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    Title: 零工經濟勞動關係之研究
    A Study on The Labour Relations of The Gig Economy
    Authors: 邱馨慧
    CHIU, HSIN-HUI
    Contributors: 張其恆
    Chyi-Herng Chang
    邱馨慧
    CHIU, HSIN-HUI
    Keywords: 零工經濟
    平台經濟
    勞動關係
    勞動地位
    社會保障
    勞動過程
    Gig economy
    Labour relations
    Labor status
    Social security
    Labor process
    Date: 2021
    Issue Date: 2021-02-01 14:17:21 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 零工經濟勞動關係之型態與特性與過往勞動關係產生極大衝突與矛盾,本文藉由零工經濟形成與概念了解零工經濟之出現與發展情況後,盤點各國在勞動地位與社會保障之議題上之困境與因應方式並發現幾個特點1零工經濟發達地區越能看見零工經濟之全貌且因發展較為全面在處理勞動問題之案例較多,故更積極解決勞動爭議進而出現較多突破性進展,如加州AB5法案與中國網約車法案。2由政府推動零工經濟者在法規應對上較有明確之思考方向,如日本傾向以獨立承攬人處理故以保障公平交易為目標。3強調社會保障之地區在處理勞動議題上著重於如何解決保障不足之問題,故衍生多元的社會保障處理途徑,如德國藝術家基金、比利時由政府向平台課稅提供勞動保障等。
    細究各國執著於二問題意識之理由在於平台透過科技工具管理勞動過程與零工經濟「顧客(商家)–平台–勞動者」之三方(多方)勞動關係與以往就服機構之三方勞動關係不同,故藉由探究平台角色發現科技從屬性之存在與平台具就服機構之特性但已無法適用舊有規定,而為解決新勞動型態之問題本文建議從聯合雇主概念擴張雇主概念並從彈性安全之概念找尋勞動者真正需保障之地方讓市場與保障兼具彈性。
    The type and characteristics of labor relations in the gig economy are in great conflict and contradiction with the previous labor relations. In this paper, through understanding the emergence and development of the gig economy. We focus on the issues of labor status and social security in various countries and find several characteristics: 1The more developed countries have seen the full picture of the gig economy and labour disputes also increased accordingly, so they have more motivative to deal with that and get some breakthough process, eg AB5.2 The government promotes the gig economy, which has a clear direction of thinking in terms of regulations, like Japan.3Regions that emphasize social security focus on how to solve the gig workers inadequate protection, and therefore have diversified ways of dealing with social security, such as the German Artists` Fund and Belgium government provides labor protection to platform taxation.
    The reason for countries` insistence on two issues is that platfrom use technology to control labour process and the tripartite (multi-party) labor relationship of "customer (merchant)-platform-laborer" in the gig economy is different from the previous tripartite labor relationship of employment service organizations. Therefore, through exploring the role of the platform to find out the existence of technological subordination and the platform have the characteristics of an employment service agency, but rules are not fit with the gig economy. To solve the problem of the new labor type, this paper proposes to clarify the employer`s responsibility from the concept of joint the employers and to find out the real need of protection for workers from the concept of flexible safety, so that both market and protection can be flexible.
    Reference: 一、 書籍
    (一) 中文書目
    1.Geoffrey Parkervan Alstyne, Sangeet Paul Choudarymarshall,李芳齡譯 (2016)。《平台經濟模式:從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略》。天下雜誌。
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    (二)外文書目
    1.Chris Forde, Mark Stuart, Simon Joyce, Liz Oliver, Danat Valizade, Gabriella Albert, Kate Hardy Vera Trapp Mann, Charles Umney, Calum Carson, Centre For Employment Relations Innovation And Change (CERIC), University Of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.(2016)《 The Social Protection Of Workers In The Platform Economy》.EMPL Committee.
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    3.Isabelle Daugareilh, Christophe Degryse, Philippe Pochet.(2019) 《The Platform Economy And Social Law: Key Issues In Comparative Perspective》,Etui.
