Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/30334
|
| Title: | 知識創新社群與產業創新 |
| Authors: | 陳宗文
CHEN,Tzung-wen |
| Contributors: | 吳思華
Wu,Se-hwa
陳宗文
CHEN,Tzung-wen |
| Keywords: | 產業創新
社群
晶圓代工
疫苗
巴斯德研究院
inudstrial innovation
community
foundry
vaccine
Institut Pasteur |
| Date: | 2004 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-11 17:41:21 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究探討以知識為基礎的產業如何形成與發展而達成產業創新。更特定言，本研究探討基於知識技術以及組織制度結構所產生之權力關係，如何透過行動者與情境條件之互動，以社群型態之集體行動使其發生轉變，進而影響產業創新之結果。
為了凸顯不同的知識特性與情境條件，本研究選擇以台灣的晶圓代工與法國的卡介苗及B型肝炎疫苗為個案，以透過其歷程的描述來瞭解知識社群與創新社群之於產業創新的關係。個案的主要觀察內容包括創新活動權力關係的源由與類型、不同階段集體行動的特性、以及與產業創新效果的關連。
本研究發現創新活動中之存在兩類權力關係，第一類是基於行動者對知識或技術本身之控制或掌握能力，是屬於知識性的權力關係；第二類是基於行動者對該項知識技術得以運用情境之影響能力，為結構性的權力關係。而行動者產生的集體行動，即分別以「知識社群」之共同語言機制轉變基於知識技術的權力關係，以「創新社群」的價值共識過程轉變基於制度結構的權力關係，而促成產業創新。
本研究亦發現社群的形成與既有的權力關係結構有關。而隨著所欲動員於產業創新的資源條件愈龐大，即待轉變的表面權力關係愈為複雜，以社群實現產業創新愈為重要。而知識與創新社群間的互動，特別是反餽的現象，特別有助於產業創新的實現。另知識和創新社群的行動者有重疊之可能，尤其特定的關鍵行動者將同時扮演知識社群與創新社群中的重要角色。
The dissertation studies the formation and development of communities in industrial innovations of emerging technology. A community is defined as a group of actors that, strongly influenced by their contexts, voluntarily contribute to enforcement of the capability that aims at realizing their common interests. As a specific form of collective actions, the communities are critical in coordinating various actors by gradually shaping the power relations between them, thus smoothing the potential conflicts during the relatively radical innovation.
In the study, two cases are chosen for observing the communitarian processes. The first case is the semiconductor foundry in Taiwan. The second one is the vaccine industry in France. The later further comprises two subcases. One is BCG innovations. The other is the vaccine anti-hepatitis B.
Based on a prior case study and literature reviews, two types of communities are proposed to examine the two case studies. The first type of communities is a “knowledge community” in which innovative actors contribute voluntarily in creation and diffusion of knowledge centered at the specific technological innovation. The second type is an “innovation community” in which innovative actors from different sectors contribute together to the application of the specific technology.
The study found that a technological power relation that is from the incapability of controlling an emerging technology or of controlling those who own the technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. the knowledge community is capable of transforming a technological power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common language, for realizing the industrial innovation.
It reveals that a structural power relation that is from the actors’ ignorance or resistance to the application of an emerging technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. The innovation community is capable of transforming a structural power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common value, for realizing the industrial innovation.
Moreover, the larger the distance that a surface power relation is from its realistic power relation, that is, the more the disequilibrium of a power relation has, the more efforts are required for a community to contribute in industrial innovation. On the other hand, the more the positive feedbacks between a knowledge community and an innovation community, that is, the more the outcomes of the knowledge community that enhance a common value of the innovation community, and the more the outcomes of the innovation community that enhance the diffusion and deepening of a common language of the knowledge community, the easier the realization of an industrial innovation.
Finally, a key actor as a community member has a strategic meaning that the key actor reacts to deepen a common language or to increase a common value so as to facilitate the formation and development of a knowledge community or an innovation community, thus realizing the industrial innovation.
