Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150115
|
| Title: | 美國對伊朗的經濟制裁：去美元化的效果
US Sanctions and Iran: The Dedollarization Effect |
| Authors: | 石志熙
Speers, Matthew |
| Contributors: | 馮慕文
Fonseca, Fabricio
石志熙
Matthew Speers |
| Keywords: | 制裁
去美元化
伊朗
sanctions
dedollarization
Iran |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-03-01 12:32:54 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 自第二次世界大戰以來美國對於其國際的仇敵實行越來越多的制裁。在最近的歷史上，伊朗是受到其制裁最多的國家之一。伊朗第一次實施[去美元化]是因為已成為美國制裁的對象，目的就是在與美元脫鉤下其國內經濟與貿易功能依然能夠保持正常運作。 不不過，從2012年開始，就便美國透過新的制裁措施強制向伊朗施行去美元化。然而，自2018年以來，伊朗透過外銷佔其最大出口比重的石油業與其他小型產業，讓其在與美元脫鉤下依然保持國內經濟穩定，因而更擴大伊朗從事去美元化。伊朗的去美元化措施透過以下的因素已對美元的國際強勢有負面的影響：第一，作為一個主要石油出產國失去其對強化美元需求與進入石油美元循環的機會；第二，提高中國人民幣的受歡迎程度；第三，伊朗已成為一個日益壯大抵制制裁聯盟的關鍵成員。
The United States has been using the tool of sanctions against its international adversaries more and more since the conclusion of the Second World War. One of the most sanctioned states in recent history is Iran. Iran first began dedollarizing, which is a practice wherein a state attempts to conduct all of its normal economic and trade functions without utilizing the dollar, in response to being targeted by US sanctions. However, starting in 2012, the US itself actually imposed dedollarization on Iran through new sanctioning measures. Since 2018, Iran has found relatively stable solutions for selling its main export, oil, as well as all other economic activity, without dollars, thereby further engaging in dedollarization. Iranian dedollarization has had a negative impact on the strength of the USD globally by serving as a lost opportunity to strengthen demand for dollars and to feed into the petrodollar cycle by a major oil-producing state, as well as by increasing the popularity of the Chinese yuan and serving as a key member of a growing sanctions-resistance network. |
| Reference: | References
Journal Articles and Academic Papers
Abonyi, George. “Weaponization of Global Finance: Implications for Asia and China's Regional Role,” SSRN, April 7, 2022.
Abrahamian, Ervand. “The 1953 Coup in Iran,” Science and Society Volume 65, No. 2 (Summer 2001).
Aftalion, Marie. “INSTEX, a Game Changer?,” Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, 2019.
Aksenov, Gleb et al. “Development of Trade and Financial-Economical Relationships between China and Russia: A Study Based on the Trade Gravity Model,” Sustainability Volume 15, Issue 7 (March 2023).
Ale kajbaf, Hossein and Mahabadi, Hassan karimi and Babaee, Mojtaba. “Measures of the International Community and Iran Against Sanctions by Emphasizing the SWIFT's International Payment System and De-Dollarization Considering the Resistance Economy,” Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic Policies Volume 10, Issue 40 (January 2023).
Ananyev, Boris. “Sanctions in IR: Understanding, Defining, Studying,” International Organisations Research Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2019).
Arnold, Aaron. “The True Costs of Financial Sanctions,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Volume 58, Issue 3 (2016).
Arslanalp, Serkan and Eichengreen, Barry and Simpson-Bell, Chima. “The Stealth Erosion of Dollar Dominance: Active Diversifiers and the Rise of Nontraditional Reserve Currencies,” IMF Working Papers (March 2022).
Arlsan, Yavuz and Cantu, Carlos. “The size of foreign exchange reserves,” BIS Papers (2019).
Bazoobandi, Sara and Biersteker, Thomas and Connolly, Richard and Giumelli, Francesco and Portela, Clara and Secrieru, Stanislav and Seeberg, Peter and van Bergeijk, Peter A.G. “Sanctions Against Iran: Winners and Losers,” European Institute for Security Studies, 2015.
Berthou, Antoine. “International sanctions and the dollar: Evidence from trade invoicing” (Banque de France working paper, September 2023).
Boyle, Francis. “International Crisis and Neutrality: United States Foreign Policy Toward the Iran-Iraq War,” Mercer Law Review Volume 3, Number 2 (1992).
Brannon, Stephen. “Pillars, Petroleum and Power: The United States in the Gulf,” The Arab Studies Journal, Volume 2, No. 1 (Spring 1994).
Ditch, David and Stern, Richard. “The Road to Inflation: How an Unprecedented Federal Spending Spree Created Economic Turmoil,” Heritage Foundation Special Report, No. 276 (September 21, 2023).
Dorraj, Manochehr and Currier, Carrie. “Lubricated With Oil: Iran-China Relations In a Changing World,” Middle East Policy, Volume 15, No. 2 (Summer 2008).
Drezner, Daniel. “The United States of Sanctions: The Use and Abuse of Economic Coercion,” Foreign Affairs, Volume 100, No. 5 (2021).
