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| Title: | 二次戰後印尼的政治暴力 : 國族建構的困境
Political Violence in Indonesia Since World War II: The Predicaments in Nation-Building |
| Authors: | 王蓓潔
Wang, Pei-Jie |
| Contributors: | 陳鴻瑜
Chen, Hurng-Yu
王蓓潔
Wang, Pei-Jie |
| Keywords: | 班察西拉
同化政策
爪哇主義
930事件
人口徙置
Pancasila
Assimilation policy
Javanism
September 30 movement
Population resettlement |
| Date: | 2019 |
| Issue Date: | 2019-03-04 22:37:57 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 印尼在二戰結束後建國，蘇卡諾與蘇哈托的整合政策，不但與印尼國族建構問題的產生，有著密切的關係，而且也是印尼發生國家政治暴力的根源之一。蘇卡諾或蘇哈托政府從一開始試圖透過「班察西拉」做為建國的意識形態，尋求「異中求同」，企圖利用各種政治、經濟、社會上的手段同化印尼社會，但各種政治勢力，包括種族、宗教、軍隊和政治意識形態等團體卻各自追求各自的國族建構目標，導致政治不穩，政變頻繁，政府經常更換。在政治發展的過程中，其結果並沒有達到預期的目標，政治系統的不平衡與被壓迫者的反撲，反而造成印尼國族建構過程許多的動盪、危機和挑戰。
本論文主要是以「激進伊斯蘭團體」、「共黨份子」、「華人」、「外島族裔」四個面向作為分析被國家霸權施行政治暴力的對象，探討在印尼獨立後這四大社群在國族建構過程中的處境和角色，以及在蘇哈托下台後，開展民主化運動，這四大社群如何在政治民主化下轉型發展，經研究發現，激進伊斯蘭運動和共黨兩個因素尚是印尼國族建構未完成的目標。
The country of Indonesia was established after World War II. The integration policies of Sukarno and Suharto were not only closely linked with the generation of issues regarding the national building of Indonesia, but also one of the sources of the national political violence. In the beginning, the administrations of Sukarno and Suharto attempted to pursue “unity in diversity”(Bhinneka Tunggal Ika) through “Pancasila”, and tried to assimilate the Indonesian society by using all kinds of political, economic, and social measures. However, various political powers, including race groups, religious organizations, military and political groups of different ideology, pursued their own self-righteous goals of national building, leading to political instability, rising of coups, and frequently changing government. During the process of political development, the results did not achieve the expected goals. The un-equilibrium of the political system and the backfire of the oppressed gave rise to turmoil, crisis, and challenges in the process of national building of Indonesia.
Based on the analysis of four aspects of “Radical Islamic groups”, “Communists”, “Indonesian Chinese” and “Outer island ethnicity”, this dissertation discourses the objects of political violence by national hegemony, and the situations and role of these four major communities in the process of nation-building since the independence of Indonesia, as well as how to transform in democratic process of post-Suharto. By this research, it finds that Indonesia is still not resolving the problems of radical Islamic movement and the communist factors for their goal of nation-building. |
| Reference: | 參考文獻
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二、期刊論文
1.中文期刊論文
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林德榮，「是伊斯蘭教還是潘查西拉－印尼國家指導思想的定位」，廈門大學學報，第2期，1999，頁94-100。
金榮勇，「印尼族群衝突危機」，問題與研究，第40卷第4期，2001，頁65-79。
徐紹麗，「印尼地區性動亂原因分析」，當代亞太，第3 期，2000，頁28-32。
區鉅龍，「印尼班查西拉意識型態理論與實踐」，問題與研究，第37卷第3期， 1998，頁45-54。
張祖興，「評哈比比執政時期印尼的政治改革」，東南亞研究，第2期，2002，頁47-51。
郭繼光，「印尼華人參政問題：歷史與現狀」，東南亞研究，第2期，2002，頁12-15。
陳佩修，「九一一事件後美國國土安全任務與反恐聯盟建構」，全球政治評論，第5期，2004，頁93-115。
陳鴻瑜，「印尼的軍人與政治變遷」，東亞季刊，第26卷，第4期，1995，頁23-41。