謝辭 i
摘要 iii
章節目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究問題 3
第三節 研究範圍與限制 5
第四節 研究流程 7
第二章 文獻探討 9
第一節 產業創新 9
第二節 產業創新的分析架構 11
第三節 創新系統 15
第四節 社群與產業創新的社群 19
第五節 先導個案 26
第三章 研究架構 34
第一節 社群與權力關係 35
第二節 社群的情境：應然與實然 41
第三節 知識社群與創新社群 44
第四章 研究設計 50
第一節 研究方法 50
第二節 個案選取原則 52
第三節 觀察變項 53
第四節 資料蒐集與分析 56
第五章 晶圓代工如何在台灣建立產業地位 58
第一節 台灣半導體製造技術知識社群的形成 59
第二節 晶圓代工知識與創新社群的興起與發展 65
第三節 晶圓代工的社群發展與產業創新 77
第四節 個案檢討 85
第六章 卡介苗如何在法國成為強制接種的疫苗 93
第一節 卡介苗社群原型的建構 96
第二節 卡介苗知識與創新社群的擴張與穩固 101
第三節 個案檢討 110
第七章 B型肝炎血清疫苗如何興起與沒落 116
第一節 B型肝炎疫苗社群形成與發展的參考情境 118
第二節 B型肝炎血清疫苗知識與創新社群的形成 123
第三節 B型肝炎血清疫苗知識與創新社群的瓦解 130
第四節 個案檢討 137
第八章 綜合討論 142
第一節 社群的形成 142
第二節 社群與產業創新 147
第三節 知識創新社群與其他產業創新分析架構 154
第四節 技術的影響力 159
第九章 結論與意涵 165
第一節 結論 165
第二節 管理與政策意涵 166
第三節 後續研究議題 170
結語：社群之於產業創新之三識 173
參考文獻資料 174
中文部份 174
西文部份 175 |
| Reference: | 中文部份
吳思華（1996），策略九說，麥田，台北。
吳思華（1998），“知識流通對產業創新的影響”，第七屆產業管理研討會論文集，頁2-42。
吳思華（2001），“知識經濟、知識資本與知識管理”，台灣產業研究，第四期，頁11-50。
吳思華（1999）“台灣積體電路產業的動態網路”，台灣產業研究，第二期，頁65-127。
吳思華、沈榮欽（1999），“台灣積體電路產業的形成與發展”，台灣產業研究，第一期，頁57-150。
吳思華、陳宗文（2001），“一個新興產業的知識建構：台灣半導體產業創世紀1975-1980”，台灣產業研究，第四期，頁51-122。
何錦堂（1997），台灣IC產業發展之研究，國立台灣大學商學研究所未出版博士論文。
林崇熙（1997），“AIDS，省府虛級化，與B型肝炎疫苗：科學知識在台灣的一種社會建構歷程”，新史學，第八卷，第一期，頁89-134。
洪世章（1999），“國家系統、技術系統與產業創新”，科技管理學刊，第四卷，第二期，頁125-136。
洪世章（2002），“結構衝突與產業劣勢：台灣硬碟機工業之發展”，管理學報，第十九卷，第二期，頁273-302。
Liebenau, J. and M. Robson (1991) “L’Institut Pasteur et l’Industrie pharmaceutique”, in M. Morange (ed.) L’Institut Pasteur: Contributions à son histoire. Chap. 3, pp.52-61, La Devouverte, Paris.
Lin, C. H. (1994) The Politics of Scientific Practice in Taiwan: The Hepatitis B Control Program. (Mimeo. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University).
Linden, G. and D. Somaya (2003) “System-on-a-chip Integration in the Semiconductor Industry: Industry Structure and Firm Strategies”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.545-576.
Löwy, I. (1996) “La vaccin anticholérique à l’Institut Pasteur (1890-1895): Haffkine, Metchnikoff, Roux”, in A. M. Moulin (ed.) L’Aventure de la vaccination. Fayard, Paris, pp. 193-209.
Lundvall, B. Å. (ed.) (1992) National Systems of Innovation: toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. Pinter, London.
Lundvall, B. Å., B. Johnson, E. S. Anderson and B. Dalum (2002) “National Systems of Production, Innovation and Competence Building”, Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp. 213-231.
Lynn, L. H., N. M. Reddy and J. D. Aram (1996) “Linking Technology and Institutions: the Innovation Community Framework”, Research policy, Vol. 25, pp.91-106.
Lynn, L. H., J. D. Aram and N. M. Reddy (1997) “Technology Communities and Innovation Communities”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 14, pp.129-145.
Macher, J. T., D. C. Mowery and T. S. Simcoe (2002) “e-Business and Disintegration of the Semiconductor Industry Value Chain”, Industry and Innovation, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 155-181.
楊玉齡、羅時成（1999），肝炎聖戰：台灣公共衛生史上的大勝利，台北：天下。
Deleuze, G. (1986) Foucault. Editions de Minuit, Paris.
Macher, J. T. and D. C. Mowery (2003) ““Managing” Learning by Doing: an Empirical Study in Semiconductor Manufacturing”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 20, pp. 391-410.
Machiavel (1988) The Prince. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MacIntyre, A. (1984) After Virtue. University of Notre Dame Press.
Mahoney, F. J. and M. Kane (1999) “Hepatitis B Vaccine”, In S. A. Plotkin and W. A. Orenstein (Eds.) Vaccines. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W.B. Saunders Company, pp. 158-182.
Mahoney, R. T., A. Pablos-Mendez and S. Ramachandran (2004) “The Introduction of New Vaccines into Developing Countries III. The Role of Intellectual Property,” Vaccine, Vol. 22, pp. 786-792.
Mansfield, E. (1986) “Patents and Innovation: an Empirical Study”, Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.173-181.
Marchal, G. (1995) “La Tuberculose: Maladie Pulmonaire Préoccupante”, Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, Vol. 6, pp. 3-8.
Mathews, J. A. (1997) “A Silicon Valley of the East: Creating Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry”, California Management Review, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp.26-54.
Mathews, J. A. and D. S. Cho (2000) Tiger Technology: the Creation of a Semiconductor Industry in East Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Maugh, T. H. (1980) “Hepatitis B Vaccine Passes First Major Test”, Science, Vol. 210, pp. 760-762.
de Rosnay et al. (1975) L’Essentiel de ce qu’il faut savoir sur l’Institut Pasteur. Institut Pasteur, Paris.