Early, Bryan R. “Sleeping With Your Friends' Enemies: An Explanation of Sanctions-Busting Trade,” International Studies Quarterly, Volume 53 (2009).
Erport, Yulia and Fadlon, Tomer. “Economic Maneuvering: How States Evade Economic Sanctions,” Strategic Assessment, Volume 26, No. 2 (July 2023).
Fantacci, Luca and Gobbi, Lucio. “Stablecoins, Central Bank Digital Currencies and US Dollar Hegemony,” Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium (2021).
Farrell, Henry and Newman, Abraham. “Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion,” International Security, Volume 44, No. 1 (2019).
Felbermayr, Gabriel, Kirilakha, Aleksandra, Syropoulos, Constantinos, Yalcin, Erdal, and Yotov, Yoto V., “The global sanctions data base,” European Economic Review, Volume 129 (October 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103561.
Fleishman, Joel and Aufses, Arthur. “Law and Orders: The Problem of Presidential Legislation,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Volume 40, No. 3 (Summer 1976).
Georgiadis, Georgios and Le Mezo, Helena and Mehl, Arnaud and Tille, Cedric. “Fundamentals vs. policies: can the US dollar's dominance in global trade be dented?,” Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, July 2021.
Hammoudeh, Showkat and Ewing, Bradley and Thompson, Mark. “Threshold Cointegration Analysis of Crude Oil Benchmarks,” The Energy Journal, Volume 29, No. 4 (2008).
Harmer, Christopher “Iranian Efforts to Bypass Oil Sanctions,” Institute For the Study of War (April 16, 2012).
He, Dong and Yu, Xiangrong. “Network effects in currency internationalisation: Insights from BIS triennial surveys and implications for the renminbi.” Journal of International Money and Finance, Volume 68 (November 2016).
Hinrichsen, Simon. “The Rise of Iraqi Indebtedness, 1979-2003,” Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 58, Issue 5 (2022).
Hufbauer, Gary and Schott, Jeffrey. “Economic Sanctions and U.S. Foreign Policy,” PS: Political Science & Politics, Volume 18, No. 4 (Autumn 1985).
Hughes, David. “The End of US Petrodollar Hegemony?,” BISA Annual Conference, 2018.
Imam, Mukhtar and Abba, Sadeeque and Wader, Mohamed. “Libya in the Post Ghadaffi Era,” The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention Volume 2, Issue 2 (2014).
Jahanpour, Farhang. “Iran: The Rise and Fall of the Tudeh Party,” The World Today, Volume 40, No. 4 (April 1984).
Joshi, Sumit and Mahmud, Ahmed. “Unilateral and Multilateral Sanctions: A Network Approach,” Institute for International Economic Policy Working Paper Series, November 2017.
Katzman, Kenneth. “The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA),” CRS Report For Congress, updated July 31, 2003. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA475664.pdf.
Kerr, Paul. “Iran's Nuclear Program: Status,” Congressional Research Service, June 13, 2016.
Kirilakha, Aleksandra et al. “The Global Sanctions Data Base: An Update that Includes the Years of the Trump Presidency” (Drexel Economics Working Paper Series, Drexel University, 2021).
Komijani, Akbar and Tavakolian, Hossein. “The Composition of Foreign Reserves of the Central Banks of Selected Countries: Will the Euro Replace the Dollar?,” Eurasian Economic Review, Volume 1, Issue 2 (2011).
Kumaraswamy, P.R. “India's Energy Dilemma with Iran,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, Volume 36, Issue 2 (2013).
Lai, Edwin. “Renminbi Internationalization: The Prospects of China's Yuan as the Next Global Currency,” Institute For Emerging Market Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, June 2015.
Layne, Christopher. “This Time It's Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana,” International Studies Quarterly, Volume 56, Issue 1 (March 2012).
Liao, Steven and McDowell, Daniel. “Redback Rising: China's Bilateral Swap Agreements and Renminbi Internationalization,” International Studies Quarterly Volume 59 (2015).
Looney, Robert. “The Iranian Oil Bourse: A Threat to Dollar Supremacy?,” Challenge, Vol. 50, No. 2 (March-April 2007).
Majidpour, Mehdi. “The Unintended Consequences of US-led Sanctions on Iranian Industries,” Iranian Studies Vol. 46, No. 1 (January 2013).
Mallaby, Sebastian and Wethington, Olin. “The Future of the Yuan: China's Struggle to Internationalize Its Currency,” Foreign Affairs 91 (2012).
Mathews, John A. and Selden, Mark. “China: The Emergence of the Petroyuan and the Challenge to US Dollar Hegemony,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 16, Issue 22, Number 3 (November 15, 2018).
McCormack, Daniel and Pascoe, Henry. “Sanctions and Preventive War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution Volume 16, No. 8 (2017).
McDowell, Daniel. “Financial sanctions and political risk in the international currency system,” Review of International Political Economy Volume 28, Issue 3 (March 2020).
