Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137722
|
| Title: | 社群媒體成為政治論爭的煽動空間 : 用戶的網路煽動行為與語氣分析
Turning Social Media into Trolls over Political Disputes : An Analysis of User Reactions and Tone in Online Trolling |
| Authors: | 張家瑜
Chang, Grace |
| Contributors: | 劉子愷
Liu, Tzu-kai
張家瑜
Chang, Grace |
| Keywords: | 網絡民族主義
語氣分析
在線拖釣
多模態交流
Cybernationalism
Tone analysis
Online trolling
Multimodal communication |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2021-11-01 12:16:18 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 自 2020 年爆發的新冠疫情，人們的外出行動因封鎖管制而受到諸多限制，這也導 致原本的政治論爭在網路空間益加活躍。像是在社群媒體溝通脈絡中，人們討論有關新冠 病毒源頭的議題，往往與支持「線上民族主義」的網路挑釁者掛勾在一起。當中國成為 冠病毒的起源地，並散播到世界各地之後，熱衷於民族主義的中國網民，常對來自不同國 家且抱持不同政治立場和社會觀點的網民進行網路攻擊和煽動行為，這樣的網路煽動行為 因新冠疫情更加嚴重，其他國家的網民也往往是透過這些充滿挑釁和煽動意味的網路言論 戰爭和社群媒體溝通，而有機會與中國網民有所接觸。本論文旨在探討中國與其他國家的 網民間因政治立場和社會觀點的差異而引發的網路煽動行為，本論文針對社群媒體溝通脈 絡中，網路煽動言論的語氣和動機進行分析，並討論網路挑釁和煽動如何從社群媒體溝通 脈絡轉化為實際的政治行動。本論文首先針對來自台灣、香港和中國網民間的網路挑釁和 煽動言論進行語氣分析，接著分析中國網民與其他國家網民間的網路挑釁和煽動言論，關 注中國網民與美國網民和印度網民間的網路互動和煽動言論。本論文沿用 De Fina 提出的 「語氣分析」研究方法，分析 157 條網路挑釁和煽動言論，針對這些社群媒體溝通中的五 種語氣進行分析，包括:諷刺、和藹、咄咄逼人、中立和曖昧語氣。採用語氣分析和多模 態溝通的研究方法，本論文認為中國網民和非中國網民之間的網路攻訐很大程度上受「文 化鄰接」或「意識形態歧異」兩種因素所影響，這不僅顯示中國網民和非中國網民之間的 網路挑釁和煽動言論很多集中在民族主義和意識形態差異的爭論上，也發生在不同國家的 網民間對共同華人文化認同上的爭論。本論文也說明網路煽動言論有部分源自生活日常中 的社會事件，並從網路空間的挑釁和煽動言論，進一步在現實世界中引發後續政治效應， 這些效應有些是來自政府官員、非政府官員和一般社會大眾: 然而，有些則停留於網路溝 通層面，並沒有後續政治效應。
In the days of the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been forced into lockdowns and restrictions that have moved important aspects of politics into online spaces. Arguments over the emergence of the virus have fused with trolls using cyber nationalistic content to attack netizens online. The PRC has taken a center stage as the origin of COVID-19, and as the country’s staunch nationalists are attacking others online that criticize the political and cultural opinions of their nations, which have been worsened by the pandemic. For many international netizens, their main exposure to PRC netizens is through these trolling battles. This thesis intends to analyze the tone and motivations of trolling among netizens of the PRC and other contested nations, and how some of these examples of trolling cross from social media into real political actions. This thesis examines specific examples of online trolling across Taiwan, Hong Kong and China, and explores the international contexts of the United States and India, which offer some of the examples of PRC-based trolling. To do this, I use De Fina’s proposal of tonal analysis to analyze five categories of tones (ironic, amiable, aggressive, neutral and ambiguous) in social media comments, of which there are three for Taiwan, two for Hong Kong, and two each for the United States and India. In total, there are 157 coded comments across these cases. Through the analyses of tone and multimodal communications, this thesis argues that online trolling between PRC and non-PRC netizens that is greatly motivated by claims of cultural contiguity or ideological incongruity is centered on the debates over not only nationalism and ideological difference but also shared cultural identities. Some of these trolling battles have drawn from social events and have further been generating real-world political responses. Some are the real-world responses from government, non-government officials and general public, while others have remained purely online. |
| Reference: | Al-Rawi, A. (2018). Video games, terrorism, and ISIS’s Jihad 3.0, Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(4), 740-760, doi: 10.1080/09546553.2016.1207633.
Allen, K. (2019). Taiwan game `Devotion` upsets China with Winnie the Pooh reference. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47361172.