楊艾俐（1998），張忠謀的策略傳奇，台北：天下。
Maupas, P., Werner, B., Larouzé, B., Millman, I., London, W. T., O’Connel, A., Blumberg, B. S., Saimot, G. and Payet, M. (1975) “Antibody to Hepatitis-B Core Antigen in Patients with Primary Hepatic Carcinoma”, Lancet, No. 7923, pp. 9-11.
Maupas, P., Goudeau, A., Coursaget, P. & Drucker, J. (1976) “Immunisation against Hepatitis B in Man”, Lancet, No. 7974, pp. 1367-1370.
Maupas, P., Chiron, J.-P., Barin, F., Coursaget, P. et al. (1981) “Efficacy of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Prevention of Early HbsAg Carrier State in Children – Controlled Trial in an Endemic Area (Senegal)”, Lancet, No. 8215, pp. 289-292.
McKinlay, A. and K. Starkey (ed.)(1998) Faucault, Management and Organization Theory. Sage, London.
McMichael, A. and T. Hanke (2003) “HIV Vaccines 1983-2003”, Nature Medicine, Vol. 9, pp. 874-880.
McMurray, David N. (2003) “Recent Progress in the Development and Testing of Vaccines against Human Tuberculosis”, International Journal for Parasitology, Vol. 33, pp. 547-554.
Mercalfe, J. S. (1998) Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction. Routledge, London.
Mérieux, C. (1988) Le virus de la découverte. Robert Laffont, Paris.
Merril, T. C. (1923) “The Scientific Resources of France”, Science, Vol. 57, No. 1463, pp. 38-43.
Dessot, A. (1980) “Pasteur et Mérieux renoncent à se rapprocher”, Le Monde, April 2: 35.
Merton, R. K. (1968) “The Matthew Effect in Science”, Science, Vol. 159, No. 3810, pp. 56-63.
劉常勇（2000），“研究機構發展衍生公司對產業創新之影響--以臺灣半導體產業為研究對象”，臺灣銀行季刊，第五十一卷，第三期，頁40-69。
Mintzberg, H. (1983) Power in and around Organizations. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Montagnier, L. (1994) Des virus et des hommes. Editions Odile Jacob, Paris.
Monteverde, K. (1995) “Technical Dialog as an Incentive for Vertical Integration in the Semiconductor Industry”, Management Science, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 1624-1638.
Moreau, A., S. Rémont and N. Weinmann (2002) L’industrie pharmaceutique en mutation. La Documentation Française, Paris.
Morris, M. W, K. Leung, D. Ames, and B. Lickel (1999) “Views from Inside and Outside: Integrating Emic and Etic Insights about Culture and Justice Judgment”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No.4, pp.781-796.
Moulin, A.-M. (1992) “Charles Mérieux, plus-que-Pastorien? ”, Biofutur, Vol. 116, pp. 6-7.
Murard, L. and P. Zylberman (1987) “La mission Rockefeller et le CNDT”, Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, No. 34, pp. 257-281.
Mustar, P. and P. Larédo (2002) “Innovation and Research Policy in France (1980–2000) or the Disappearance of the Colbertist State”, Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp.55-72.
DiMaggio, P. and W. W. Powell (1983) “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 48, pp. 147-160.
Mytelka, L. K. (2000) “Local Systems of Innovation in a Globalized World Economy”, Industry and Innovation, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 15-32.
Nalin, D. R. (2002) “Evidence based Vaccinology”, Vaccine, Vol. 20, pp. 1624-1630.
盧淵源等（1998）“積體電路製造業”，劉常勇編，台灣本土企業個案集，系列五，台北：華泰。
Nègre, L. (1935) L’Institut Pasteur et son oeuvre scientifique. « La cause », Paris.
Nelson, R. R. (ed.) (1993) National Innovation Systems. Oxford University Press, London.
Nelson, R. R. and B. N. Sampet (2001) “Making Sense of Institutions as a Factor Shaping Economic Performance”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 44, pp. 31-54.
Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
OECD (1996) The Knowledge-based Economy. OECD, Paris.
OECD (1997) National Innovation Systems. OECD, Paris.
OECD (1999) Boosting Innovation: The Cluster Approach. OECD, Paris.
Dubos, R. (1950) Louis Pasteur: Free Lance of Science. Da Capo Press, New York.
OECD (2001a) Innovative Clusters: Drivers of National Innovation Systems. OECD, Paris.
OECD (2001b) Innovative Networks: Co-operation in National Innovation Systems. OECD, Paris.
OECD (2001c) Innovative People: Mobilizing Skills in National Innovation Systems. OECD, Paris.
蘇立瑩（1994），也有風雨也有晴：電子所二十年的軌跡，新竹：工研院電子所。
Olson, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Owen-Smith, J. and W. W. Powell (2004) “Knowledge Networks as Channels and Conduits: The Effects of Spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community”, Organization Science, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 5-21.
Papon, P. (1998) “Research Institutions in France: between Republic of Science and the Nation-state in Crisis”, Research Policy, Vol. 27, pp.771-780.