Meagher, Daniel. “Caught in the Economic Crosshairs: Economic Sanctions and the American Sanctions Regime,” Fordham Law Review, Volume 89, Issue 3 (2020).
Meissner, Katharina and Mello, Patrick. “The unintended consequences of UN sanctions: A qualitative comparative analysis,” Contemporary Security Policy, Volume 43, No. 2 (2022).
Meyer, Jeffrey. “Second Thoughts on Secondary Sanctions,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Lqw, Vol 30, No. 3 (2009).
Milam, Colton. “At The Cliff's Edge: The Growing Threat Of Losing Primary Reserve Status,” Ohio State Business Law Journal, (2023).
Mileva, Elitza and Siegfried, Nikolaus. “Oil Market Structure, Network Effects and the Choice of Currency For Oil Invoicing,” Occasional Paper Series for the European Central Bank, No. 77 (December 2007).
Miller, Benjamin. “Is peace possible - and how?,” International Journal (Winter 2009-10).
Morgan, Clifton T., Syropoulos, Constantinos, and Yotov, Yoto V. “Economic Sanctions: Evolution, Consequences, and Challenges,” Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 37, Number 1 (Winter 2023): p 12. DOI: 10.1257/jep.37.1.3.
Najafi, Mohammad and Yeganegi, Kamran. “The Role of Tourism in Development of Kish Free Zone (Iran),” Asian Research Journal of Business Management, Volume 3, Issue 4 (2016).
Narine, Shaun. “ASEAN and the Idea of an 'Asian Monetary Fund': Institutional Uncertainty in the Asia Pacific,” Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia (2001).
Nechaeva, Lyubov. “Economic Destruction of States in the World of Global Capital Markets,” Journal of Governance and Politics (2020).
Nonproliferation Center, “The Weapons Proliferation Threat,” published March 1, 1995 at the Nonproliferation Center, CIA, Langley, VA, p 12. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA338686.pdf.
Opone, Paul. “Iran and the West: A Discourse on Sanction Pressure Over Nuclear Programme,” International Review of Humanitarian Studies, Volume 7, Number 1 (June 2023).
Pawlak, Patryk. “Nuclear deal with Iran,” European Parliamentary Research Service, September 4, 2015.
Rezaeinejad, Ismael. “Challenges and opportunities cryptocurrency in Iran economy & e-businesses,” RUDN Journal of Economics, Vol. 29, No. 4 (August 2021).
Saalbach, K. “The Expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization SCO,” Universitat Osnabruck, April 15, 2023.
Salameh, Mamdouh. “Will the Petro-yuan be the Death Knell for the Petrodollar?,” USAEE Working Paper Series, 2018.
Schott, Jeffrey. “Economic sanctions against Russia: How effective? How durable?,” Peterson Institute For International Economics, Policy Brief No. 23-3 (April 2023).
Schweller, Randall. “Bandwagoning for Profit,” International Security, Vol.19, No. 1 (Summer 1994).
Siddiqui, Kalim. “(2021) The Bilateral Swap Agreements, Chinese Currency and the Demise of the US Dollar,” The World Financial Review (September-October 2021).
Soofi, Abdol and Hosseini, Seyed. “The Economic Sanctions and the Iranian Exchange Rate Crisis of September-December 2012,” Journal of Economic Issues, Volume 54, Issue 4 (2020).
“Speaking with Alexander George about 'Coercive Diplomacy'”, United States Institute of Peace Journal, Volume 4, Number 5 (October 1991).
Stromberg, Joseph. “Imperialism, Noninterventionism, and Revolution: Opponents of the Modern American Empire,” The Independent Review, Volume 11, No. 1 (Summer 2006).
Timbers, Edwin. “Legal and Institutional Aspects of the Iran-Contra Affair,” Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume 20, No. 1 (Winter 1990).
Tschoegl, Adrian. “International Barter,” M.I.T. Sloan School of Management Working Paper, May 1978.
Van de Graaf, Thijs. “The 'Oil Weapon' Reversed? Sanctions Against Iran and U.S.-EU Structural Power,” Middle East Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 2013).
Vieira, Vinicius. “The limits of weaponised interdependence after the Russian war against Ukraine,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol 44, No. 4 (2023).
Wagdi, Osama and Elnahrawy, Akram and Fathi, Atef. “Petrodollar and De-dollarization: A Survey from OAPEC Countries,” International Scientific and Practical Conference “Priority Directions of Complex Socio-Economic Development of the Region”(PDSED 2023).
Womack, Brantley. “International Crises and China's Rise: Comparing the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the 2017 Global Political Crisis,” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Volume 10, Number 4 (2017).
Zaccara, Luciano. “Iran's Permanent Quest for Regional Power Status,” in Diplomatic Strategies of Nations in the Global South, edited by Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Zarate, Robert and Christy, Patrick. “Timeline: Diplomacy & Pressure on Iran's Nuclear Program,” The Foreign Policy Initiative (updated March 17, 2014).
Zhang, Jie and Umehara, Naoki. “How Far is Shanghai INE Crude Oil Futures from an International Benchmark in Oil Pricing?,” Institute for International Monetary Affairs, No. 4 (November 2019).