－「從美國國安解密檔案看印尼一九六五年政變事件（上）」，傳記文學，第113卷，第5期，2018年11月號，頁4-20。
－「從美國國安解密檔案看印尼一九六五年政變事件（下）」，傳記文學，第113卷，第6期，2018年12月號，頁47-63。
－「二戰後印尼對華人的政策：從同化到包容(上)」，傳記文學，第112卷，第1期，2018 年 1月號，頁4-17。
－「二戰後印尼對華人的政策：從同化到包容(下)」，傳記文學，第112卷，第3期，2018 年 3月號，頁102-115。
傅恆德，「建構政治暴力與革命行動的簡約模型」，問題與研究，第37卷8期，1998，頁1-18。
曾曉祥，「印度尼西亞主公問題的探討」，學術論壇，第3期，2004，頁133-136。
程超澤、倪新賢，「淺析印尼的國內移民問題」，人口研究，第3 期，1983，頁56-57。
黃昆章，「戰後印度尼西亞華人社會的演變」，華僑華人歷史研究，北京：第1 期，1989，頁2-7。
溫北炎，「印尼華人社會的新變化與前景」，華僑華人研究，香港，第5輯，2001，頁66-72。
溫北炎，「試析印尼對華人政策」，東南亞研究，第4期，1987，頁95-102。
鄭瑞明，「從歷史角度看印尼亞齊獨立運動」，歷史月刊，第64期，2000年3月，頁65-72。
蕭阿勤，「集體記憶理論的檢討：解剖者、拯救者與一種民主觀」，思與言，第35卷第一期，1997年3月，頁247-296。
2.外文期刊論文
Ambler, John S., “Historical Perspectives on Sawah Cultivation and the Political and Economic Context for Irrigation in West Sumatra,” Indonesia, Vol. 46, 1998, pp. 69-77.
Anderson, Benedict,” Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite January 1, 1998 - January 31, 1999,” Indonesia, Vol. 67, 1999, pp. 133-162.
Ang, Ian and Louis, Brett Saint, “The Predicament of Difference: Guest Editorial,” Ethnicities, Vol.5, No.3, 2005, pp.291-304.
Azra, Azyumardi,“ Recent Developments of Indonesian Islam,” The Indonesian Quarterly, Vol. 32, No.1, 2004, pp.15-27.
Bazzi, Samuel,“ Skill transferability, Migration, and Development Evidence from Population Resettlement in Indonesia,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 106, No. 9, 2016, pp. 2658-2698.
Bickford, Louis, "Transitional Justice," The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, vol.3, 2004, pp. 1045-1077.
Booth, Anne,“Can Indonesia Survive as a Unitary State,” Indonesia Circle, No. 58, June 1992, pp.46-52.
Buising, Trevor, "A Century of Decentralization," Inside Indonesia, Vol. 63, 2000, pp. 8-9.
Collins, Elizabeth Fuller,” Indonesia: A Violent Culture?,” Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No. 4, July/August 2002, pp. 582-604.
Cribb, Robert, “Not the Next Yugoslavia: Prospects for Disintegration of Indonesia,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.53, No.2, 1999, pp.170-182.
－ “Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966,” Asian Survey ,Vol. 42, No. 4, July/August 2002, pp.543-557.
David,Wright-Neville, “ Dangerous Dynamics: Activists, Militants and Terrorists in Southeast Asia,” The Pacific Review, Vol. 17, No.1, 2004, pp.27-46.
Fearnside, Philip M., ” Transmigration in Indonesia: Lesson from its environmental and Social Impacts,” Environmental Management, Vol.21, No.4,1997, pp. 553-563.
Federspiel, Howard M., “ Islam and Nationalism,” Indonesia, No.24, 1977, pp.137-185.
Ferrazzi, Gabriele, “Use the ‘F’ Word: Federalism in Indonesia’s Decentralization Discourse,” The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 2, No. 30, 2000, pp.69-77.
Gurr, Ted Robert, “A Causal Model of Civil Strife,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 62, 1968, pp. 1104-1124.
Harymuti, B.,” Challenges of Change in Indonesia,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4, No.4, 1999, pp. 73-95.
Heryanto, Ariel, “Where Communism Never Dies,” International Journal of Cultural Studies,Vol.2, No.2, August 1999, pp. 147-177.