    4.Isabelle Schömann And Coralie Guedes(2018),《Temporary Agency Work In The European Union-Implementation Of Directive 2008/104/EC In The Member States》, European Trade Union Institute Report 127
    5.Jamie Woodcock, Mark Grahamb(2020),《The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction》. Cambridge:Polity
    6.Jerzy Wratny · Agata Ludera-Ruszel Editors(2020),《New Forms Of Employment–Current Problems And Future Challenges》, Prekarisierung Und Soziale Entkopplung –Transdisziplinäre Studien
    7.KATRIINA Lepanjuuri, Rober Wishart, Peter Cornick(2018),《The Characteristics Of Those In The Gig Economy-Final Report》, Department For Business, Emergy&Industrial Strategy
    8.Mareike Glöss, Moira Mcgregor, Barry Brown(2016),〈Designing For Labour:Uber And The On-Demand Mobile Workforce〉,Be Included In CHI`16: 《CHI Conference On Human Factors In Computing Systems》 ,Published By Association For Computing Machinery (Yorknyunited States),
    9.Nestor M. Davidson, Michèle Finck, John J. Infranca(2018),《Cambridge Handbook On The Law Of The Sharing Economy》.Cambridge University Press.
    10.Pilar García Perea&Concepción Román(2019),《Characterisation Of Self-Employment In Spain From A European Perspective》.Economic Bulletin Analytical Articles.
    11.Sergey Yablonsky (2018),《Multi-Sided Platforms (Msps) And Sharing Strategies In The Digital Economy: Emerging Research And Opportunities》, Business Science Reference.

    二、期刊
    (一)中文期刊
    1.天津人力社保(2018),〈天津人力社保手機APP上線支付寶繳納社會保險費新功能〉,《天津社會保險》,第4 期,第52頁。
    2.天津社保中心(2018),〈天津人力社保手機APP認證繳費一卡搞定〉,《天津社會保險》,第3期,第54頁。
    3.文書生,〈西方情緒勞動研究綜述〉,《外國經濟與管理》,第26卷第4期,第13頁。
    4.王全興、王茜(2018),〈我國“網約工”的勞動關係認定及權益保護〉,《法學》,第4期,第57-72頁。
    5.曲穎(2018),〈天津人力社保手機APP繳費詳解〉,《天津社保中心》,第 1 期,第27-28頁。
    6.李允堯,劉海運,黃少堅 (2013),〈平台經濟理論研究動態〉,《經濟學動態》,第7卷,第124-125頁。
    7.李坤剛(2019),〈“互聯網+”背景下靈活就業者的工傷保險問題研究〉,《法學評論》,第3期,第145-146頁。
    8.李秋月(2019),〈共享經濟視閾下網約車勞動關係研究〉,《法制博覽》,第1期,第203頁。
    9.李健鴻(2019),〈零工經濟的因應途徑:德國、義大利、西班牙的「中間類型勞動者」制度分析〉。《勞工季刊》,第59期,第14-27頁。
    10.沈錦浩,〈車輪之上的青年農民工:外賣騎手的勞動過程〉,《青年發展論壇》,第29卷第5期,第69-76頁。
    11.肖竹(2018),〈第三類勞動者的理論反思與替代路徑〉。《環球法律評論》,第6期,第79-100頁。
    12.孫其博、劉傑、黎羴、范春曉、孫娟娟(2010),〈物聯網:概念、架構與關鍵技術研究綜述〉,《北京電郵大學學報》,第33期第3卷, 第 1-3頁。
    13.孫燕(2018),〈破解“零工經濟”社保困局〉,《山東人力資源和保障》,第10期,第25-26頁。
    14.張晉、張祥建(2006),〈平台經濟學初探〉,《中國工業經濟》第5卷, 第43頁。