News Articles
Ahmadi, Ali. “Is Biden Ignoring Iran's Sanctions Evasion?,” Foreign Policy, December 5, 2023. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/12/05/biden-iran-sanctions-evasion-oil-exports-enforcement/.
Aizhu, Chen and Xu, Muyu. “Exlusive: Iran's oil trade with China stalls as Tehran demands higher prices,” Reuters, January 7, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/irans-oil-trade-with-china-stalls-tehran-demands-higher-prices-2024-01-05/.
Anderlini, Jamil and Caulcutt, Clea. “Europe must resist pressure to become 'America's followers,' says Macron,” Politico, April 9, 2023. https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-china-america-pressure-interview/#:~:text=Macron%20also%20argued%20that%20Europe,of%20both%20Moscow%20and%20Beijing.
Bajoghli, Narjes and Nasr, Vali and Salehi-Isfahani, Djavad and Vaez, Ali. How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Impact of Economic Warfare (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2024).
BBC News, “China buying oil from Iran with yuan,” May 8, 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-17988142.
Bloomberg, “IMF Raises Yuan's Weighting in SDR Basket Amid Weakness,” Market Economics, May 14, 2022 (accessed on October 10, 2023). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-15/imf-raises-yuan-s-weighting-in-sdr-currency-basket-pboc-says.
Brown, Ellen. “Libya: All About Oil, Or All About Banking?,” Business Insider, April 14, 2011. https://www.businessinsider.com/libya-all-about-oil-or-all-about-banking-2011-4.
Byrne, Malcolm. “CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran's Coup,” Foreign Policy, August 19, 2013. https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/19/cia-admits-it-was-behind-irans-coup/.
Cafiero, Georgio. “Gulf states and the de-dollarisation trend,” The New Arab, June 7, 2023. https://www.newarab.com/analysis/gulf-states-and-de-dollarisation-trend.
CBS News, “Iran Ends Oil Transactions In U.S. Dollars,” Moneywatch, April 30, 2008. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-ends-oil-transactions-in-us-dollars/.
Chehayeb, Kareem and Zeyad, Abdulrahman. “Iraqi officials are defending a barter deal with Iran, say it doesn't violate US sanctions on Tehran,” AP, Jul 13, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/iraq- iran-electricity-sanctions-oil-gas-e0bd5674c5b70020eb564fe7c9ff1446.
Chengu, Garikai. “Petrodollar system fuelling US sanctions of mass destruction,” The Herald, February 3, 2015. https://www.herald.co.zw/petrodollar-system-fuelling-us-sanctions-of-mass- destruction/.
Chiang, Sheila. “Malaysia is back on investors' radar and wants to work with U.S. and China, says trade minister,” CNBC, Asia Economy, April 6, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/06/malaysia-wants-to-work-with-us-and-china-trade-minister-zafrul-aziz.html.
Clark, William. “The Real Reasons for the Upcoming War with Iraq: A Macroeconomic and Geo- strategic Analysis of the Unspoken Truth,” Media Monitors Network, February 15 2003. https://mediamonitors.net/the-real-reasons-for-the-upcoming-war-with-iraq-a-macroeconomic-and-geo-strategic-analysis-of-the-unspoken-truth/
CNN, “Six charts that show how hard US sanctions have hit Iran,” December 9, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48119109.
De Mott, Filip. “De-dollarization is no longer a matter of if, but when – and is a national security concern, says International Crisis Group cochair,” Business Insider, May 3, 2023. https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/dedollarization-dollar-dominance-china-yuan-brics-currency-hyperinflation-debt-crisis-2023-5.
Dewar, Helen. “Senate Votes Unanimously to Embargo Iran Imports,” The Washington Post, September 30, 1987. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/09/30/senate-votes-unanimously-to-embargo-iran-imports/6fcb67a1-e22f-4d94-abb2-361f645bda38/.
Doi, Noriyuki and Akita, Saki. “Yuan exceeds dollar in China's bilateral trade for first time,” Nikkei Asia, July 24, 2023. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Yuan-exceeds-dollar-in-China-s-bilateral-trade-for-first-time#:~:text=SHANGHAI%2FTOKYO%20%2D%2D%20The%20yuan,yuan%2Dbased%20trade%20with%20Russia.
Dowell, William. “Foreign Exchange: Saddam Turns His Back on Greenbacks,” Time, November 13, 2000. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,998512,00.html.
Escobar, Pepe. “US Wants SWIFT war on Iran,” Asia Times, 2012.
Ewing, Jack and Reed, Stanley. “European Companies Rushed to Invest in Iran. What Now?,” The New York Times, May 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/business/iran-nuclear-trump-business-europe.html.
Financial Tribune, “Iran, Venezuela Sign Agreements to Boost Ties,” June 13, 2023. https://financialtribune.com/articles/national/118552/iran-venezuela-sign-agreements-to-boost-ties.
Gambrell, John. “CIA publicly acknowledges 1953 coup it backed in Iran was undemocratic as it revisits 'Argo' rescue,” Associated Press, October 12, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/iran-1953-coup-cia-218323db3cc1aca6bde1e54827527e8d.
