Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150114
|
| Title: | 中國的應用程式或政治工具：以TikTok例
Identifying Modern Propaganda: TikTok – Just Another App or China’s Political Tool |
| Authors: | 宋珍琳
Mustonen, Aino |
| Contributors: | 劉曉鵬
Philip Liu
宋珍琳
Aino Mustonen |
| Keywords: | 中國
社群媒體
TikTok
宣傳
政治話語
假訊息
軟實力
軟宣傳
硬宣傳
輿論
灌輸
國際關係
China
Social media
Tiktok
Propaganda
Political discourse
Disinformation
Soft power
Soft propaganda
Hard propaganda
Public opinion
Indoctrination
International relations |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-03-01 12:32:42 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本篇論文將深入探究運算宣傳領域以應對近期成為燙手山芋的議題–抖音是否為中國 共產黨的宣傳工具？可點擊閱讀的新聞標題不斷地提出這種主張，其內容引用了專家學者的 意見。然而，此類別的文章往往缺乏範例以及具體證據，難以自圓其說。截至2024年1月， 尚未有任何可公開取得的英語學術研究給此辯論一個結論。究竟這只是仇視心理，抑或是中 共實際上使用抖音來傳播操縱政治性內容？為了徹底解答這個問題，本論文從定義現代宣傳 開始，接著探討中國大外宣的歷史、淺在的動機，最後將抖音作為平臺進行檢視。本論文的 關鍵為是一項質性研究，深入探尋在抖音上的大外宣陷阱，並以十部範例影片進行歸納總 結。儘管本篇論文探討了對抖音及中共負面的指控，需注意的是，此研究未探討大外宣的影 響以及其他強權如何將其引入國際社交媒體平台。此論文的目標是協助澄清與中共大外宣議 題有關的諸多指控的真實性。提供具體的證據及實例以說明中國究竟遭指控藉由抖音來散播 何種內容。
This thesis takes a deep dive into the world of computational propaganda to address the recent hot potato of a topic: Is TikTok a CCP propaganda tool? Clickable news headlines make this claim time and time again, with their contents referencing professionals’ opinions. However, this type of article typically lacks examples and concrete evidence to back up its claims. As of January 2024, there haven’t been any easily available academic studies in English that could put this debate to rest. Is it just sinophobia, or is it likely that the CCP actually uses TikTok to disseminate manipulative political content? In order to answer this question thoroughly, the paper begins by defining modern propaganda, moves onto discussing China’s history with propaganda and potential motivations, and finally examines TikTok as a platform. The key part of the thesis is a qualitative study that goes down a propaganda rabbit hole on TikTok and summarises the experience with the help of 10 example videos. While the paper addresses the unsavoury allegations against TikTok and the CCP, it’s important to note that this research does not examine the effects of propaganda or how other powerful states push it into international social media platforms. The goal here is to help clarify the factuality of different accusations in relation to the topic of CCP propaganda on TikTok and offer some much-needed tangible evidence and examples of what exactly China is being accused of distributing via TikTok. |
| Reference: | Army_tor. [@army_tor]. #🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳, #🇨🇳🇨🇳, #🇨🇳, #chinaarmy. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtRrFYq/.
Army_tor. [@army_tor]. (n.d.). TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@army_tor.
Asian Boss. (2021, December 22). What Do the Chinese Think of the Social Credit System? Street Interview. [Video]. YouTube.
Accessed November 13, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGhOssPumUU.
Asian Boss. (2022, August 4). What the Chinese Think of Taiwan. Street Interview. [Video]. YouTube.
Accessed November 13, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2MlxzlHphY.
Asian Boss. [@asianbossmedia]. (2023, October 23). We went to the streets of Shanghai to ask Chinese people if they think China is a democratic country. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtRuos8/.
Asian Boss. [@asianbossmedia]. (n.d.) Curious about more? Visit the link below to enjoy more content like this. TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@asianbossmedia.
Asian Boss. (n.d.). About Us. [Website].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://asianboss.io/pages/about.