BBC. (2019). China to stop issuing individual travel permits to Taiwan. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49178314.
BBC. (2020). Australia demands China apologise for posting `repugnant` fake image. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-55126569.
BBC. (2021). Xinjiang Cotton: Western clothes Brands vanish as backlash grows. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-56533560.
Blevins, J. L., Lee, J. J., McCabe, E. E., & Edgerton, E. (2019). Tweeting for social justice in #Ferguson: Affective discourse in Twitter hashtags. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1636–1653. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819827030.
Boutyline, A., & Willer, R. (2017). The social structure of political echo chambers: Variation in ideological homophily in online networks. Political Psychology, 38(3), 551-569. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/45094371.
Clucas, T. (2020). ‘Don’t feed the trolls’: Social media and the limits of free speech. In Polak S. & Trottier D. (Eds.), Violence and trolling on social media: History, affect, and effects of online vitriol (pp. 47-64). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1b0fvrn.6
Cohen, A. (2008). Shepard Fairey tells of inspiration behind `hope`. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96224796.
Cook, C., Schaafsma, J., Antheunis, M. (2017). Under the bridge: An in-depth examination of online trolling in the gaming context. New Media & Society. 20(9):3323-3340. doi:10.1177/1461444817748578.
Dawkins, R. (2006). The selfish gene. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
De Fina, A. (2016). Storytelling and audience reactions in social media. Language in Society. 45. 473-498. 10.1017/S0047404516000051.
Devereux, D. (2009). The Sino-Indian war of 1962 in Anglo-American relations. Journal of Contemporary History, 44(1), 71-87. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40543074.
Di Placido, D. (2019). `South Park` review: `Band In China` mocks Hollywood`s addiction to Chinese box office. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2019/10/03/south-park-review-band-in-china-mocks-hollywoods-addiction-to-chinese-box-office/?sh=30ea1aee1c4a.
The Editors of Britannica Encyclopedia (2020). Great leap forward. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Leap-Forward.
Election Study Center, National Chengchi University. (2021). Taiwanese/Chinese identity and Taiwan independence vs. unification with the mainland. Retrieved from https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7800&id=6961.
Facebook. (2021). Facebook reports first quarter 2021 results. Retrieved https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2021/Facebook-Reports-First-Quarter-2021-Results/default.aspx
Fang, K., & Repnikova, M. (2018). Demystifying “little pink”: The creation and evolution of a gendered label for nationalistic activists in China. New Media & Society, 20(6), 2162–2185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817731923.
Feuer, W. (2020). WHO chief addresses death threats, racist insults: `I don`t give a damn`. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/08/who-chief-addresses-death-threats-racist-insults-i-dont-give-a-damn.html.
Formosa News. (2020). Chinese trolls posing as Taiwanese to apologize to Tedros: Investigation Bureau. 民視英語新聞. Retrieved from https://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/read.aspx?sno=E3854E91B8261B3236F3AD530436C60.
Formosa Television. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from https://www.ftv.com.tw/aboutftv.aspx?fbclid=IwAR1ACGEfK13eG6URL2F0lG_tjpBbTUp35lQeb6VJCd2F0ajMPW15sDrYoqM
Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. (2010). Two TV stations politically biased: Report. Retrieved from https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201011200009
Fox, J. & Tang, W.Y. (2014). Sexism in online video games: The role of conformity to masculine norms and social dominance orientation. Computers in Human Behavior. 33(2014), (314-320).
Frank, A. (2019). Devotion is a beautiful, mesmerizing game of `hallway horror`. Retrieved from https://www.polygon.com/reviews/2019/3/12/18261941/devotion-review-horror-game.
Fuchs, C. (2014a). Social media as participatory culture. In Social media: A critical introduction (pp. 52-68). SAGE Publications Ltd, https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781446270066.n3.
Fuchs, C. (2014b). Twitter and democracy: a new public sphere?. In Social media: A critical introduction. (pp. 179-209). SAGE Publications Ltd, https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781446270066.n8.
Fuchs, C. (2021). The public service media and public service internet manifesto. London: University of Westminster Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.16997/book60
Freudenstein, R. (2020). Why the Chinese Communist Party doesn’t like Winnie the Pooh. European View, 19(2), 245–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685820979056.
Greenhalgh, S. & Zhang, L. (2020). Governing through science. Can science and technology save China? (pp. 1-24). Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY.
Griffiths, J. (2020). A Chinese troll campaign is inadvertently showing how censorship limits political thought. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/14/asia/nnevvy-china-taiwan-twitter-intl-hnk/index.html.