Gaur, Viraj. “Russia-Ukraine: Can China's CIPS Be a Good Alternative to SWIFT?,” The Quint, March 4, 2022. https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/russia-ukraine-can-chinas-cips-be-a-good-alternative-to-swift-bank-messaging-payment-system#read-more.
Global Times, “Share of yuan in Russia's forex transactions hits new high amid closer bilateral cooperation,” August 10, 2023. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202308/1296008.shtml.
Goncalves, Marcus. “Whither Dollars for Oil?,” Telegram & Gazette Newspaper of Worcester-MA, March 7, 2012.
Gul, Ayaz. “Pakistan Allows Barter Trade with Iran, Afghanistan, Russia,” VOA News, June 2, 2023. https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-allows-barter-trade-with-iran-afghanistan-russia-/7120806.html.
Guerrera, Francesco. “Why the dollar keeps winning in the global economy,” Reuters, February 28, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/global-markets-breakingviews-2023-02-28/.
Huang, Roger. “China Is Trying To Erode US Dollar Dominance With A Worse Alternative,” Forbes, April 21, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/04/21/china-is-trying-to-erode-us-dollar-dominance-its-alternative-is-much-worse/?sh=4cca8b641a42.
Idzelis, Christine. “Why U.S. dollar is at no 'meaningful risk' of losing status as the world's reserve currency, despite challenges from China, says Wells Fargo,” MarketWatch, September 8, 2023. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-u-s-dollar-is-at-no-meaningful-risk-of-losing-status-as-worlds-reserve-currency-despite-challenges-from-china-says-wells-fargo-181c31e2.
Iran Daily, “Iran: De-dollarization necessary response to dollar weaponization,” International Desk, May 25, 2023.
Iran International, “Iran, Russia Sign Energy Memorandum On Eve of Putin Trip,” July 19, 2022. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202207194766.
Iran International, “Is Iran Producing More Oil? Facts And Figures,” November 3, 2023. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311026866.
Kamel, Amir. “The art of the Trump-Iran deal: An unsuccessful coercive foreign policy,” Global Policy (January 2024).
LaMattina, Lily. “Taiwan's Bilingual 2030 English learning policy a 'marathon, not a sprint',” Taiwan News, September 1, 2023. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4986084.
Liu, Zongyuan. “The rekindled appetite for an Asian Monetary Fund: A China perspective,” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, October 11, 2023. https://asia.fes.de/news/asian-monetary-fund-and-china.
Lu, Christina. “The Bid to Dethrone the Dollar,” FP, May 12, 2023. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/05/12/dollar-dominance-global-trade-china-yuan-brics-currency/.
Marrow, Alexander. “Russia should use China's CIPS platform to resolve payment issues, says industry head,” Reuters, June 15, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL8N3873HF/.
Matveeva, Natalia. “The historical roots of North Korea's notoriously-unreliable statistics,” NK News, June 27, 2019, https://www.nknews.org/2019/06/the-historical-roots-of-north-koreas-notoriously-unreliable-statistics/.
Mehdi, Zafar. “Iran's entry into BRICS: The end of economic and political isolation?,” The Cradle, August 31, 2023. https://new.thecradle.co/articles-id/7310.
Mikanowski, Jacob. “Behemoth, bully, thief: how the English language is taking over the planet,” The Guardian, July 27, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/27/english-language-global-dominance.
Ndu-Okeke, Michael. “Brazilian president calls for end to U.S. dollars dominance in International trade,” Peoples Gazette, August 4, 2023. https://gazettengr.com/brazilian-president-calls-for-end-to-u-s-dollars-dominance-in-international-trade/.
Nye Jr., Joseph S. “Think Again: Soft Power,” FP, February 23, 2006, https://foreignpolicy.com/2006/02/23/think-again-soft-power/.
Omar, Abeer and Cranny, Manus. “Saudi Arabia Says Open to Settling Trade in Other Currencies,” Bloomberg, January 17, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-17/saudi-arabia-open-to-talks-on-trade-in-currencies-besides-dollar#xj4y7vzkg.
Pitofsky, Marina. “Madeleine Albright, first female secretary of state, on her upbringing, courage and more,” USA Today, March 23, 2022. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/23/madeleine-albright-famous-quotes-first-female-secretary-state/7145075001/.
Reuters, “Iran, Russia link banking systems amid Western sanction,” January 30, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/iran-russia-link-banking-systems-amid-western-sanction-2023-01-30/#:~:text=Since%20the%202018%20reimposition%20of,key%20international%20banking%20access%20point.
Reuters, “U.N. to let Iraq sell oil for euros, not dollars,” CNN.com, October 30, 2000, https://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/10/30/iraq.un.euro.reut/.
Roubini, Nouriel. “The Almighty Renminbi?,” The New York Times, May 13, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/14/opinion/14Roubini.html?_r=0.
Russia Briefing, “Iran: Developing Free Trade Zones With Russia Can Beat Sanctions,” October 9, 2022.