Hoey, Brian A., ‟Nationalism in Indonesia: Building Imagined Communities Through Transmigration,” Ethnology, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2003, pp.109-126.
Huntington, Samuel P., “The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and Politics,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 3, No. 3, April, 1971, pp. 283-322.
Jonathan, Chow, “ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation since 9/11,” Asian Survey, Vol.45, No.2, 2005, pp. 302-321.
King, Peher,” Morning Star Rising? Indonesia Raya and the New Papuan Nationalism,” Indonesia, Vol.4, 2002, pp. 88-102.
Liddle, R. William, “The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation,” Journal of Asia Studies, Vol. 55, No.3, August 1996, pp.615-630.
Malley, Michael S., “Indonesia in 2001: Restoring Stability in Jakarta,” Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No.1, 2002, pp.124-132.
Noer, Deliar, “Islam as a Political Force in Indonesia,” Indonesia: the Making of a Nation, Vol.3, 1980, pp. 633-648.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, “Reflections on Patterns of Change in Bureaucratic Authoritarian States,” Latin American Research, Vol. 1, No. 13, 1978, pp. 272-295.
Purdey, Jemma,” Problematizing the Place of Victims in Reformasi Indonesia: A Contested Truth about the May 1998 Violence,” Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No. 4, July/August 2002, pp. 605-610.
Ride, Anouk, “Breaking Free from Betrayal,” New Internationalist, Vol. 99, No. 318, 2000, pp. 22-32.
Roth, Gunther,“ Personal Rulership, Partrimonialism and Empire-build in the New States,” World Politics, Vol. 20, No.1, 1968, pp. 201-215.
Rutherford, Danilyn, “From Irian Jaya to Papua: The Limits of Primordialism in Indonesia’s Troubled East,” Indonesia, Vol. 10, 2001, pp.112-128.
Subkhan, Imam, “Islam and Democracy Cannot Meet: Irfan Awwas Sets Out His Vision for Islamic Law in Indonesia, “Inside Indonesia, Vol. 79, 2004, pp.1-13.
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto, “The Indonesian State’s Response to Migration,” Sojourn, Vol.14, No.1, 1999, pp. 213-227.
Zelizer, B. “Reading the Past against the Grain: the Shape of Memory Studies,” Critical Studies in Mass communication, Vol.12, 1995, pp.214-239.
Zurbuchen, Mary S., “Looking Back to Move Forward,” Inside Indonesia, No. 61, January-March 2000, pp. 20-33.
－“History, Memory, and the ‘1965 Incident’ in Indonesia,“ Asian Survey, Vol.42, No.4, July/August 2002, pp. 564-581.
三、學位論文
戴萬平，「印尼族群政治研究：宗教、地域與種族」，中山大學中山學術研究所博士論文，2002。
Bourchier, David, Lineages of Organicist Political Thought in Indonesia, PhD thesis, Politics Department, Australia: Monash University, 1996.
Mehden, Fred R. Von Der , Islam and the Rise of Nationalism in Indonesia, PhD. University of California Berkeley, 1957.
四、報紙
1.中文報紙
文匯報，香港，1999年10月26日。
中國時報，台北，2001年2月14日。
中華日報，1950年3月9日，2版。
南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，1998年6月12日。
南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，1999年3月27日。
南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，1999年10月23日。
南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，1999年12月4日。
南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，2001年3月19日，頁15。
環球時報，北京，2000 年6月9日。
李卓輝，「實行伊斯蘭教法解決不了亞齊問題」，南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡 ，2000年12月19日，頁32。
李卓輝，「印尼卡里曼丹種族衝突的根源」，南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，2001年2月27日。
「司法與人權部長主講新國籍法」，千島日報，印尼，2006年10月2日。
「尤多約諾：印尼華人應當與其他公民一樣享有平等權利」，南洋星洲聯合早報，新加坡，2007年2月25日。
2.外文報紙
“Australian II Experts Help in Bomb Case,” The Jakarta Post, March 30, 2004.
“Four Confirmed Dead in Jakarta,” The New York Times, January 14, 2016.
“Government Vows United Action in Fighting Terrorism,” The Jakarta Post, October 15, 2002.