Bolsover, & Howard, P. (2019). Chinese computational propaganda: automation, algorithms and the manipulation of information about Chinese politics on Twitter and Weibo. Information, Communication & Society, 22(14), 2063–2080.
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). The Global Organization of Social Media Disinformation Campaigns. Journal of International Affairs, 71(1.5), 23–32.
Brandt, J., Wirtschafer, V. (2022, July 6). How China uses search engines to spread propaganda. Brookings.
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-china-uses-search-engines-to-spread-propaganda/.
Bristow, M. (2008, December 16). China’s internet “spin doctors.” BBC News.
Accessed November 1, 2023, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7783640.stm
Brittingham, M., A. (2007). The “Role” of Nationalism in Chinese Foreign Policy: A Reactive Model of Nationalism and Conflict. Journal of Chinese Political Science 12(2): 147-166.
ByteDance. (n.d.). History of ByteDance. [Webpage].
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.bytedance.com/?enter_method=bottom_navigation
Bytwerk. (2015). Believing in “Inner Truth”: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Nazi Propaganda, 1933–1945. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 29(2), 212–229.
Carmichael, F. (2021, August 5). How a fake network pushes pro-China propaganda. BBC News.
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58062630.
Casey, R. D. (1944). EM 2: What Is Propaganda? War Department Education Manual.
Chang, J. (1997). “The Mechanics of State Propaganda: The People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union in the 1950s.” New Perspectives on State Socialism in China. Eds. Timothy Cheek and Tony Saich, 76–124. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Cheng, Y. C., Howard, P. N. (2020). Computational Propaganda on Social Media: The Challenges and Opportunities for Democracy. The Journal of Information Society. 39, 17–28.
Cheek, T. (1995). The Honorable Vocation: Intellectual Service in CCP Propaganda Institutions in Jin-Cha-Jin, 1937–1945. In T. Saich & H. van de Ven (Eds.), New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution (pp. 235–262). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
China business coach. [@grace.chinabusiness]. (2023, January 10). Why EVERYONE Wants to Live Like the Chinese! TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 26, 2023, at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtJK2RT/.
China business coach. [@grace.chinabusiness]. (n.d.). China business trends, insights, Chinese technology,mindset,story,community. TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@grace.chinabusiness.
China Daily. (2022, September 10). Plotting a very, very difficult furrow. China Daily. Global edition.
Accessed December 28, 2023 at https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202209/10/WS631bfc9da310fd2b29e76fe3.html.
China Daily. [@chinadailyofficial]. (n.d.). TikTok. [TikTok Account].
Accessed December 4, 2023, at https://www.tiktok.com/@chinadailyofficial.
China Daily. [@ChinaDailyOfficialChannel]. (n.d.). YouTube. [YouTube Channel].
Accessed December 4, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/@ChinaDailyOfficialChannel.
China Uncensored. (2023, September 28). Why Is Chinese Propaganda So Successful? YouTube. [Video].
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YT_zOrH5Kw.
Cook, S. (2011, October 11). China’s growing army of paid internet commentators. Freedom House.
Accessed November 1, 2023, at https://migratefreedomhouse.wordpress.com/2011/10/11/chinas-growing-army-of-paid-internet-commentators-2/.
Delmas, & Burbano, V. C. (2011). The Drivers of Greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), 64–87.
d’Hooghe, I. (2015). China’s Public Diplomacy. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff.
Doyle, B. (2023, October 31) TikTok Statistics – Updated Nov 2023. Wallaroo Media.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://wallaroomedia.com/blog/social-media/tiktok-statistics/.
Economist Intelligence Unit. (2022) The World Democracy Index. The Economist Group.
Edney, K. (2012). Soft Power and the Chinese Propaganda System. The Journal of Contemporary China, 21(78), 899–914.
Edney, K. (2014). The globalization of Chinese propaganda international power and domestic political cohesion. (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Evitts, J. (2022, September 2). TikTok-addicted students delete app during exams. The BBC.
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-62720657.
Frontline Focus. [@frontline_focus]. (2023, November 27). "The people telling you China is your enemy are your enemy...China has invaded no one in your lifetime." TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtRkD8j/.