Pareto, V. (1968) Traité de Socicologie Générale. Librairie Droz, Geneva.
Pauly, M. V. and B. E. Cleff (1996) “The Economics of Vaccine Policy”, In M. Pauly, S. J. Sepe, M. Sing and M. K. Willian (eds.) Supplying Vaccines: An Economic Analysis of Critical Issues. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 1-27.
Pavitt, K. (1998) “The Social Shaping of the National Science Base”, Research Policy, Vol. 27, pp. 793-805.
Dubos, R. and J. Dubos (1996) The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society. 3rd Paperback ed. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Payer, L. (1996) Medicine and Culture. Owl Books, New York.
Plotkin, S. A. (2003) “Vaccines, Vaccination, and Vaccinology”, Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 187, pp. 1349-1359.
Plotkin, S. L. and S. A. Plotkin (1999) “A Short History of Vaccination”, in Stanley A. Plotkin and Walter A. Orenstein (Eds.) Vaccines. 3rd Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Podolny, J. M., T. E. Stuart and M. T. Hannan (1996) “Networks, Knowledge, and Niches: Competition in the Worldwide Semiconductor Industry, 1984-1991”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 659-689.
西文部份
Polanyi, M. (1967) The Tacit Dimension. M. E. Sharp Inc, New York.
Porter, M. and S. Stern (2001) “Innovation: Location Matters”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 28-36.
Pozzebon, M. (2004) “The Influence of a Structurationist View on Strategic Management”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 247-272.
Quaranta, J.-F., B. Reboulot and J.-P. Cassuto, (1995) Les Hépatites. PUF, Paris.
Ramirez, R. (1999) “Value Co-Production: Intellectual Origins and Implications for Practise and Research”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, pp.49-65.
Duysters, G. (1996) The Dynamics of Technical Innovation: the Evolution and Development of Information Technology. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K.
Rappuoli, R., H. I. Miller and S. Falkow (2002) “The Intangible Value of Vaccination”, Science, Vol. 297, pp. 937-939.
Robbins-Roth, C. (2000) From Alchemy to IPO: the Business of Biotechnology. Perseus Pub., Cambridge, Mass.
Roche, P. W., J. A. Triccas and N. Winter (1995) “BCG Vaccination against Tuberculosis: Past Disappointment and Future Hopes”, Trends in Micorbiology, Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 397-401.
Roelandt, T. J. A. and P. den Hertog (1999) Summary Report of the Focus Group on Clusters. OECD, Paris.
Russell, D. G. (2001) “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Here Today, and Here Tomorrow”, Nature Review Molecular Cell Biology, Vol. 2, pp. 1-9.
Agger, E. M. and P. Andersen (2002) “A Novel TB Vaccine: towards a Strategy Based on Our Understanding of BCG Failure”, Vaccine, Vol. 21, pp. 7-14.
Salomon, J.-J. (1986) Le Gaulois, le Cow-boy, et le Samouraï: la Politique Française de la Technologie. Economica, Paris.
Saviotti, P. P. (1998) “Industrial Structure and the Dynamics of Knowledge Generation in Biotechnology”, in Jacqueline Senker (ed), Biotechnology and Competitive Advantage: Europe`s Firms and the US Challenge. Edward Elgar, Glos., pp. 19-43.
Sawhney, M. and E. Prandelli (2000) “Communities of Creation: Managing Distributed Innovation in Turbulent Market”, California Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp.24-54.
Saxenian, A. and J. Y. Hsu (2001) “The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connection: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 893-920.
Edquist, C. (1997) “Systems of Innovation Approaches – Their Emergence and Characteristics,” in Edquist (ed.) Systems of Innovation. London: Pinter.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1975) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper, New York.
Scott, J. (1991) Social Network Analysis: a Handbook. Sage, London.
Selznick, P. (1992) The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community. University of California Press.
Senker, J. (1996) “National Systems of Innovation, Organizational Learning and Industrial Biotechnology”, Technovation, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp.219-229.
Sérusclat, F. (1999) Génomique et Informatique: l’Impact sur les Therapies et sur l’Industrie Pharmaceutique. Report of Office Parlementaire d’Évaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques.
Simon, H. A. (1979) “Rational Decision Making in Business Organizations”, American Economic Review, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp.493-513.
Aleksandra Balinska, M. (2001) “L`Affaire Hépatite B en France,” Esprit, juiillet, pp.34-48.
Smith, J. (1990) Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine. Anchor Books, New York.
Smith, K. C. and J. R. Starke (1999) “Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine”, in Stanley A. Plotkin and Walter A. Orenstein (Eds.) Vaccines. 3rd Edition, chap. 8, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sornn-Friese, H. (2000) “Frontiers of Research in Industrial Dynamics and National Systems of Innovation”, Industry and Innovation, Vol. 7, No. 1, p.1-13.
Edquist, C. (2001a) “Innovation Policy – A Systemic Approach,” in Archibugi and Lundvall (eds.) The Globalizing Learning Economy. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
Soulier, J. P. (1997) Jacques Monod: le choix de l’objectivité. Éditions Frison-Roche, Paris.
