亦得使相關市場交易效率大幅提升、市場更加競爭。因此，於探討Uber價格聯合行為合法與否時，亦應將此等因素納入考量。
    The rapid expansion of sharing economy enterprises around the world has led to many challenges. And among these enterprises, one of the most disruptive examples is Uber because of its algorithm. In the United States, the lawsuits regarding Uber`s algorithm has also gained massive attention. One of the controversial issues of the complaints relies upon whether Uber`s algorithm which set by Uber, and “surge pricing” model do constitute an illegal price-fixing in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act. In 2 recent high-profile cases, Meyer v. Kalanick & Chamber of Commerce & RASIER, LLC v. City of Seattle, Uber has tried to justify its price fixing to avoid antitrust scrutiny. There are three specific facts that the Plaintiff must prove to establish its antitrust claim in Section 1 of the Sherman Act: 2 or more entities entering into an agreement, conspiracy, and unreasonably restrains competition. Analysis regarding Uber`s algorithm is significant because the trials are ongoing. Therefore, the thesis examines whether Uber`s algorithm do constitute an illegal price-fixing in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act by exploring the potential problems with regard to the elements based on U.S. judicial decisions.
    The thesis believes that Uber`s algorithm can enhance the efficiency of transaction and has pro-competitive effects, leading to the impact of Uber`s surge pricing on providing the incentives for drivers during peak hours. Establishing platform and Uber`s algorithm create Uber`s strengths and advantages. By having disrupted the existing industry, Uber`s algorithm serves pro-competitive purposes.
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    英文文獻
    Anderson, M. & Huffman, H., The Sharing Economy Meets the Sherman Act: Is Uber a Firm, a Cartel, or Something in Between?, 2017 COLUMBIA BUSINESS LAW REVIEW (2017).
    Bork, R. H., The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Concept: Price Fixing and Market Division, 74 YALE LAW JOURNAL 785 (1965).
    Brass, R. S. & Higney, C. A., Practical Advice for Avoiding Hub-and-Spoke Liability, THE ANTITRUST SOURCE, Vol. 16, No.1, 1, 1 (2016).
    Burger-Smidt, A. & Wickins, G., The Uber price-fixing ride: What are the antitrust co-ordinates?, WERKSMANS ATTORNEYS, https://www.werksmans.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/061416-Uber-Pricing-Fixing.pdf
    Coase, R., The Nature of the Firm, 4 ECONOMICA 386, 388 (1937).
    FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION STAFF REPORT, The "Sharing" Economy: Issues Facing Platforms, Participants & Regulators, Nov. 2016.
    Hamari, J., Sjöklint, M. & Ukkonen, A., The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption, JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 67, No. 9, 2047 (2016).
    LEGAL INFORMATION INSTITUTE, Antitrust: An Overview, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/antitrust.
    Paul, S. M., Uber as For-Profit Hiring Hall: A Price-Fixing Paradox and its Implications, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2017).
    PWC CONSUMER INTELLIGENCE SERIES, Consumer Intelligence Series “The Sharing Economy”, at 15, Apr. 2015, available at https://www.pwc.com/us/en/technology/publications/assets/pwc-consumer-intelligence-series-the-sharing-economy.pdf
    Rubinfeld, D. L., Antitrust Policy, in INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 553 (N. J. Smelser & B. Baltes eds., 2001).
    San Francisco County Transportation Authority, The TNC Regulatory Landscape: An Overview of Current TNC Regulation in California and Across the Country, at 10 (Dec., 2017).



    法律文件
    15 Civ. 9796 Opinion and order, Spencer Meyer, individually and on behalf of those similarly situated v. Meyer v. Kalanick and Uber Technologies, Inc. at 1 (2016.3.31) (No. 16-2750).
    15 Civ. 9796 Opinion and order, Spencer Meyer, individually and on behalf of those similarly situated v. Meyer v. Kalanick and Uber Technologies, Inc. at 1 (2018.3.5) (No. 1:15-cv-09796).
    Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America & RASIER, LLC v. City of Seattle, 2:17-cv-00370-RSL, 13-15 (9th Cir. 2018).
    FHDR-1, Qualifying driver and lists of qualifying drivers, Department of Finance and Administrative Services, City of Seattle.
    KING COUNTY, WASH., Ordinance 124968.
    Lyft Terms of Service.
    Order Decision or Award of The Labor Commissioner at 1-2, Barbara Ann Berwick v. Uber Technologies, Inc. & Rasier-CA LLC, Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco (2015) (No. 11-46739 EK) (Docket No. CGC15546378).
    Order Decision or Award of The Labor Commissioner at 7, Barbara Ann Berwick v. Uber Technologies, Inc. & Rasier-CA LLC, Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco (2015) (No. 11-46739 EK) (Docket No. CGC15546378).
    Order Denying Defendant Uber Technologies, Inc.`s Motion for Summary Judgment at 1, Douglas O`Connor, et al. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Northern District of California (2015) (No. C-13-3826 EMC) (Docket No. 211).
    Order Denying Defendant Uber Technologies, Inc.`s Motion for Summary Judgment at 1, Douglas O`Connor, et al. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Northern District of California (2015) (No. C-13-3826 EMC) (Docket No. 211).
    Order Denying Defendant Uber Technologies, Inc.`s Motion for Summary Judgment at 6, Douglas O`Connor, et al. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Northern District of California (2015) (No. C-13-3826 EMC) (Docket No. 211).
    Order Granting Defendants` Motion to Dismiss at 2, Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, et al. v. The City of Seattle, et al., Western District of Washington at Seattle (2017) (No. C17-0370 RSL) (Docket No. 42).
    Raiser LLC Technology Services Agreement.
    Seattle Complaint, Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America v. City of Seattle & Fred Podesta.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營與貿易學系
    103351048
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103351048
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of International Business] Theses

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