Frontline Focus. [@frontline_focus]. (n.d.). News on China, from China, with a non-western-media perspective. TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@frontline_focus.
Fung, B. (2023, March 24). TikTok collects a lot of data. But that’s not the main reason officials say it’s a security risk. CNN Business.
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/24/tech/tiktok-ban-national-security-hearing/index.html.
Gambino, L. (2023, March 24). ‘Like a war zone’: Congress hears of China’s abuses in Xinjiang ‘re-education camps’. The Guardian.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/24/like-a-war-zone-congress-hears-of-chinas-abuses-in-xinjiang-re-education-camps.
Geckoemmy. [@geckoemmy]. (n.d.). Parrot rehabilitation and education!. [TikTok Profile]. TikTok.
Accessed December 1, 2023, at https://www.tiktok.com/@geckoemmy?_t=8homkWYJjQO&_r=1.
Genzwire. [@genzwire]. (2023, December 12). #China, #homeless, #westernmedia, #chengdu. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtWh3T6/.
Genzwire. [@genzwire]. (n.d.). Intuition,life,vibrancy! TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@genzwire.
Geyser, W. (2023, April 11). Everything You Need to Know about TikTok Shadow Ban. Influencer Marketing Hub.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://influencermarketinghub.com/tiktok-shadow-ban/.
Google Trends. (n.a., a). Chinese Propaganda. [Web search].
Accessed November 19, 2023, at https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2008-01-01%202023-11-19&q=Chinese%20propaganda&hl=fi.
Google Trends. (n.a., b). Chinese Propaganda. [YouTube search].
Accessed November 19, 2023, at https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2008-01-01%202023-11-19&gprop=youtube&q=Chinese%20propaganda&hl=fi.
Google Trends. (n.a., c). Chinese Propaganda. [News search].
Accessed November 19, 2023, at https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2008-01-01%202023-11-19&gprop=news&q=Chinese%20propaganda&hl=fi.
Grace Guo. (n.d.) Description. YouTube. [Channel].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.youtube.com/@GraceGuo.
Hanh, D. (2021, September 17). TikToks Inconsistency Is Creating A Toxic Environment. Change.org. [Petition].
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.change.org/p/tiktok-tiktoks-inconsistency-is-creating-a-toxic-environment.
Havu 夏雨. [@havu2904]. (2023, October 31). Uighur girls. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtRALNS/.
Havu 夏雨. [@havu2904]. (n.d.). Street interview Have a good day 祝你美好的一天. TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@havu2904.
Hoffman, A. (2022, October 18). Tiktok is China’s trojan horse. The Hill.
Accessed December 4, 2023, at https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/3694346-tiktok-is-chinas-trojan-horse/.
Holsti, K. J. 1970. National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy. International
Studies Quarterly 14(3): 233-309.
Huang, H. (2015). Propaganda as Signaling. Comparative Politics, 47(4), 419–444.
Hughes, D. (2019, August 26). The Rapid Rise of TikTok. Digital Marketing Institute. BPP Education Group.
Hussein Askary. (n.d.). LinkedIn. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://se.linkedin.com/in/hussein-askary-51b7bb96.
Iqbal, M. (2023, October 31). TikTok Revenue and Usage Statistics (2023). Business of Apps.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tik-tok-statistics/.
Jang, K. (2019). Between Soft Power and Propaganda: The Korean Military Drama Descendants of the Sun, Journal of War & Culture Studies, 12:1, 24-36.
Jefferey1012. [@jefferey1012]. (2023, December 11). #CapCut. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtnF5tm/.
Jefferey1012. [@jefferey1012]. (n.d.). An English-Educated Singaporean
一个接受英语教育的新加坡人... . TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@jeffrey1012.
Kenez, P. (1985). The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kiki and Coco. [@ kikiandcoco4u]. (2023, October 19). #fyp #funnyanimals #cat. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 1, 2023, at https://vm.tiktok.com/ZGedowyvR/.
Kim, E.S. (Writer), Lee, E. (Director). (2016). Descendants of the Sun. [Television series]. Seoul, South Korea: KBS2.