Stokes, D. E. (1997) Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and the Technological Innovation. Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC.
Swann, P. and Prevezer M. (1996) “A Comparison of the Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in Computing and Biotechnology”, Research Policy, Vol. 25, pp. 1139-1157.
Swidler, A. and J. Arditi (1994) “New Sociology of Knowledge”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 20, pp. 305-329
Taylor, M. (1982) Community, Anarchy & Liberty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tiollais, P. (2001) “Le virus de l’hépatite B. Un exemple d’application médicale du génie génétique”, Annales de Biologie Clinique, Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 673-675.
Tönnies, F. (1887) Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie, 1991年版，Wissenschaftl. Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt.（法譯參考：Communauté et Société, PUF, Paris, 1944；英譯參考：Community and Society, ；中譯參考：共同體與社會，林榮遠譯，商務印書館，北京，一九九九）
Alter, N. (2000), L’Innovation Ordinaire. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
Tuomi, I. (2002) “The Lives and Death of Moore’s Law”, First Monday, Vol. 7, No. 11. URL: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_11/tuomi/index.html
Turpin, R. (1967) “Souvenirs des premières applications humaines de la vaccination par le BCG", Le Semaine des Hôpitaux (Annales de Pédiatrie), No. 6/2, pp.345-348.
Edquist, C. (2001b) “The Systems of Innovation Approach and Innovation Policy: An Account of the State of the Art”, paper presented in the Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, Denmark.
L`Union (1978) "Vaccins contre l`hépatite: une querelle de génération", L`Union, May 29.
Van de Poel, I. (2000) “On the Role of Outsiders in Technical Development”, Technology Analysis and Strategy Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 383-397.
Van de Ven, A. H. (1993) “A Community Perspective on the Emergence of Innovations”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 10, pp.23-51.
Van den Bulte, C. and G. L. Lilien (2001) “Medical Innovation Revisited: Social Cotangent versus Marketing Effort”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, No. 5, pp. 1409-1435.
Vandersmissen, W. (2002) “Business Perspectives of a European Vaccine Manufacturer”, Vaccine, Vol. 20, pp. S104-S106.
von Hippel, E. (1988) The Sources of Innovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
von Hippel, E. and G. von Krogh (2003) “Open-Source Software and the “Private-Collective” Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science”, Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 209-223.
von Krogh, G., I. Noraka and K. Ichijo (1997) “Develop Knowledge Activists!”, European Management Journal, Vol. 15, No.5, pp.475-483.
Amable, B., R. Boyer and R. Barré (1997) Les systèmes d`innovation à l`ère de la globalisation. Economica, Paris.
Watts, D. J. and S. H. Strogatz (1998) “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small World’ Network”, Nature, Vol. 393, pp.440-442.
張苙雲（2002），醫療與社會--醫療社會學的探索，第二版，台北：巨流圖書。
Weber, M. (1921), Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft.
Weindling, P. (1992) “Scientific Elites and Laboratory Organization in fin de siècle Paris and Berlin: the Pasteur Institut and Robert Koch’s Institute for Infectious Diseases Compared”, in A. Cunningham and P. Williams (eds.) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 170-188.
Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of Practice. Cambridge University Press, New York.
West, J. and M. Iansiti (2003) “Experience, Experimentation, and the Accumulation of Knowledge: the Evolution of R&D in the Semiconductor Industry”, Research Policy, Vol. 32, pp. 809-825.
Wiener, N. (1994) Invention: the Care and Feeding of Ideas. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Williamson, O. E. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies. Free Press, New York.
Williamson, O. E. (1979) ”Transaction-cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 22, pp.223-251.
Williamson, O. E. (1984) “The Economics of Governance: Framework and Implications”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, Vol.140, pp. 195–223.
Wilson, C. B. and E. K. Marcuse (2001) “Vaccine Safety – Vaccine Benefits: Science and the Public’s Perception”, Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 1, pp. 160-165.
Amsden, A. H. and Wan-wen Chu (2003) Beyond Late Development: Taiwan`s Upgrading Policies. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Ehreth, J. (2003) “The Global Value of Vaccination”, Vaccine, Vol. 21, pp. 596-600.
Winter, G. S. (2003) “Understanding Dynamic Capabilities”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 991-995.
Wrong, D. H. (1979) Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Xue, L. (1997) “Promoting Industrial R&D and High-tech Development through Science Parks: the Taiwan Experience and its Implications for Developing Countries”, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 13, No.7-8, pp. 744-761.
Yin, R. K. (1994) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage, London.
Ziegler, J. N. (1997) Governing Ideas: Strategies for Innovation in France and Germany. Cornell University Press, New York.
Zollo, M., J. J. Reuer and H. Singh (2002) “Interorganizational Routines and Performance in Strategic Alliances”, Organization Science, 13: 701-713.
Zollo, M. and S. Winter (2002) “Deliberate Learning and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities”, Organization Science, 13, pages 339-351.
Zucker, L. G., M. R. Darby, and M. B. Brewer (1998) “Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises”, American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp.290-306.
Zucker, L. G., M. R. Darby, and J. S. Armstrong (2002) “Commercializing Knowledge: University Science, Knowledge Capture, and Firm Performance in Biotechnology”, Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp.138-153.