    15.張曙(2014),〈工業4.0與智能製造〉,《機械設計與製造工程》, 第43期第8卷, 第1頁。
    16.張鑫隆(2018),〈平台與零工經濟之勞動者保障探討- 以日本為例〉,《台灣勞工季刊》,第53期,第21頁。
    17.許雲翔(2019),〈ILO 倡議下美國管制零工經濟勞動市場的經驗與啟示〉,《台灣勞工季刊》,第58期,第90頁
    18.陸海娜、陳以恒(2020),〈社會權利視角下的平台經濟“第三類勞動者”保護〉,《人權》,第1期,第114-115頁。
    19.馮彥君、張穎慧(2011),〈“勞動關係”判定標準的反思與重構〉,《當代法學》,第6期,第94頁。
    20.黃芳誼(2019),〈美國醫療補助保險計畫的發展與川普的健保改革〉,《國會季刊》,第47卷第2期,第40頁。
    21.鄒壘、張先鋒(2012),〈人工智能及其發展應用〉,《理論研究》第2期, 第11-13頁。
    22.蓋建華(2018),〈共用經濟下“類勞動者”法律主體的制度設計〉,《改革的關鍵領域研》,第4期,第102-109頁。
    23.趙宏立(2017),〈對中國勞動關係史的研究〉,《智庫時代》,第8期,第32頁。
    24.劉侑學、呂建德(2013),〈歐洲國家年金改革的經驗與啟示〉,《社區發展季刊》,第144 期,第228頁。
    (二)外文期刊
    1.Alessandro Gandini,〈Labour Process Theory And The Gig Economy〉,《HUMAN RELATIONS》,Vol.72, P2-9.
    2.Adria´N Todolı´-Signes(2017),〈The ‘Gig Economy’: Employee,Self-Employed Or The Need For A Special Employment Regulation?〉,《European Review Of Labour And Research》,vol.23(2),P3
    3.Cinzia Giaconia, Giuseppe Terzo(2018),〈How The Gig Economy Is Shaping The Labour Market: Its Effects On The Welfare State〉,《Econworld》, P6
    4.Miriam A. Cherry, Antonio Aloisi, (2017). 〈Dependent Contractors “ In The Gig Economy”〉. 《American University Law Review》, Vol.66(3) , P668-669.
    5.Olga Chesalina, (2018). 〈“Access To Social Security For Digital Platform Workers In Germany And In Russia: A Comparative Study”〉, 《Labour Law, Economic Changes And New Society》, No.7, P20.
    6.Paul Thompson, 〈The Capitalist Labour Process: Concepts And Connections〉, Capital & Class, Vol34(1), P10.
    7.Qingjun Wu, Hao Zhang , Zhen Li, Kai Liu,〈Labor Control In The Gig Economy: Evidence From Uber In China〉, Journal Of Industrial Relations, 2019, Vol. 61(4),P574–596
    8.Sabine Homann-Kee Tui (ICRISAT)Adekunle (FARA), Mark Lundy (CIAT), Josephine Tucker (ODI), Eliud Birachi (CIAT), Marc Schut (Wageningen UR), Laurens Klerkx (Wageningen UR), Peter Ballantyne(ILRI), Alan Duncan (ILRI), Jo Cadilhon (ILRI) And Pauladewale, (2013).〈What Are Innovation Platforms?〉.《 Innovational Platforms Practice Brief》, No.1, P.1-3.
    9.Saurabh Vaidyaa B.Prashant Ambadb C.Santosh Bhoslec, (2018). 〈Industry 4.0 – A Glimpse〉. 《Procedia Manufacturing》,No. 20 P.234.
    10.Stefanodevalerio, (2016). 〈The Rist Of The"Just-In-Time Workforce":On-Demand Work, Crowdwork, And Labor Prot Protection In The "Gig Economy"〉.《 Comp.Labor Law&Pol`y Journal》, No.37, P. 471.