Koskinen, M. (2021, June 10). Jussi Halla-Aho Il-tentissä: “Meidän Keskeinen Kilpailijamme on Sohva näissä vaaleissa.” Jussi Halla-aho Iltalehden Suoraa Puhetta -kuntavaalitentissä. Iltalehti.
Accessed October 31, 2023, at https://www.iltalehti.fi/kuntavaalit-2021/a/07e23087-b1b4-48e5-95da-2723585681a6
Korab-Karpowicz, W., J. (2023). Political Realism in International Relations. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Winter 2023 Edition. Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.). Accessed December 12, 2023 at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/realism-intl-relations/.
Kuran, T. (1991). Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989. World Politics, 44, 7-48.
Laowhy86. (2020, May 14). Chinese Propaganda is RAMPANT on TikTok. YouTube. [Video].
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOlu624glKw.
Laowhy86. (2021, May 27). China's TikTok Propaganda is Out of Control. YouTube. [Video].
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3AeHmX13bA&t=13s.
Li. (2018). From Red to “Pink”: Propaganda Rap, New Media, and China’s Soft Power Pursuit. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 25(2), 89–105.
Li, C., Qi, L. (2022, September 23). China Jails Gang Members Over Attack on Women. The Wall Street Journal.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-jails-gang-members-over-brutal-of-women-11663936611.
Li Jingjing. [@iamlijingjing]. (2023, December 12). Iraqi Muslim scholar: “Muslims in China are having the best time.” TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtRfsJq/.
Li Jingjing. [@iamlijingjing]. (n.d.). Chinese journalist. Bring you a different perspective on world news. TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@iamlijingjing.
Li Jingjing 李菁菁. [@Jingjing_Li]. (n.d.). Twitter. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://twitter.com/jingjing_li?lang=fi
Lynch, D. C. (1999). After the Propaganda State: Media, Politics, and “Thought Work” in Reformed China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Maheswari, S., Holpuch, A. (2023, December 1). Why Countries Are Trying to Ban TikTok. The New York Times.
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://www.nytimes.com/article/tiktok-ban.html.
Martin, I., Baker-White, E. (2023, July 27). TikTok Has Pushed Chinese Propaganda Ads To Millions Across Europe. Forbes.
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/iainmartin/2023/07/26/tiktok-chinese-propaganda-ads-europe/?sh=261d8e94203d.
McDonell, S. (2022, November 15). China zero Covid: Violent protests in Guangzhou put curbs under strain. The BBC.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63633109.
Muhonen, T. (2021, May 26). Maahanmuutto: Jussi Halla-Aho Sanoo, Että Suomeen Töihin Tulevat Maahanmuuttajat “heittäytyvät” nopeasti elämään sosiaalituilla – HS Selvitti, Pitääkö Väite paikkansa. Helsingin Sanomat.
Accessed October 31, 2023, at https://www.hs.fi/politiikka/art-2000007991167.html
Nye. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94–109.
Ohlheiser, A.W. (2021, July 13). Welcome to TikTok’s endless cycle of censorship and mistakes. MIT Technology Review.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/07/13/1028401/tiktok-censorship-mistakes-glitches-apologies-endless-cycle/.
PBSNewsHour. (2023, March 10). WATCH: TikTok could drive Chinese propaganda, FBI director says. YouTube. [Video].
Accessed December 4, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6wgP9ueNG24.
Pentland, W. (2011, May 7). Congress Bans Scientific Collaboration with China, Cites High Espionage Risks. Forbes.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2011/05/07/congress-bans-scientific-collaboration-with-china-cites-high-espionage-risks/?sh=40bd71b84562.
Petrillo, S. (2021, December 13). What Makes TikTok so Addictive?: An Analysis of the Mechanisms Underlying the World’s Latest Social Media Craze. Brown Undergraduate Journal of Public Health.
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://sites.brown.edu/publichealthjournal/2021/12/13/tiktok/.
Pollard, M.Q. (2022, October 16). China's Xi says full control over Hong Kong achieved, determined on Taiwan. Reuters.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-full-control-over-hong-kong-achieved-determined-taiwan-2022-10-16/.