Anderson, B. (1991), Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, London.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) “Building Theories from Case Study Research,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 532-550.
Appleyard, M. M. and C. Brown (2001) “Employment Practices and Semiconductor Manufacturing Performance”, Industrial Relations, Vol. 40, No. 3; pp. 436-471.
Archibugi, D. and J. Michie (1997), “Technological Globalization or National Systems of Innovation,” Futures, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 121-137.
Archibugi, D., J. Howells and J. Michie (eds.) (1999) Innovation Policy in a Global Economy. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Aristote (1990) Les Politiques. (Tr. by Pierre Pellegrin), GF Flammarion, Paris.
Ashley, R. V. and C. J. L. Murray (1996) “Economic Perspectives on Vaccine Needs”, in Stefan H. E. Kaufmann (Ed.) Concepts in Vaccine Development, pp. 27-70, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.
Astley, W. G. and P. S. Sachdeva (1984) "Structural Sources of Interorganizational Power: a Theoretical Synthesis", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 104-113.
Audretsch, D. B. and P. E. Stephan (1996) “Company-Scientist Locational Links: the Case of Biotechnology”, American Economic Review, Vol. 86, pp.641-652.
Bachelard, G. (1940) La Philosophie du Non. P.U.F., Paris.
Bader, J.-M. (2003) “La France se prépare à abandonner le BCG”, Le Figaro, May 20th.
Bailey, D. E. (1998) “Comparison of Manufacturing Performance of Three Team Structures in Semiconductor Plants”, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 20-32.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1991) “Better Stories and Better Constructs: the Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 620-627.
Balconi, M. (2002) “Tacitness, Codification of Technological Knowledge and the Organization of Industry”, Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp. 357-379.
Baldensperger, B. (1977) “L’Institut Pasteur Production a un nouvel actionnaire: SANOFI“, IPP Info, No. 3, pp. 1-2.
Baptista, R. and P. Swann (1998) “Do Firms in Clusters Innovate More?” Research Policy, Vol. 27, pp. 525-540.
Barrault, Y., B. Decludt, D. Lévy-Bruhl and V. Schwoebel (2001) Impact épidémiologique d’une modification de la politique de vaccination par le BCG en France, Institut de Veille Sanitaire.
Barré-Sinoussi, F. (2003) “The Early Years of HIV Research: Integrating Clinical and Basic Research”, Nature Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 844-846.
Becker, H. S. (1963) Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Free Press, New York.
Bégaud et al. (2002) Mission d’expertise sur la politique de vaccination contre l’hépatite B en France. Ministère de la Santé, Paris.
Bégué, P. (2002) “Vaccination en France: Rationnel et evolution du calendrier vaccinal”, Annales de l’Institut Pasteur: la vaccinologie, pp. 21-36.
Behr, M. A. (2002) “BCG – Different Strains, Different Vaccines?”, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 2, pp. 86-92.
Behr, M. A. and P. M. Small (1999) “ A Historical and Molecular Phylogeny of BCG Strains”, Vaccine, Vol. 17, pp. 915-922.
Elias, N. and J. L. Scotson (1965) The Established and the Outsiders. Sage, London.
Bell, D. (1993) Communitarianism and Its Critics. Oxford University Press, New York.
Bernard, L. (1931) Le Drame de Lübeck et le BCG. Masson et Cie, Paris.
Bernard, N. and L. Nègre (1939) Albert Calmette: sa vie, son oeuvre scientifique. Masson et Cie Eds, Paris.
Blackburm, G. L. (2001) “Pasteur’s Quadrant and Malnutrition”, Nature, Vol. 409, pp. 397-401.
Blumberg, B. S. (2002) Hepatitis B: the Hunt for a Killer Virus. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Blume, S. and I. Geesink (2000) “A Brief History of Polio Vaccines”, Science, Vol. 288, pp. 1593-1594.
Bonah, C. and P. Menut (2002) “La longue marche d’un vétéran”, La Recherche, Vol. 356, pp. 70-73.
Bourdieu, P. (1980) Le sens pratique. Editions de Minuit, Paris.
Bourdieu, P. (2001) Langage et Pouvoir Symbolique. Seuil, Paris.
Bouvrain-Dartevelle, A. S. (1956) Essai sur l’évolution de la vaccination par le BCG. Doctoral dissertation of Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris.
Ellul, J. (1954) La technique ou l’enjeu du siècle. Armand Colin, Paris.
Brisset, C. (1981) “Vers une nouvelle stratégie pour la biologie industrielle française”, Le Monde, July 28.
Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (1991) “Organizational Learning and Communities-of-practice: toward a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation”, Organization Science, Vol. 2, No.1, pp.40-57.
Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (2000) The Social Life of Information. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass.
Brown, J. S. and P. Duguid (2001) “Knowledge and Organization: a Social-practice Perspective”, Organization Science, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 198-213.
Butler, D. (2000) “New Fronts in an Old War”, Nature, Vol. 406, pp.670-672.
Calmette, A. (1931) Epilogue de la Catastophe de Lübeck. Masson et Cie, Paris.