Said, Summer and Kalin, Stephen. “Saudia Arabia Considers Accepting Yuan Instead of Dollars for Chinese Oil Sales,” The Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2022. https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-considers-accepting-yuan-instead-of-dollars-for-chinese-oil-sales-11647351541.
Schott, Jeffrey. “Iran's Oil Revenue Helps Finance Hamas. How to Cut off the Money,” Barron's, October 16, 2023. https://www.barrons.com/articles/iran-oil-revenue-helps-finance-hamas-how-to-cut-off-the-money-99e65eea.
Shabad, Rebecca. “Democrats pan Trump's withdrawal from Iran deal: 'Senseless, disturbing and dangerous,” NBC News, May 8, 2018. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/democrats-pan-trump-s-withdrawal-iran-deal-senseless-disturbing-dangerous-n872421.
Sly, Liz. “Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. That was 'a spectacular lie.',” The Washington Post, August 4, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/04/saddam-hussein-said-sanctions-killed-500000-children-that-was-a-spectacular-lie/.
Talley, Ian and Paris, Costas. “Iran's Oil Exports Have Soared During Quiet Diplomacy With U.S.,” The Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/irans-oil-exports-have-soared-during-quiet-diplomacy-with-u-s-7a430a60.
Tan, Huileng. “Sanctions against Russia could hurt the US dollar as countries like Iran and China seek alternative currencies for trade: Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen,” Business Insider, April 17, 2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/economic-sanctions-russia-us-dollar-dominance-yellen-alternative-yuan-dedollarization-2023-4.
Wadhams, Nick. “Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation,” Bloomberg, March 7, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-07/russia-surges-past-iran-to-become-world-s-most-sanctioned-nation.
Wigglesworth, Robin and Ivanova, Polina and Smith, Colby. “Financial warfare: will there be a backlash against the dollar?,” Financial Times, April 6, 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/220db8f2-2980-410f-aab8-f471369ac3cf.
Wong, Andrea. “The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia's 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret”, Bloomberg, 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-story-behind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret?leadSource=uverify%20wall
Xu, Muyu. “China's 'teapot' refiners mop up swelling Iranian crude, defying U.S. curbs,” Reuters, September 14, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chinas-teapot-refiners-mop-up-swelling-iranian-crude-defying-us-curbs-2023-09-14/.
Xu, Muyu and Liu, Siyi and Chen, Aizhu. “China's Oil, commodities import from Russia,” Reuters, May 10, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chinas-oil-commodities-import-russia-2023-05-11/#:~:text=May%2011(Reuters)%20%2D%20China,familiar%20with%20the%20matter%20said.
Other Websites
Arslanalp, Serkan, Eichengreen, Barry, and Simpson-Bell, Chima. “Dollar Dominance and the Rise of Nontraditional Reserve Currencies,” IMF Blog, June 1, 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/06/01/blog-dollar-dominance-and-the-rise-of-nontraditional-reserve-currencies.
Arslanalp, Serkan and Simpson-Bell, Chima. “US Dollar Share of Global Foreign Exchange Reserves Drops to 25-Year Low,” IMF Blog, May 5, 2021. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2021/05/05/blog-us-dollar-share-of-global-foreign-exchange-reserves-drops-to-25-year-low.
Batmanghelidj, Esfandyar. “Explainer: Iran's Frozen Assets,” United States Institute of Peace: The Iran Primer, November 1, 2021. https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2021/nov/01/explainer-iran%E2%80%99s-frozen-assets.
Bertaut, Carol, von Beschwitz, Bastian, and Curcuru, Stephanie. “FEDS Notes” (an updated version of “The International Role of the U.S. Dollar”), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, June 23, 2023. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/the-international-role-of-the-us-dollar-post-covid-edition-20230623.html.
Buretta, John and Lew, Megan. “US Sanctions,” Global Investigations Review, July 8, 2022, https://globalinvestigationsreview.com/guide/the-guide-sanctions/third-edition/article/us-sanctions.
Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran > Statistics > National Accounts of Iran > Annual National Accounts. https://www.cbi.ir/simplelist/5796.aspx. Database was accessed on December 22, 2023.
Columbia University, “Brief History of US Sanctions on Iran,” Center on Global Energy Policy, July 21, 2017, https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/publications/brief-history-us-sanctions-iran/.
Congress.gov, “H.R.5434 – Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992,” website accessed December 5, 2023. https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5434#:~:text=Iran%252DIraq%2520Arms%2520Non%252DProliferation%2520Act%2520of%25201992%2520%252D%2520Declares,nuclear%252C%2520or%2520advanced%2520conventional%2520weapons.
Congressional Research Service, “The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use,” updated September 28, 2023, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R45618.pdf.
Council on Foreign Relations, “A Conversation With Brian Hook,” December 12, 2019. https://www.cfr.org/event/conversation-brian-hook.
Council on Foreign Relations, “What to Know About Sanctions on North Korea,” CFR.org, last updated July 27, 2022, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/north-korea-sanctions-un-nuclear- weapons.