Qin, H. (2013). Jianghao Zhongguo gushi tuidong Zhongguo lilun guoji hua [Telling China’s Story Well: Promoting the Internationalization of Chinese Theories]. Zhongguo gongchandang Xinwen wang [News of the CCP].
QuahMichael. [@quahmichael]. (2023, December 7). #UnderstandingChina, #ChinaBuild, #USEmpire, #USHegemony, #BeltandRoad. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNtRVdrq/.
QuahMichael. [@quahmichael]. (n.d.). TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@quahmichael.
Rackaway, C. (2023). Communicating Politics Online: Disruption and Democracy. Second edition. Springer International Publishing.
Real Time with Bill Maher. (2023, March 25). TikTok Propaganda | Real Time with Bill Maher (HBO). YouTube. [Video]. HBO.
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Zb3xOhLp_6E.
r/Tiktokhelp. (2023). Reddit. [Microblog].
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.reddit.com/r/Tiktokhelp.
Santini, Agostini, L., Barros, C. E., Carvalho, D., Centeno De Rezende, R., Salles, D. G., Seto, K., Terra, C., & Tucci, G. (2018). Software Power as Soft Power. A Literature Review on Computational Propaganda Effects in Public Opinion and Political Process. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 11(2), 332–360
Schecter, A. (2021, June 10). New details of torture, cover-ups in China's internment camps revealed in Amnesty International report. NBC News.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/new-details-torture-cover-ups-china-s-internment-camps-revealed-n1270014.
Shambaugh, D. (2007). China’s Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes and Efficacy. The China Journal, 57, 25–58. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20066240
Sharma, P. (2020, May 20). TikTok: An entertainment platform or Chinese propaganda company?. Wion.
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.wionews.com/world/tiktok-an-entertainment-platform-or-chinese-propaganda-company-299518.
Sheng, M.L., Li, Y. and Liu H.Y. (2015, November 16) China Can’t Help Its Homeless Alone. Caixin. Slate group.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/11/chinas-local-governments-collaborate-with-ngos-to-better-homeless-care.html.
Siano, Vollero, A., Conte, F., & Amabile, S. (2017). “More than words”: Expanding the taxonomy of greenwashing after the Volkswagen scandal. Journal of Business Research, 71, 27–37.
Simon. (1991). Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning. Organization Science (Providence, R.I.), 2(1), 125–134.
Slodkowski, A., Chen, L. (2023, November 16). Chinese propaganda frames Xi's US pivot. Reuters.
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.reuters.com/world/spy-balloons-chocolates-chinese-propaganda-frames-xis-us-pivot-2023-11-16/.
Sola, S. A. (2022) Cults to Consciousness. Spotify. [Podcast].
Solon, O. (2022, July 29). Chinese government asked Tiktok for stealth propaganda account. Bloomberg.com.
Accessed December 4, 2023, at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-29/chinese-government-asked-tiktok-for-stealth-propaganda-account.
Sorkin, A. R., Mattu, R., Warner, B., Kessler, S., Merced, M. J. D. L., Hirsch, L., Livni, E. (2023, March 24). TikTok’s C.E.O. struggles to make his case in Washington. The New York Times.
Accessed November 2, 2023, at https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/24/business/dealbook/tiktok-congress-shou-chew.html
Stanley, J. (2015). How Propaganda Works. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
Stern, J. [@JoannaStern]. (2021, July 21). Look at this hashtag map we put together. X/Twitter. [Post] [Video].
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://twitter.com/JoannaStern/status/1417856559611359239.
Stuckey, A. (2018, February 22). Why Chinese astronauts are banned from the International Space Station, NASA activities. Chron. Houston Chronicle. Hearst.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/space/article/Ever-wonder-why-you-ve-never-seen-a-Chinese-12631096.php.
Stryker, S. and Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory. Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd ed. Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.), pp. 311-378. New York: Random House.
Thies, C., G. (1999). Socialization in the International System. Ph.D. Dissertation. Arizona State University.
Thies, C., G. (2009). Role Theory and Foreign Policy. University of Iowa.