Gstalter, M. (2019). `South Park` banned from Chinese internet after critical episode: Report. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/homenews/media/464661-south-park-banned-from-chinese-internet-after-critical-episode-report.
Guardian Staff & Agencies (2021). China launches first module of new space station. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/china-launches-first-module-of-new-space-station.
Guo, S. (2018). “Occupying” the internet: State media and the reinvention of official culture online. Communication and the Public, 3(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047318755166.
Guo, S. (2021). The evolution of the Chinese internet: Creative visibility in the digital public. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Guo, X., & Yang, S. (2019). Memetic communication and consensus mobilization in the cyber nationalist movement. In Liu, H. (Eds.) Cyber nationalism to fandom nationalism: The case of Diba expedition in China. (pp. 72-92). Routledge.
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2020). Implementation rules for article 43 of the law of the People`s Republic of China on safeguarding national security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region gazetted. Retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202007/06/P2020070600784.htm.
Han, R. (2018). Contesting cyberspace in China: Online expression and authoritarian resilience. New York: Columbia University Press.
Han, X. (2018) Searching for an online space for feminism? The Chinese feminist group gender watch women’s voice and its changing approaches to online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 734-749. doi: 10.1080/14680777.2018.1447430.
Hardaker, Claire (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 6(2), –. doi:10.1515/jplr.2010.011.
Hilvert-Bruce, Z., & Neill, J. (2019). I`m just trolling: The role of normative beliefs in aggressive behaviour in online gaming. Computers in Human Behavior. 102(2020), 303-311.
Hyon, J., Y. (2014) The China factor in the US–South Korea alliance: the perceived usefulness of China in the Korean Peninsula, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(1), 85-104, doi: 10.1080/10357718.2013.840556.
Ives, M. (2019). What is Hong Kong`s extradition bill? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/world/asia/hong-kong-extradition-bill.html.
Jenkins, H., Puroshotma, R., Clinton, K., Weigel, M., & Robison, A., J. (2005). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture. Media education for the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.newmedialiteracies.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/NMLWhitePaper.pdf.
Johns Hopkins & Imperial College London. (2021). Countering cognitive warfare: awareness and resilience. NATO Review. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/05/20/countering-cognitive-warfare-awareness-and-resilience/index.html.
Kalmoe, N., & Gross, K. (2016). Cueing Patriotism, Prejudice, and Partisanship in the Age of Obama: Experimental Tests of U.S. Flag Imagery Effects in Presidential Elections. Political Psychology, 37(6), 883-899. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44132933
Kádár, D. Z., Haugh, M. and Chang, W. (2013). Aggression and perceived national face threats in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese. Multilingual: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 32(3), 343-372.
King, G., Pan, J., and Roberts, M. E. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review. 107(2), 1-18. Retrieved from https://j.mp/2nxNUhk.
KnowYourMeme. (2020). Pressing a boot on your own head. Retrieved from https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/pressing-a-boot-on-your-own-head
Lee, J. K., Choi, J., Kim, C., & Kim, Y. (2014). Social Media, Network Heterogeneity, and Opinion Polarization. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 702–722. doi:10.1111/jcom.12077.
Leung, C. (2021). Anti-triad police investigate top national security officer in massage scandal. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3133113/top-officer-hong-kong-police-national-security-unit.
Liao, S. (2019). Taiwanese horror game Devotion vanishes from Steam after angry Chinese gamers find Winnie the Pooh meme. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/25/18239937/taiwanese-horror-game-devotion-gone-steam-removed-winnie-the-pooh-meme-china
Lieberthal, K. G. (2020). Cultural revolution. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Cultural-Revolution.
Liu, J. (2021). The top 10 countries where expats are happiest with work, life and cost of living Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/18/10-countries-where-expats-are-most-satisfied-with-work-and-life.html?fbclid=IwAR2yek5Fxy7Y0A7rriunUrLwcnbJDoxOr7dKMBzPL0uodGHzDbzi9t7OzLQ.
Maragh-Lloyd, R. (2020). A digital postracial parity? Black women’s everyday resistance and rethinking online media culture. Communication, Culture and Critique, 13(1), 17–35, https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcz046.
Mao, F. (2020). How a blow to Australian wine shows tensions with China. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-55167882.
Metacritic. (2017). Detention. Retrieved from https://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/detention.
Miglani, S. & Siddiqui, D. (2021). Global concern grows as COVID-19 variant ravages rural India. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-covid-deaths-cross-quarter-million-mark-no-sign-peak-2021-05-12/.
Oh, A. (2018). Psychological horror game detention revisits 1960s Taiwan. Retrieved from https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/15/17092630/detention-game-ps4-steam-impressions.