    11.Stephen J. Jaros,〈Marxian Critiques Of Thompson’s (1990)‘Core’ Labour Process Theory: An Evaluation And Extension〉, Ephemera Theory & Politics In Organization,2005 Vol5(1),P6-9
    12.Tiraboschi Michele, (2005). 〈The Italian Labour Market After The Biagi Reform》.《International Journal Of Comparative Labour Law And Industrial Relations》, Vol.21, No.2, 149-192.
    三、報告
    (一)中文報告
    1.上海外服集團(2017)。《2017靈活用工業務現狀與趨勢報告》。北京:上海外福集團。
    2.中國互聯網協會分享經濟工作委員會(2019)。《中國共享經濟發展年度報告》。北京:國家資訊中心分享經濟研究中心。
    3.林俊甫、楊書菲、林廉庭、丁心嵐、劉金梅音(2019)。「零工經濟與共享經濟對勞動關係及勞務提供者社會安全保障影響之國際經驗研析」。勞動部委託研究(108-MOL-010305)。台北市:財團法人中華經濟研究院。
    4.萬寶華大中華區與勞達(2019)。《中國靈活用功與合規管理研究報告》。北京:萬寶華與勞達共同出版。

    (二)外文報告
    1.Adam Ozimek(2019).《Report: Freelancing And The Economy In 2019》,Upwork
    2.Emilie Jackson, Adam Looney, Shanthi Ramnath,(2017). 《The Rise Of Alternative Work Arrangements: Evidence And Implications For Tax Filing And Benefit Coverage》. The U.S. Treasury Department
    3.Evansc.Peter, & Gawerannabelle, (2016).《 The Rise Of The Platform Enterprise-A Global Survey》. The Center For Global Enterprise.
    4.Manyikajames, Lundsusan, Bughinjacques, Robinsonkelsey, Mischkejan, & Mahajandeepa, (2016).《Indepenent Work:Choice, Necessity, And The Gig Economy》. Mckinsey Global Institute.
    5.Pesole A., Urzí Brancati M.C, Fernández-Macías E., Biagi F., “González Vázquez, I., (2018).《Jrc Science For Policy Report- Platform Workers In Europe》. European Commission.
    6.Prof. Dr Sacha Garben,(2017).《Protecting Workers In The Online Platform Economy: An Overview Of Regulatory And Policy Developments In The EU- European Risk Observatory Discussion Paper》. European Agency For Safety And Health At Work.
    7.Pwc Legal (2019).《Gig Economy Employment Status》. Pwc Legal
    8.The Great Seal Of The State Of New Jersey&New Jersey Labor And Workforce Development Of Department, (2019)《Report Gov. Murphy’s Task Force Employee Misclassification》.The Great Seal Of The State Of New Jersey&New Jersey Labor And Workforce Development Of Department
    9.Thomas Coughlin, Caroline Johnson-Hall, Jennifer Knippenberg, Xueyang (Shirley) Li, Camille Moore, (2018).《Developing A Benefits Delivery System For Independent Contract Workers In The U.S.》.Carnegie Mellon University – Heinz College Of Public Policy And Management&The Aspen Institute-Future Of Work Initiative.
    10.Upwork And Freelancers Union, (2017).《Freelancing In America: 2017》. Edelman Intelligence Commissioned By Upwork And Freelancers Union.

    (三)日文
    1.Lancers,(2018)。《フリーランス実態調査 2018年版を発表》。Lancers. Jp。
    2.Lancers,(2020)。《進化する働き方䛾未来ーフリーランス実態調査2020ー》。Lancers.Jp。
    3.一般社団法人プロフェッショナル&パラレルキャリア・フリーランス協会,(2018)。《プロフェッショナルな働き方・フリーランス白書 2018》。一般社団法人プロフェッショナル&パラレルキャリア・フリーランス協会。
    4.日本內閣府, (2019)。《令和元年高齡社會白書》。日本內閣府
    5.経済産業省経済産業政策局産業人材政策室,(2019)。《変革の時代における人材競争力強化のための9つの提言~日本企業の経営競争力強化に向けて~》,経済産業省経済産業政策局。

    四、判決、法案、行政指導
    1.判決
    (1)(2014)一中民終字第 6355號、 (2015)一中民終字第 176號、 (2015)一中民終字第 01359號。
    (2)Dynamex Operations West, Inc. V. Superior Court
    (3)北京二中民終字第07157號(2014)、廣州穗海法民二初字第1082號(2014)、上海浦民一民(初)字第37776號
    2.法案
    (1)Contingent Workforce Equity Act
    (2)Employment Rights Act 1996
    (3)Ley 20/2007, De 11 De Julio, Del Estatuto Del Trabajo Autónomo.