TikTok. (n.d.). About Us. [Webpage].
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.tiktok.com/about?lang=en.
TikTok. (2023, March). Sensitive and Mature Themes. Community Guidelines.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.tiktok.com/community-guidelines/en/sensitive-mature-themes/.
TikTok. (2023, November 3). Ensuring a safe, authentic space during times of conflict. TikTok Newsroom.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/ensuring-a-safe-authentic-space-during-times-of-conflict.
TikTok. (2022, December 9). Strengthening how we protect and secure our platform in the US. TikTok Newsroom.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/strengthening-how-we-protect-and-secure-our-platform-in-the-us.
TikTok. (2021, December 2). TikTok’s new Transparency Reports and Transparency Center. TikTok Newsroom.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/tiktoks-transparency-reports-and-transparency-center.
Titcomb, J. (2023, May 12). TikTok was ‘propaganda tool’ for Chinese Communist Party, lawsuit claims. The Telegraph.
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/05/12/tiktok-propaganda-tool-chinese-communist-party/.
TONY. [@tony210505]. (2023, December 23). AI generated clip of a man of perhaps middle eastern or Indian descent. TikTok. [Video].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSNttQ8wQ/.
TONY. [@tony210505]. (n.d.). TikTok. [Profile].
Accessed December 29, 2023 at https://www.tiktok.com/@jeffrey1012.
Tsai. (2017). Enabling China’s Voice to Be Heard by the World: Ideas and Operations of the Chinese Communist Party’s External Propaganda System. Problems of Post-Communism, 64(3-4), 203–213.
VICE. (2023, March 22). How Influencers Cover Up Crimes Against Humanity | Super Users. YouTube. [Video].
Accessed November 20, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJsr2u6Uq3A.
Videoforum. (2018). Jussi Halla-aho | Maahanmuuttajien raiskaukset & Ilmastopolitiikka. YouTube. [Video].
Accessed October 31, 2023, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2PBZD1-BO4.
Wall Street Journal. (2021, July 21). Investigation: How TikTok's Algorithm Figures Out Your Deepest Desires. Wall Street Journal. [Video].
Accessed December 7, 2023, at https://www.wsj.com/video/series/inside-tiktoks-highly-secretive-algorithm/investigation-how-tiktok-algorithm-figures-out-your-deepest-desires/6C0C2040-FF25-4827-8528-2BD6612E3796.
Wang, Y. (2011a). Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wang, Y., et al. (2011b). He Qinglian jiaoshou Zhongguo dawaixuan zhengce zhuanti jiangzuo [Seminar by Professor He Qinglian: China’s Large-Scale Policies on Foreign Publicity]. Taida xinwen luntan [National Taiwan University News Forum], (10), 128–129.
Wang, C. Y. C. (2023). Changing Strategies and Mixed Agendas: Contradiction and Fragmentation within China's External Propaganda. The Journal of contemporary China, 32 (142), p.586-601. Routledge.
Warrington, J. (2019, October 23). Tiktok launches safety campaign after removing IS propaganda videos. City A.M.
Accessed November 29, 2023, at https://www.cityam.com/tiktok-launches-safety-campaign-after-removing-is-propaganda-videos/.
Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2016). Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents. International Journal of Communication, 10(0), 9.
Woolley S. C., Howard, P. N. (2019). Computational propaganda : political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (2023, April 20). China, overview. [Webpage].
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview.
World Economic Forum. (2014). Global Risks 2014. Ed. 9.
World Population Review. (n.d.) Homelessness by Country 2023. [Webpage].
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/homelessness-by-country.
World Press Freedom Index. (2023) 21st edition. Reporters Without Borders.
Accessed December 30, 2023 at https://rsf.org/en/2023-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-threatened-fake-content-industry.
Yang, Y. (2019, August 9). China’s ‘MeToo’ movement evades censors with #RiceBunny. Financial Times.
Zamorano, M.M. (2016). Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: The Instrumentalization of Culture Under the Soft Power Theory. Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research, 8:165–186. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
109862010 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862010 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 201001.pdf | | 6543Kb | Adobe PDF | 2 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