Dictionary.com. “Extraterritoriality,” website accessed November 17, 2023. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/extraterritoriality.
European Central Bank, “The euro's global role in a changing world: a monetary policy perspective,” Speech by Benoit Coeure, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York City, 15 February 2019, website accessed January 2, 2024. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2019/html/ecb.sp190215~15c89d887b.en.html.
France Diplomacy, “The 10 INSTEX shareholder states have decided to liquidate INSTEX due to continued obstruction from Iran (9 March 2023),” website accessed December 17, 2023. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/iran/news/article/the-10-instex-shareholder-states-have-decided-to-liquidate-instex-due-to.
Geranmayeh, Ellie and Grajewski, Nicole. “Alone together: How the war in Ukraine shapes the Russian-Iranian relationship,” European Council On Foreign Relations, September 6, 2023. https://ecfr.eu/publication/alone-together-how-the-war-in-ukraine-shapes-the-russian-iranian-relationship/.
Green, Mark (Ambassador). “China Is the Top Trading Partner to More Than 120 Countries,” Wilson Center, January 17, 2023. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/china-top-trading-partner-more-120-countries#:~:text=China%20is%20the%20largest%20trading,trader%20with%20Russia%E2%80%94and%20Ukraine.
Hantec Markets, “Top 9 Commodities by Trade Volume 2023,” April 9, 2023. https://hmarkets.com/top-commodities-by-traded-volume/.
International Monetary Fund, Crude Oil Exports for Iran, Islamic Republic of [IRNNXGOCMBD], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRNNXGOCMBD, December 22, 2023.
International Monetary Fund, Gross International Reserves Held by Central Bank for Iran, Islamic Republic of [IRNFAFARUSD], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/IRNFAFARUSD, January 1, 2024.
International Monetary Fund, “IMF Adds Chinese Renminbi to Special Drawing Rights Basket,” IMF News, September 30, 2016 (accessed on October 10, 2023). https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/09/29/AM16-NA093016IMF-Adds-Chinese-Renminbi-to-Special-Drawing-Rights-Basket.
Julie, William, Menegon, Sophie, and Murgier, Alice. “United States extraterritoriality: European Union sovereignty at stake,” International Bar Association, website accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.ibanet.org/article/CF85E59E-6564-4AA3-9408-3F47C6449C9D.
Kaleji, Vali. “Iran and Russia: from 'Oil-for-Goods Swap' to 'Oil-Gas Swap',” Central Asia Caucus Institute, January 17, 2023. https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13743-iran-and-russia-from-%E2%80%9Coil-for-goods-swap%E2%80%9D-to-%E2%80%9Coil-gas-swap%E2%80%9D.html.
Kennedy, Charles. “Iran's Kish International Oil Bourse Completes First Oil Transaction,” OilPrice.com, 2011.
Lohmann, Sascha. “Extraterritorial U.S. Sanctions,” SWP, June 2, 2019. https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2019C05/.
Macrotrends, “Iran Exports,” website accessed on January 1, 2024. https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/exports.
Mallory, Lester. “499. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom),” Office of the Historian, website accessed November 6, 2023. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d499.
OEC, “Crude Petroluem,” website accessed on December 25, 2023. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/crude-petroleum.
Office of the Federal Register, “Executive Order 12170 – Blocking Iranian Government Property,” Executive Orders, National Archives, website accessed December 2, 2023. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12170.html.
O'Toole, Brian and Sultoon, Samantha. “Sanctions explained: How a foreign policy problem becomes a sanctions program,” Atlantic Council, September 22, 2019, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/feature/sanctions-explained-how-a-foreign-policy-problem-becomes-a-sanctions-program/.
Peter G. Peterson Foundation, “The Federal Government Has Borrowed Trillions, But Who Owns All That Debt?,” May 11, 2023. https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2023/05/the-federal-government-has-borrowed-trillions-but-who-owns-all-that-debt.
Pinat, Magali. “Expanding Iran's Non-Oil Exports,” International Monetary Fund Report, 2018.
Prasad, Sakthi. “De-dollarization: U.S. Sanctions and Geopolitics Challenge Dollar's Dominance,” Beroe Advantage Procurement, April 11, 2023, https://www.beroeinc.com/blog/interview-de-dollarization-us-sanctions-ceopolitics-challenge-dollars-dominance/.
Razo, Carlos. “Evolution of the world's 25 top trading nations,” UNCTAD, website accessed on January 10, 2024. https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/chart-10-may-2021.
Silk Road Briefing, “BRICS Looking At Basing Financial Reserves On A Basket Of Their Own Currencies,” March 31, 2023, https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/03/31/brics-looking-at-basing-financial-reserves-on-a-basket-of-their-own-currencies/.
Simister, Nigel and Scholz, Vera. “Process Tracing,” intrac for civil society, 2017.
Siripurapu, Anshu and Berman, Noah. “The Dollar: The World's Reserve Currency,” Council on Foreign Relations, last updated July 19, 2023, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/dollar-worlds-reserve-currency#:~:text=The%20dollar%20has%20been%20the,but%20that%20comes%20with%20drawbacks.