    (4)S.541 - Portable Benefits For Independent Workers Pilot Program Act
    3.行政指導
    (1)《Employment Determination Guide》。State Of California Employment Development Department
    (2)《在宅ワーカーのためのハンドブック》。厚生勞動省。
    (3)《家内労働のしおり》。厚生勞動省。

    五、雜誌
    (一)中文雜誌
    1.〈【消費人類學】真的有那麼多人在叫外送?獨家數據帶你看真相〉,《天下雜誌》(2019),檢自:「Https://Www.Cw.Com.Tw/Article/5097238」
    2.Eisenmannthomas, Parkergeoffrey, & Alstynenw. Vanmarshall. (2016). 〈打造雙邊市場策略〉. 《哈佛商業評論》
    3.李雅筑、陳雅琦。〈全台580萬人愛用!5萬外送大軍,全面改寫房產、百貨、零售、夜市規則外送經濟大爆發〉,《商業週刊》(2019),檢自:「Https://Www.Businessweekly.Com.Tw/Magazine/Article_Page.Aspx?Id=6000397」
    4.孫蔚,《2019中國縣域零工經濟調查報告》:互聯網成零工集散地,《中國消費者報·中國消費網》。
    5.高凱聲. (2008). 網路經營與網路經濟理論分析. 檢自 台網中心電子報: Http://Www.Myhome.Net.Tw/2008_05/Interner_Management_3rd.Pdf
    六、網站資料
    (一)中文網站
    1.〈【蜂鳥眾包通知說明】新版騎手保險於2月12日生效〉,檢自:「Https://Tieba.Baidu.Com/P/4979085722?Red_Tag=2979187557」
    2.〈川普政府再戰「歐巴馬健保」!請最高法院予以廢止〉,《新頭殼》:「Https://Newtalk.Tw/News/View/2020-06-26/427092」
    3.〈防表決失利 川普:將用公投廢歐巴馬健保〉,檢自:《自由時報》「Https://News.Ltn.Com.Tw/News/World/Breakingnews/2747212」
    4.〈美團外賣困境:多留8分鐘就能解決騎手安全問題?〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Sohu.Com/A/418849317_644547」
    5.〈美團騎手3元險賠償範圍〉,檢自:「Https://Cadforex.Com/Baoxian/30100.Html」
    6.〈富邦產險推出「營業機車附加條款」 提供機車外送員全方位保障 接單送餐更安心〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Fubon.Com/Insurance/Home/News/News_20191113_635998.Html」
    7.〈朝陽法院發佈互聯網平台用工勞動爭議審判白皮書〉,檢自:「Http://Bjgy.Chinacourt.Gov.Cn/Article/Detail/2018/04/Id/3261190.Shtml」
    8.〈新安東京海上產物機車營業用途附加條款〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Tmnewa.Com.Tw/Insuranceproductdetail.Aspx?Listid=B4276bba-3189-4ec8-Af4a-770c15ea2596&Categoryid=911ce2a2-7742-4bea-9982-12e8ad7ccfb6」
    9.〈網約車新政今日公布 行業規範發展可期〉,檢自:「Https://Read01.Com/Zh-Tw/6joky2.Html#.X2msfggzy2w」
    10.《九江市推出灵活就业人员职业伤害保险》,檢自:Http://Www.Jiujiang.Gov.Cn/Xxgk/Zdlyxxgk/Shgysy/Cjjy/Ldbz/201912/T20191211_2226780.Html
    11.《市政府印發太倉市靈活就業人員職業傷害保險暫行辦法的通知》,檢自:「Www.Tcrcsc.Com/News_22948.Html」
    12.Chen Jerry,〈Ipaas 究竟是甚麼?您需要透過Ipaas工瑛商進行檔案傳輸嗎? 〉,檢自: Https://Www.Ecnetworker.Com/2019/06/11/Ipaas-%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%EF%BC%9F%E6%82%A8%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E9%80%8F%E9%81%8E-Ipaas-%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E5%95%86%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8/
    13.Chenmasa,〈大數據–徹底掌握大數據的定義、趨勢及用途〉,檢自: Https://Oosga.Com/Big-Data
    14.READMOO編輯團隊,〈從工業4.0到第四次工業革命,你準備好了嗎? 〉,檢自:Https://News.Readmoo.Com/2017/08/08/4thindrev/
    15.SEMI TAIWAN,〈工業4.0大全,從淺到深一篇搞懂它!〉,檢自: Https://Blog.Semi.Org/Zh/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD4.0%E6%A6%82%E5%85
    16.王郁梅,〈5大美食外送平台勞動部認定為雇傭關係 外送員真的有保障了嗎?〉,信傳媒,檢自:「Https://Www.Cmmedia.Com.Tw/Home/Articles/18283」
    17.台積電,〈台積電案例分享–開放創新平台(OIP)〉,檢自:Https://Www.Tsmc.Com/Csr/Ch/Update/Innovationandservice/Casestudy/1/Index.Html
    18.吳怡靜,〈下一件大事:第四次工業革命〉,檢自:Https://Www.Cw.Com.Tw/Article/Article.Action?Id=5074023
    19.李忠謙,〈歐巴馬健保不廢了!川普施政重大挫敗 共和黨撤回歐巴馬健保替代法案〉,檢自《風傳媒》:「Https://Www.Storm.Mg/Article/238853」