Calmette, A. (1932) “A propos du BCG”, La Protection des Animaux, juillet, pp.8-9.
Calmette, A., C. Guérin, L. Negre and A. Boquet (1926) Prémunition des nouveau-nés contre la tuberculose par le vaccin BCG (1921 à 1926). Marcel Giard, Paris.
Calmette, A., C. Guérin, A. Boquet and L. Nègre (1927) La Vaccination Préventive contre la Tuberculose par le BCG. Masson et Cie, Paris.
Cassier, M. (2002) “L’engagement des chercheurs vis-à-vis de l’industrie et du marché: norms et pratiques de recherche dans les biotechnologies,” in Alter, Norbert (Ed.) Les Logiques de l’Innovation. la Découverte, Paris, pp.155-182.
Etzioni, A. (1996) The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society. Basic Books, New York.
Chang, P. L., C. Shih and C. W. Hsu (1994) “The Formation Process of Taiwan’s IC Industry-Method of Technology Transfer”, Technovation, 14, pages 161-171.
Chang, Y. C. and M. H. Chen (2004) “Comparing Approaches to Systems of Innovation: the Knowledge Perspective”, Technology in Society, Vol. 26, pp. 17-37.
Chen, T. W. (2001) "Knowledge Community: a Synthetic Perspective on Innovation", paper presented in the Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, Denmark.
Chen, T. W. (2005a) "Vaccine innovations in an age of uncertainty: BCG in France", Technology in Society, Vol. 27, pp. 39-53.
Chen, T. W. (2005b) “In the Name of Pasteur: Organizations in the French Vaccine Industry”, 2005 Annual Meeting of American Sociological Association, Philadelphia, August 13-16.
Chen, T. W. and S. Wu (2000) “Languages and Knowledge Flow”, the Strategic Management Society 20th Annual International Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Chen, T. W. and S. Wu (2004) “A Tale of Two National Innovation Programs”, International Conference on Technological Innovation and Development: Lessons From Taiwan, Harvard University, June 3-4.
Chen, W. (1992) “The Laboratory as Business: Sir Almroth Wright’s Vaccine Programme and the Construction of Penicillin”, in A. Cunningham and P. Williams (eds.) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.245-292.
Chesnais, F. (1993) “The French National System of Innovation,” In Nelson, R. (Ed.) National Innovation Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chiang, J. T. (1990) “Management of National Technology Programs in a Newly Industrialized Country – Taiwan”, Technovation, Vol. 10, pp. 531-554.
Etzkowitz, H. and L. Leydesdorff (2000) “The Dynamics of Innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations”, Research Policy, Vol. 29, pp. 109-123.
Clegg, Stewart R. (1989) Frameworks of Power. Sage, London.
Clegg, Stewart R. and F. Wilson (1991) “Power, Technology and Flexibility in Organizations”, in John Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination. Routledge, London, pp.223-273.
Cohen, W. M. and Levinthal, D. A. (1990) “Absorptive Capacity: a New Perspective on Learning and Innovation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, pp.128-152.
Cohen, M. D. and Paul Bacdayan (1994) “Organizational Routines Are Stored as Procedural Memory: Evidence from a Laboratory Study”, Organization Science, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 554-568.
Cohen, S. G. and D. E. Bailey (1997) “What Makes Teams Work: Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite”, Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 239-290.
Cohendet, P. and P. Llerena (2001) “Routines and the Theory of the Firm: the Role of Communities”, paper presented in Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg.
Cohendet, P. and P. Llerena (2003) “Routines and incentives: the Role of Communities in the Firm”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 271-297.
Cole, S. T. et al. (1998) “Deciphering the Biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the Complete Genome Sequence”, Nature, Vol. 393, pp. 537-544.
Contu, A. and H. Willmott (2003) “Re-embedding Situatedness: the Importance of Power Relations in Learning Theory”, Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 283-296.
Crane, D. (1972) Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities, University of Chicago Press, Chicage.
Evers, P. (2002) The World Vaccine Market. SCRIP Report, PJB Pub.
Crozier, M. (1963) Le phénomène bureaucratique. Editions du Seuil, Paris.
Crozier, M. (1970) La société bloquée. Editions du Seuil, Paris.
Crozier, M. and E. Friedberg (1977) L’acteur et le système. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
David, P. A. (1985) “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY”, American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 332-337.
David, P. A. and D. Foray. (1995) “Accessing and Expanding the Science and Technology Knowledge-base”, STI Review, No. 16, pp. 13-68, OECD, Paris.
Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, London.
Debré, P. (1994) Louis Pasteur. Flammarion, Paris.
Degos, F. (1998) “Immunisation contre le virus de l’hépatitie B: bilan de quinze années de vaccination”, Médicine Thérapeutique, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 45-49.
Delaunay, A. (1962) L’Institut Pasteur: des origines à aujourd’hui. Editions France-Empire, Paris.
Feldman, M. S. (2003) “A Performative Perspective on Stability and Change in Organizational Routines”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 727-752.
Feldman, M. S. and B. T. Pentland (2003) “Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 48, pp. 94-118.