“Hamzah Supports Trial Ulema,” The Jakarta Post, October 24, 2002.
“Indonesia Bombings Signal Militants’ Resilience,” The New York Times, July 17, 2009.
“Islamic groups condemn Surabaya church bombings,” The Jakarta Post, May 13, 2018.
“Megawati Heads for U.S. as it Prepares for War,” The Jakarta Post, September 17, 2002.
“National education minister opens Papua University,” The Jakarta Post, January 6, 2001.
“No global Terrorist Link in RI,” The Jakarta Post, September 22, 2001.
“Probe Goes on Amid Snafu about Suspects,” The Jakarta Post, October 18, 2002.
“Six Countries Officially Join Bali Investigation,” The Jakarta Post, October 19, 2002.
Abdurrahman Wahid, “Right Islam vs. Wrong Islam,” The Wall Street Journal, December 30, 2005.
Atika Shubert, “ Indonesia’s Hellish ‘Heaven’ Nation Imperiled as Religious War Divides Muslims and Christians,” The Washington Post, March 11, 1999.
Margareth S. Aritonang, " FPI threatens to impeach Jokowi over 1965 apology," The Jakarta Post, June 1, 2016.
Murphy, Dan, “Behind Ethnic War, Indonesia’s Old Migration Policy,” Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 93, Issue 66, pp. 7-19.
Stewart Yerton, “ Hot Metal,” The Times, February 13, 2000.
The Jakarta Post, August 12, 1998.
The Jakarta Post, June 1, 1998.
The Jakarta Post, September 11, 1998.
The Jakarta Post, September 14, 2002.
The Jakarta Post, September 3, 2002.
The Japan Times, November 28, 1959.
五、網路資源
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Indonesia ，2011年1月10日瀏覽。
http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1998_hrp_report/indonesi.html ，2011年10月7日瀏覽。
http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/reports98/indonesia3/ ，2011年10月10日瀏覽
http://perpita.freeinterchange.org/zh_tw/0101-023.htm ，2012年5月3日瀏覽。
http://tw.epochtimes.com/b5/6/10/3/n1474365.htm ，2012年5月5日瀏覽。
http://news.renminbao.com/041/1881.htm ，2012年5月30日瀏覽。
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/8/1/27/n1992547p.htm ，2012年6月10日瀏覽。
http://taiwantt.org.tw/taiwanimpression/2009/20090319-8.htm ，2016年6月28日瀏覽。
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/06/01/fpi-threatens-to-impeach-jokowi-over-1965-apology.html ，2018年4月21日瀏覽。
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2010/07/100714_pemekaran，2018年6月19日瀏覽。
https://news.detik.com/berita/4018471/jokowi-teror-bom-surabaya-biadab-pelaku-gunakan-2-anak ，2018年12月5日瀏覽。
https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4018475/3-gereja-surabaya-dibom-jokowi-bongkar-teroris-sampai-ke-akar ，2018年12月9日瀏覽。
http://setkab.go.id/en/state-address-of-the-president-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-on-the-occasion-of-the-73rd-anniversary-of-the-proclamation-of-independence-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-before-the-joint-session-of-the-ho/ ，2018年12月12日瀏覽。
Who is Malay?” Stonking, http://www.yawningbread.org/arch_2005/yax-455.htm ，2019年1月4日瀏覽。
“Indonesia population,”Worldometers,
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/ ，2019年1月5日瀏覽。
“Jakarta attacks:Bombs and gunfire rock Indonesian capital,” BBC News, January 14, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35309195 ，2019年1月5日瀏覽。
“Presiden Jokowi ajak lembaga negara revisi UU terorisme,” BBC Indonesia, January 19, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/01/160118_indonesia_wacana_revisi_uu_terorisme ，2019年1月5日瀏覽。
五、官方檔案文件
The U.S. Dep. of State, ed. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1964-1968, vol. XXVI ,Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines, Washington, United States Gov. Printing Office, 2001.
國史館檔案，檔名：印尼官方收購華商股權，檔號：172-8 1288，央秘參（48）第0244號，「印尼一作家論印尼華僑問題」。 |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
942615061 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0942615061 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/DIS.NCCU.GIDS.001.2019.F09 |
| Appears in Collections: | [國家發展研究所] 學位論文
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