    20.葉憶如,〈外送員特製保單來了 國泰產險推碎片化商品〉,經濟日報,檢自:「Https://Money.Udn.Com/Money/Story/5617/4542481
    21.寧波市人力資源和社會保障局《關於申報2020年度社會保險費個人繳費基數的通告》,檢自: 「Http://Zhzcy.87188718.Com/Fourflat/Webpolicycloud/Printwindow.Aspx?Id=215148」
    22.維基百科,〈18世紀〉,最後搜尋日:檢自:Https://Zh.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA
    23.維基百科,〈第一次工業革命〉,檢自: Https://Zh.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD#Cite_Note-David_S._Landes_1969-2」
    24.蔡亦屏,〈移居鄉村門檻太高?先從遠端兼職開始!|日本鄉村兼職工作媒合網站之興起〉,檢自《上下游News&Market》:「Https://Www.Newsmarket.Com.Tw/Blog/122509/」

    (二)外文網站
    1.Ipaas(Integration Platform As A Service) ,檢自: 「Https://Searchcloudcomputing.Techtarget.Com/Definition/Ipaas-Integration-Platform-As-A-Service」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    2.Electronically Mediated Work: New Questions In The Contingent Worker Supplement,檢自:「Https://Www.Bls.Gov/Opub/Mlr/2018/Article/Electronically-Mediated-Work-New-Questions-In-The-Contingent-Worker-Supplement.Htm」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    3.Strike Planned: Some Uber Drivers To Stay Off Roads This Weekend,檢自:「Https://Www.Nbcwashington.Com/News/Local/Uber-Strike-Some-Uber-Drivers-Plan-To-Stay-Off-Roads-This-Weekend/1978088/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    4.Uber, Lyft Drivers Protest In Cities Across The U.S.,檢自:「Https://Www.Cbc.Ca/News/Business/Uber-Lyft-Strike-Us-1.5127421」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    5.California’s New Gig Worker Law Is Disrupting The Music Industry And Threatening All Performing Arts, ,檢自:「Https://Calmatters.Org/Commentary/Gig-Economy-3/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    6.Publishers Prepare For New California Law That Puts Limits On Freelance Journalists”, CNN BUSINESS, ,檢自:「Https://Edition.Cnn.Com/2019/12/19/Media/California-Ab5-Freelancers-Media/Index.Html」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    7.Open Letter To Suspend California AB-5, INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, ,檢自:「Https://Www.Independent.Org/News/Article.Asp?Id=13119」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    8.Breaking: Federal Judge Temporarily Blocks AB5 Enforcement Against California Trucking (With Video)〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Freightwaves.Com/News/Breaking-Federal-Judge-Temporarily-Blocks-Ab5-Enforcement-In-California」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    9.Judge: California Can`t Enforce AB5 Against Trucking, ,檢自:「Https://Www.Truckinginfo.Com/348933/Judge-Says-California-Cant-Enforce-Ab5-Against-Trucking」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    10.Uber And Postmates Lose Move To Stop Enforcement Of AB5, ,檢自:「Https://Www.Law.Com/Therecorder/2020/02/10/Uber-And-Postmates-Lose-Move-To-Stop-Enforcement-Of-Ab5/?Slreturn=20200609202358」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    11.NYC Regulates Ride-Sharing Businesses With Minimum Wage Base And