Slavin, Barbara. “Iran Turns to China, Barter to Survive Sanctions,” Atlantic Council, Iran Task Force, The South Asia Center, November 2011.
Statista, “Leading oil-producing countries worldwide in 2022,” August 29, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/237115/oil-production-in-the-top-fifteen-countries-in-barrels-per-day/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20produced%20the,countries%20with%20highest%20oil%20exports.
Stein, Zach. “Bilateral Trading,” Carbon Collective, November 23, 2023. https://www.carboncollective.co/sustainable-investing/bilateral-trading.
Swift, “Compliance,” About us, website accessed November 18, 2023. https://www.swift.com/about-us/legal/compliance-0/swift-and-sanctions.
Swift, “Update: Iran Sanctions Agreement,” Home, News & Events, News, January 17, 2016. https://www.swift.com/insights/press-releases/update_iran-sanctions-agreement.
The White House, “Message to the Congress on the Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran,” Presidential Actions, Briefing Room, website accessed December 2, 2023. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/11/07/message-to-the-congress-on-the-continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-iran/#:~:text=In%20accordance%20with%20this%20provision,effect%20beyond%20November%2014%2C%202023.
The World Factbook (2021 Archive), “Crude oil – exports,” website accessed January 9, 2024. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/field/crude-oil-exports/country-comparison.
Thiagarajan, Ramu et al. “De-Dollarization: Is US Dollar Dominance Dented?,” State Street, June 2023. https://www.statestreet.com/us/en/asset-owner/insights/is-US-dollar-dominance-dented.
Tyson, Kathleen. “The 'Extraterritorial' US Dollar,” Peacemaker Global, April 12, 2023. https://www.pacemaker.global/commentary/the-extraterritorial-us-dollar
United States Institute of Peace, “The Iran Primer – Timeline of U.S. Sanctions,” website accessed December 8, 2023. https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/timeline-us-sanctions.
UScode.house.gov, “Chapter 94 – Iran Threat Reduction Syria Human Rights,” website accessed December 8, 2023. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title22/chapter94&edition=prelim.
USDebtClock.org, website accessed November 23, 2023. https://www.usdebtclock.org/.
U.S. Department of State, “Cuba Sanctions,” website accessed on October 17, 2023, https://www.state.gov/cuba-sanctions/.
U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Speech Preview: Excerpts of Secretary Lew's Remarks on Sanctions at The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,” March 30, 2016. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jl0397.
U.S. Department of the Treasury, “The Treasury 2021 Sanctions Review,” October 2021. https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Treasury-2021-sanctions-review.pdf.
Watkins, Simon. “China Wants Even Better Terms For Crucial Iran Oil Project,” OilPrice.com, February 21, 2023. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/China-Wants-Even-Better-Terms-For-Crucial-Iran-Oil-Project.html.
Wuite, Casper. “European companies driven out of Iran,” The Interpreter, October 19, 2018. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/european-companies-driven-out-iran.
Zandt, Florian. “The World's Most-Sanctioned Countries,” Statista, January 9, 2024. https://www.statista.com/chart/27015/number-of-currently-active-sanctions-by-target-country/.
Books
Blight, James and Lang, Janet and Banai, Hussein and Byrne, Malcolm and Tirman, John. Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988 (Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012).
Bordo, Michael. “The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: A Historical Overview,” in A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons For International Monetary Reform, edited by Michael Bordo and Barry Eichengreen (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
Chinn, Menzie and Frankel, Jeffrey. “Will the Euro Eventually Surpass the Dollar as Leading International Reserve Currency?,” National Bureau of Economic Research, University of Chicago Press, May 2007.
Clark, William. Petrodollar Warfare: Oil, Iraq and the Future of the Dollar (New Society Publishers, 2005).
Crystal, David. English as a Global Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Fitzpatrick, Mark. “Assessing the JCPOA,” in Uncertain Future: The JCPOA and Iran's nuclear and missile programs, edited by Nicholas Redman (New York: Routledge, 2019).
Gowan, Peter. “US Hegemony Today,” in Pox Americana: Exposing the American Empire, (London: Pluto Press, 2004).
Houghton, David Patrick. US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Kurzman, Charles. “The Iranian Revolution (from 'Structural and Perceived Opportunity: The Iranian Revolution of 1979),” in The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts, Second Edition, ed. Jeff Goodwin (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2009).
Liu, Zongyuan Zoe and Papa, Mihaela. Can BRICS De-dollarize the Global Financial System? (Cambridge University Press, February 24, 2022).
Majd, Mariam. “The cost of a SWIFT kick: Estimating the cost of financial sanctions on Iran,” in The Political Economy of International Finance in an Age of Inequality: Soft Currencies, Hard Landings, edited by Gerald Epstein (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).
Mulder, Nicholas. The Economic Weapon (Yale University Press, 2022).
Robinson, Jerry. Bankruptcy of Our Nation (New Leaf Publishing Group, 2012). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
109862021 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109862021 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 202101.pdf | | 9045Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