Packham, C. (2020). Australian special forces allegedly killed 39 unarmed Afghans: Report. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-defence/australian-special-forces-allegedly-killed-39-unarmed-afghans-report-idUSKBN27Y32J?utm_source=reddit.com.
Patel, S. (2020). Reddit Claims 52 Million Daily Users, Revealing a Key Figure for Social-Media Platforms. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/reddit-claims-52-million-daily-users-revealing-a-key-figure-for-social-media-platforms-11606822200?fbclid=IwAR02pxn8AOKmcP4KHlWGAzkPvpsy7ckzt-Zqpy6iUuVUquM0L_dRuJCKCGQ
Pletcher, K. (2020). Opium wars. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars.
Pyo, J. Y. (2020) Tactical trolling: Understanding journalist trolling as a new online resistance in South Korea. Communication, Culture and Critique, 13(1), 134–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcz054
Red Candle Games. (n.d.). Devotion - original soundtracks on steam. Retrieved from https://store.steampowered.com/app/1026010/Devotion__Original_Soundtracks/
Reuters. (2021a). China, Taiwan spar again over vaccines, accuse each other of politicking. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-taiwan-spar-again-over-vaccines-accuse-each-other-politicking-2021-05-31/.
Reuters. (2021b). China`s Guangzhou city imposes more COVID-19 prevention measures. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-guangzhou-city-imposes-more-covid-19-prevention-measures-2021-06-05/.
Schneider, F. (2018). China`s digital nationalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Smith, B. (2019). Beijing`s Chief Troll Is The Face Of A New Kind Of Chinese Diplomacy. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bensmith/zhao-lijian-china-twitter.
Sun, L. H., Fichman, P. (2020) The collective trolling lifecycle. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24296.
Topping, A. (2008). China`s heritage on the old silk road. World Policy Journal, 25(4), 152-166. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210132.
Trottier, D., Huang, Q., & Gabdulhakov, R. (2020). Mediated visibility as making vitriol meaningful. In Trottier D. & Polak S. (Eds.), Violence and trolling on social media: History, affect, and affects of online vitriol (pp. 25-46). Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1b0fvrn.5.
US Institute of Peace. (2020). China’s Influence on Conflict Dynamics in South Asia (pp. 32-38, Rep.). US Institute of Peace. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27534.8.
Victor, D. (2019). Hong Kong protesters love Pepe the frog. No, they`re not alt-right. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/19/world/asia/hong-kong-protest-pepe-frog.html.
Wallis, C. (2013). Technomobility in China: Young migrant women and mobile phones. New York University Press: New York.
Wallis, C. (2015). Gender and China`s online censorship protest culture. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 223-238. doi: 10.1080/14680777.2014.928645.
Wang, V. (2021). Subdued but not silenced, Hong Kong tries to remember Tiananmen massacre. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/04/world/asia/china-tiananmen-massacre.html.
Westcott, B., & Jiang, S. (2020). China is embracing a new brand of wolf warrior diplomacy. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/28/asia/china-wolf-warrior-diplomacy-intl-hnk/index.html.
Wiggins, B. E. (2019). The discursive power of memes in digital culture: Ideology, semiotics, and intertextuality. Routledge.
Wojcieszak, M. (2010). ‘Don’t talk to me’: effects of ideologically homogeneous online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties on extremism. New Media & Society, 12(4), 637–655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342775
Wojcieszak, M., & Mutz, D. C. (2009). Online groups and political discourse. Journal of Communication, 59(1): 40-56.
Wojcieszak, M., & Price, V. (2010). Bridging the divide or intensifying the conflict? How disagreement affects strong predilections about sexual minorities. Political Psychology, 31(3), 315–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00753.x.
Wong, A. (2016). Detention developers talk bringing Taiwanese history & Chinese mythology to horror. Retrieved from https://www.siliconera.com/detention-developers-talk-bringing-taiwanese-history-chinese-mythology-horror/
Yang, S. Chen, P.Y., Shih, P., Bardzell, J, & Bardzell, S. (2017). Cross-Strait frenemies. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-computer Interaction, 1–22. doi:10.1145/3134750
Yu, E. (2021). Apple daily exits from Hong Kong telling readers “until we meet again”. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-daily-exits-from-hong-kong-telling-readers-until-we-meet-again-11624534789
Zeng, J. (2019). You say #MeToo, I say #MiTu: China’s online campaigns against sexual abuse. 10.1007/978-3-030-15213-0_5. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
108926024 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108926024 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202101667 |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 602401.pdf | | 2932Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 137 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