License Limits,檢自:「Https://Www.Fisherphillips.Com/Gig-Employer/Nyc-Regulates-Ride-Sharing-Businesses-With-Minimum」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    12.New York City Temporarily Halts More Uber And Lyft Cars On The Road,檢自:「Https://Www.Npr.Org/2018/08/09/637008474/New-York-City-Temporarily-Halts-More-Uber-And-Lyft-Cars-On-The-Road」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    13.New York City Votes To Cap Lyft, Uber, Other Ride-Hailing Vehicles, Set Minimum Wage For Drivers It`s The First Major U.S. City To Restrict Ride-Hailing Vehicles,檢自:
    14.Https://Www.Thedrive.Com/News/22742/New-York-City-Votes-To-Cap-Ride-Hailing-Vehicles-Set-Minimum-Pay-Rates-For-Drivers」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    15.Dependent Worker Act,檢自:「Https://Legislation.Nysenate.Gov/Pdf/Bills/2019/A8343」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    16.Throwing Drivers Under The Bus: Albany Is Poised To Rush Through A Bill That Purports To Protect Gig Economy Workers; It Would Do Nothing Of The Sort, ,檢自:「Https://Www.Nydailynews.Com/Opinion/Ny-Oped-Throwing-Drivers-Under-The-Bus-20190618-Iy2ad63sf5fujhicmu7knisfnu-Story.Html」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    17.NY Lawmakers Propose Gig Worker Protection Law, ,檢自:「Https://Www.Jdsupra.Com/Legalnews/Ny-Lawmakers-Propose-Gig-Worker-90541/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    18.New York Considering Gig Worker Protection Law, 檢自:「Https://Www.Jdsupra.Com/Legalnews/New-York-Considering-Gig-Worker-99549/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    19.Will Gig Workers Finally Get Labor Protections?, 檢自:「Https://Www.Cityandstateny.Com/Articles/Policy/Labor/Will-Gig-Workers-Finally-Get-Labor-Protections.Html」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    20.N.J. Takes Step To Protect ‘Gig Workers’ At Firms Like Uber. Critics Say It Could Cost Jobs, 檢自:「Https://Www.Nj.Com/Politics/2019/11/Nj-Takes-Step-To-Protect-Gig-Workers-At-Firms-Like-Uber-Critics-Say-It-Could-Cost-Jobs.Html」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    21.Bill To Protect N.J. Gig Workers Advances, But Freelancers Still Worried, 檢自:Https://Www.Nj.Com/Politics/2019/12/Bill-To-Protect-Nj-Gig-Workers-Advances-But-Freelancers-Still-Worried.Html(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    22.The Gig Is Up – New Jersey Misclassification Laws Create Extreme Risk For Anyone Utilizing Independent Contractors, 檢自:Https://Www.Jdsupra.Com/Legalnews/The-Gig-Is-Up-New-Jersey-71874/(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    23.Legislation To Test-Drive Portable Benefit Models Introduced In The House And Senate, 檢自:「Https://Www.Warner.Senate.Gov/Public/Index.Cfm/2017/5/Legislation-To-Test-Drive-Portable-Benefit-Models-Introduced-In-The-House-And-Senate」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    24.Sen. Warner Announces Growing Support For Portable Benefits Legislation, 