政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/124989

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/124989

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题名:	美國干預蘇丹內戰之研究(1983-2011) United States intervention in Sudan Civil War (1983-2011)
作者:	鄭雅文 Cheng, Ya-Wen
贡献者:	盧業中鄭雅文 Cheng, Ya-Wen
关键词:	第三方干預內戰內戰美國蘇丹內戰國際和平行動
日期:	2019
上传时间:	2019-08-07 16:58:19 (UTC+8)
摘要:	本文的研究目的在於觀察美國干預蘇丹內戰的模式，了解其干預是否有助於蘇丹內戰和平結束。透過「第三方干預內戰」的相關文獻，以及當前國關學界對於「國際和平行動終結內戰的效果」的課題探討，來了解美國對蘇丹內戰的干預與國際社會所推動的和平進程的關係，以及對內戰結果的影響。內戰情勢的變化與美國的干預模式，是本文主要探討的兩大重點。在具體的研究步驟上，以美國歷屆政府(柯林頓總統、小布希總統以及歐巴馬總統)作為章節的排序，呈現出兩個層次的內容，第一、內戰的背景因素：檢視蘇丹內戰的發展脈絡，進行深入的探討，以釐清問題的癥結與和平的阻礙，進一步評估國際社會介入的困難程度。第二、美國的干預模式：呈現美國政府對干預蘇丹內戰的思考與決策，以及實際干預的策略。最後，本文研究發現，美國三任政府有三種不同的干預樣態。美國依據自身國家利益的考量，決定是否干預，以及使用何種態度和策略干預。而美國參與蘇丹內戰的意願與決心至關重要，尤其是國際社會介入內戰之環境困難程度越高的情況下，因為有美國強力的支持與資源投入，使得東非政府間發展管理局(Intergovernmental Authority on Development, IGAD) 所推動的和平談判進程得以成功，蘇丹內戰和平落幕。
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Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997). Checkel, Jeffrey T., ed., Transnational dynamics of civil wars (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Diehl, Paul and Ann Arbor ed., In The Scourge of War: New Extensions on an Old Problem (University of Michigan Press, 2004). Esposito, John L., The Islamic threat: Myth or reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). Evans, Gareth J, God, Oil and Country : Changing the Logic of War in Sudan, (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2002) Finnemore, Martha, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (NY: Cornell University Press, 2003). Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal, Darfur: A New History of a Long War, (New York: Zed Books, 2008) Furley, Oliver and Roy May, Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to Peace, (Aldershot, ENG: Ashgate, 2006) Grawert, Elke, ed., After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan, (James Currey, 2010) Ikle, Fred Charles, Every War Must End (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) Jackson, Elmore, Meeting of Minds: A Way to Peace through Mediation (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952). Johnson Douglas H., The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars: peace or truce (James Currey, 2011). Kanter, Arnold and Linton F. Brooks, ed., US Intervention Policy for the Post-Cold War World: new challenges and new responses (the American Assembly, 1994). Keddie, Nikki R. and Mark J. Gasiorowski. ed., Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union and the United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990) Khalid, Mansour, The Paradox of Two Sudans: The CPA and the Road to Partition (Africa World Press, 2015). Khalid, Mansour, War and Peace in Sudan: a Tale of Two Countries, (London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2010) King, Charles., Ending Civil War (London ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997). Licklider, Roy, ed., In Stop the killing: How civil wars end (New York: New York University Press, 1993). McLaughlin, Abraham, Why Sudan Has Become a Bush Priority, ( Christian Science Monitor, 2004) McCormick, James, The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) Oren, Nissan, The Termination of Wars (Jerusalem: The Magness Press, 1982). Rolandsen, Øystein H., and M. W. Daly, A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence, (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016) Rosenau, James, ed., International Aspects of Civil Strife (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964). Stern, Paul C. and Daniel Druckman ed., International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War (National Research Council, 2000). Stedman, Stephen John, The Internal Dimensions of Internal Conflicts (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996) Tucker, David Skirmishes at the Edge of the Empire: The United States and International Terrorism, (Westport: Praeger, 1997). Valentino, Benjamin A., Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004) Waihenya, Waithaka, The Mediator, (Kenway Publicstions, 2006) Wallensteen, Peter, Understanding conflict resolution: War, Peace and the Global System (London; Thousand Oaks, Cailf: SAGE Publication, 2007). Zartman, I. William, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1995). 二、期刊論文 Arya, Shailender, “Sudan-Conflict, Terror and Oil,” Journal of Defense Studies ,Vol. 3, No.4, (2009) pp. 64-78 Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, Andrew J. Enterline and Kyle A. Joyse, “Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.45, No.3, (2008), pp. 345-363 Beardsley, Kyle, “Intervention without leverage: explaining the prevalence of weak mediators,“ International Interactions, Vol. 35, No.3, (2009), pp.272-297 Beardsley, Kyle, David Quinn, Bidisha Biswas, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, “Mediation Style and Crisis Outcomes.