檢自:「Https://Www.Warner.Senate.Gov/Public/Index.Cfm/2018/6/Sen-Warner-Announces-Growing-Support-For-Portable-Benefits-Legislation(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    25.Could ‘Portable Benefits’ Help Gig Workers Find Stability?, Next City, 檢自:「Https://Nextcity.Org/Daily/Entry/Could-Portable-Benefits-Help-Gig-Workers-Find-Stability「Https://Nextcity.Org/Daily/Entry/Could-Portable-Benefits-Help-Gig-Workers-Find-Stability」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    26.The Blackcar Fund,檢自:「Https://Www.Nybcf.Org/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    27.Economically Dependent Self-Employed Workers (Trade),檢自:「Https://Www.Lexology.Com/Library/Detail.Aspx?G=1fe9de0e-F385-4f60-B067-2a389f55e49f」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    28.Italy: Mixed Reaction To Jobs Act,檢自:Https://Www.Eurofound.Europa.Eu/Publications/Article/2015/Italy-Mixed-Reaction-To-Jobs-Act(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    (三)日文
    1.〈【イベントレポート】フリーランスが知っておくべき法律「独禁法」「労働法」とは?法整備の最新情報を聞いてきました!〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Servcorp.Co.Jp/Blog/Archives/Law_Freelance.Html」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    2.〈5分で分かる「働き⽅改⾰」とは?取り組みの背景と⽬的を解説〉,檢自:「Https://Bowgl.Com/Work-Style-Reformation/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    3.〈No.1810 家内労働者等の必要経費の特例〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Nta.Go.Jp/Taxes/Shiraberu/Taxanswer/Shotoku/1810.Htm(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    4.〈その発注で大丈夫?フリーランスも独禁法の対象に_公取委初の判断で働く環境は改善されるか〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Businesslawyers.Jp/Articles/343」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    5.〈フリーランスが加入できる社会保険の種類と、保険料を安くする方法〉,檢自:「Https://Pe-Bank.Jp/Guide/Money/7/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    6.〈フリーランスの年金手続きと保険料の節約方法〉,檢自:「Https://Pe-Bank.Jp/Guide/Money/Pension/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    7.〈フリーランスも「労災保険」に入ることが可能に!政府が「特別加入」対象拡大の方針を明示〉,檢自: 「Https://Www.All-Senmonka.Jp/Moneyizm/9585/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    8.〈フリーランス必読。フリーランスと年金の基礎知識〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Freee.Co.Jp/Kb/Kb-Kaigyou/Freelance-And-Pension/」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    9.〈国民年金保険料の免除制度・納付猶予制度〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Nenkin.Go.Jp/Service/Kokunen/Menjo/20150428.Html」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    10.〈副業・兼業の促進に関するガイドラインとは?注意点を簡単にご紹介!〉,檢自:「Https://Mitsucari.Com/Blog/Side_Work_Guideline/」(最後搜尋日期2020/8/25) (最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    11.〈賠償責任保険〉,檢自:「Https://Www.Freelance-Jp.Org/Benefits#Insurance」(最後搜尋日:2020/12/18)
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    勞工研究所
    107262014
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107262014
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202100101
    Appears in Collections:[勞工研究所] 學位論文

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