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 50, No.1 (2006), pp. 58-86 East Journal, Vol. 44, No.4 (1990), pp.579-595 Bhikhu Parekh, “Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention,” International Political Science Review Vol. 18, No. 1, (1997) pp. 49-69 Gerges, Fawaz A., “The Kennedy Administration and the Egyptian-Saudi conflict in Yemen: Co-opting Arab Nationalism,” Middle East Journal Vol. 49 (1995), pp.292-311 Gent, Stephen E., “Strange Bedfellows: The Strategic Dynamics of Major Power Military Interventions,” The Journal of Politics, Vol 69, No. 4, (2007), pp.1089-1102. Gerges, Fawaz A., “Islam and Muslims in the Mind of America,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 588 (2003), pp.73-89 Huliaras, Asteris, “Evangelists, Oil Companies, and Terrorists: The Bush Administration’s Policy towards Sudan, “ Orbis, Vol. 50, No. 4, (2006) pp.709-724. Ikenberry, John G., “America’s Imperial Ambition,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.81, No.5, (2002), pp.44-60 Isak Svensson,“Mediation with Muscles or Minds? Exploring Power Mediators and Pure Mediators in Civil Wars.” International Negotiation, No.12, (May, 2007) pp.229-248 Jacob, Bercovitch, J. Theodore Anagnoson, and Donnette L. Wille, “Some conceptual issues and empirical trends in the study of successful mediation in international relations.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol.28, No.1 (1991) pp.7-17 Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, “National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What Triggers UN Peace Enforcement after the Cold War?”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No.2 (1996), pp.205-215 Kim, Sang Ki, “Third-party Intervention in Civil War and the Prospects for Postwar Development,“ Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.61, No.3 (2015), pp.615-642 Klare, Michael, and Daniel Volman, ‘‘Africa’s Oil and American National Security,’’ Third World Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 4 (2006), pp. 609-628 Kristol, William and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No.4 (1996), pp.18-48 Licklider, Roy, “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993”, The American Political Science Review, Vol.89, No 3 (1995), pp.681-690 Lijphart, Arend, “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method, “ The American Political Science Review, Vol 65, No. 3 (1971), pp.682-693 Lowrie, Arthur L., “The campaign against Islam and American foreign policy,” Middle East Policy Council, Vol.4, No.1 (1995), pp.210-219 Lutrwak, Edward, “Give War a Chance,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.78, No.4, (1999), pp.36-44. Maoz, Zeev, "Peace by Empire: Conflict Outcomes and International Stability, 1816-1976." Journal of Peace Research, Vol.21, No.3 (1984) pp.227-241 Mason, T. David and Patrick J. Fett, “How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 40, Vol. 40, No. 4 (1996), pp.546-568. Mattes, Michaela and Burcu Savun, “Fostering Peace After Civil War: Commitment Problems and Agreement Design,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.53, No. 3 (2009) pp.737-759 Michael G. Findley and Tze Kwang Teo, “Rethinking Third-Party Interventions into Civil Wars: An Actor-Centric Approach,” The Journal of Politics, Vol.68, No. 4 (2006), pp.828-837 Ott, Marvin, “Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Case,“ International Organization, Vol 26, No.4, (1972), pp.595-618. Pape, Robert A., “Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work?”, International Security Vol.22, No.2 (1997), pp.90-136 Regan, Patrick M., “Conditions of Successful Third-Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflicts,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 40, No.2 (1996), pp. 336-359 Regan, Patrick M., “Third Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.46, No.1 (2002), pp.55-73 Ross, Michael L., “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization, Vol. 58, no. 1 (Winter, 2004), pp.35-67 Svensson, Isak, “Mediation with Muscles or Minds? Exploring Power Mediators and Pure Mediators in Civil Wars.” International Negotiation, Vol.12 (2007), pp.229-248 Voeten, Erik, “Outside Options and the Logic of Security Council Action.” American Political Science Review, Vol.95, No.4, (2001), pp.845-858 Volman, Daniel, “The Bush Administration on and African oil: The security Implications of US Energy Policy,” Interview of African Political Economy, Vol. 30, no.98 (2003) pp.573-584 Walter, Barbara F., ”The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement”, International Organization, Vol. 51, No.3 (1997), pp.335-364 Western, Jon, ‘‘Sources of Humanitarian Intervention: Beliefs, Information, and Advocacy in the U.S. Decisions on Somalia and Bosnia.’’ International Security, Vol 26, No.4 (2002) pp.112-142 三、政府文件 Blanchard, Lauren Ploch, “Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy,” CRS Report, (October 5, 2012). Blanchard, Lauren Ploch, “Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead,” CRS Issue Brief for Congress, (September 22, 2016) Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy,” CRS Issue Brief for Congress, (updated April 28, 2005) Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy,” CRS report, (Updated April 12, 2006): 9. Dagne, Ted, “Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement,” CRS report, (June 2011) Rennack, Diane E., “Sudan: Economic Sanctions,” Congressional Research Group, (October 11, 2005), in <http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32606.pdf> Testimony on 27 May 1993 by Shirley Christian, Business Manager Frutarom, Inc., Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the House Committee on Ways and Means Hearing on the Use and Effect of Unilateral Trade Sanctions, (3 June 1999), in <https://zh.scribd.com/document/342688212/HOUSE-HEARING-106TH-CONGRESS-USE-AND-EFFECT-OF-UNILATERAL-TRADE-SANCTIONS> U.S. Department of State, “A National Security Strategy for a New Century,” (May, 1997) U.S. Department of State, “A National Security Strategy for a New Century,” (October 1998) U.S. Department of State, “Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000,” Washington, D.C.State Sponsors of Terrorism, in < https://www.state.gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm> U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Effectiveness of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Sudan,” Report to Congress, (January 2009), in <http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/sudan/sudan_report_030509.pdf, 2.> David R. Smock, “A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation,” Special Report of United States Institute of Peace, no. 45 (1999), in <https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/02/new-approach-peace-sudan-report-usip-consultation> 四、網路資源 (一) 智庫單位 Deng, Francis M. and J. Stephen Morrison, “U.S. Policy to End Sudan’s War, “ Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (February 2001) Lobe, Jim, “U.S.-Sudan Terrorism Ties Spell Disaster for Anti-Khartoum Activists,’’ Foreign Policy in Focus, (Sept. 25, 2001), in <https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic103101.html> Smock, David R., “A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation,” Special Report of United States Institute of Peace, (Feb 1999) in <https://www.usip.org/publications/1999/02/new-approach-peace-sudan-report-usip-consultation>智庫報告?!政府研究單位 “Blood, Oil and God: Change the Logic of War in the Sudan,” the Report of International Crisis Group, (29 Jan. 2002), in < https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/god-oil-and-country-changing-logic-war-sudan> (二) 新聞 Abraham McLaughlin, ‘‘Why Sudan Has Become a Bush Priority,’’ Christian Science Monitor, (June 30, 2004) in < https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0630/p01s04-woaf.html> BBC News “New US sanctions imposed on Sudan,” BBC News, 4 November 1997, in <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/22462.stm> Davidson, Lee, “Bush Urged to Push for Religious Rights,” Deseret News, (October 9, 2001), in <https://www.deseretnews.com/article/868258/Bush-urged-to-push-for-religious-rights.html> Flounders, Sara, “The US Role in Darfur, Sudan,: Workers World (2006), in https://www.workers.org/2006/world/darfur-0608/> New York Times “U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network,” New York Times, (August 21, 1998), in <http://movies2.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/082198attack-us.html> “After Attack, U.S. Suspends Effort to End War in Sudan,” New York Times. (February 22 2002), in <https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/22/world/after-attack-us-suspends-effort-to-end-war-in-sudan.html> Washington Post Parmelee, Jennifer, “Sudan Denies `Khartoum-Tehran Axis` to Promote Islamic Regimes in Africa”, Washington Post, (March 12, 1992), in < https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/03/12/sudan-denies-khartoum-tehran-axis-to-promote-islamic-regimes-in-africa/bebdea34-373b-4a9c-bd89-d3b7bea7d6b3/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.edf9f7c17094>
描述:	碩士國立政治大學外交學系 105253003
資料來源:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105253003
数据类型:	thesis
DOI:	10.6814/NCCU201900546
显示于类别:	[外交學系] 學位論文

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