張苙雲、譚康榮（1999），“形構產業網路”，台灣產業研究，第二期，頁17-64。
Ferru, M. (1977) La faillite du BCG. PUF, Paris.
Fine, P. E. M., I. A. M. Carneiro, J. B. Milstien and C. J. Clements (1999) Issues Relating to the Use of BCG in Immunization Programmes: a Discussion Document. Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Foucault, M. (1988) Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings of Michel Foucault. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, New York.
Fox, S. (2000) “Communities of Practice, Foucault and Actor-Network Theory”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 853-867.
France Biotech (2000) Les Biotechnologies en France. France Biotech, Paris.
Freeman, C. (1987) Technology Policy and Economic Performance. Pinter, London.
Friedberg, E. (1997) Local Order: Dynamics of Organized Action. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.
Frost, P. J. and C. P. Egri (1991) “The Political Process of Innovation”, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 13, pp. 229-295.
Fuller, D. B., A. I. Akinwande and C. G. Sodini (2003) “Leading, Following or Cooked Goose? Innovation Successes and Failures in Taiwan’s Electronics Industry”, Industry and Innovation, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 179-196.
Galambos, L. and J. E. Sewell (1995) Networks of Innovation: Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp & Mulford, 1895-1995. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
陳介玄（1994），協力網絡與生活結構：台灣中小企業的社會經濟分析，台北：聯經出版。
Galunic, D. C. and K. M. Eisenhardt (2001) "Architectural Innovation and Modular Corporate Forms", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 1229-1249.
Gheorghiu, M. (1996) “Le BCG, vaccin contre la tuberculose: leçons du passé pour aujourd’hui”, in A.-M. Moulin (Ed.) L’Aventure de la Vaccination, Chap. XV, pp. 219-228, Fayard, Paris.
Giacometti, E. (2001) La Santé Publique en Otage: les Scandales du Vaccin contre l`Hépatite B, Albin Michel, Paris.
Gicquel, B. (2002) “Vers de nouveaux vaccines antituberculeux”, Annales de l’Institut Pasteur: la vaccinologie, pp. 67-78.
Girard, M. (2001) “Charles Mérieux, 1907-2001”, Vaccine, Vol. 19, pp. v-vii.
Gittelman, M. and B. Kogut (2002) “Does Good Science Lead to Valuable Knowledge? Biotechnology Firms and the Evolutionary Logic of Citation Patterns”, Paper presented in DRUID`s Summer 2002 Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Goudeau, A. and F. Dubois (1995) "Incidence and Prevalence of Hepatitis B in France", Vaccine, Vol. 13, pp. S22-S25.
Granovetter, M. (1973) “The Strength of Weak Ties: Network Theories Revisited”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp.279-288.
Green, K., R. Hull , A. McMeekin and V. Walsh (1999) “The Construction of the Techno-economic: Networks vs. Paradigms”, Research Policy, Vol. 28, pp. 777-792.
Grmek, M. D. (1989) Histoire du sida. Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris.
陳宗文（2000），台灣和韓國半導體產業比較研究：以社會資本觀點論，國立政治大學社會學系未發表之碩士論文。
Guérin, C. (1948) Albert Calmette à Lille: 1895-1919: souvenirs. Masson et Cie, Paris.
Guesry, P. and Poisson, D. (1981) “Les vaccinations anti-hépatiques”, Gazette Médicale de France, Vol. 88, No. 18, pp. 2573-2580.
Guillaume, P. (1986) Du désespoir au salut: les tuberculeux aux 19e et 20e siècles. Aubier, Paris.
Gulati, Ranjay (1998) “Alliances and Networks”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 293-317.
Hansen, B. (1998) “America’s First Medical Breakthrough: How Popular Excitement about a French Rabies Cure in 1885 Raised New Expectations for Medical Progress”, American Historical Review, Vol. 103, pp. 373-418.
Hardy, J. E. (1977) “Reflextion”, IPP Info, No. 3, pp. 1-2.
Hatch, N. W. and D. C. Mowery (1998) “Process Innovation and Learning by Doing in Semiconductor Manufacturing”, Management Science, Vol. 44, No. 11, pp. 1461-1477.
Hannan, M. T. and I. Freeman (1984) “Structural Inertia and Organizational Change”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 149-164.
Hannoun, C. (1999) La Vaccination. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
Henderson, R. M and K. B. Clark (1990) “Architectural innovation: the reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, pp. 9-30.
陳東升（2003）積體網路，群學，台北。
Hilleman, M. R. (2000) “Vaccines in Historical Evolution and Perspective: a Narrative of Vaccine Discoveries”, Vaccine, Vol. 18, pp. 1436-1447.
Hirschman, A. O. (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan.
Hodgson, G. M. (2003) “The Mystery of the Routine”, Revue Economique, Vol. 54, pp. 355-384.
Hong, S. G. (1997) The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in East Asia: the Semiconductor Industry in Taiwan and South Korea. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Horton, K. S. (2003) “Strategy, Practice, and the Dynamics of Power”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 56, pp. 121-126.
Houdy, A. (1986) “Un vaccin contre l’hépatite B”, Argonaute, November.
hUallachain, B. O. (1997) “Restructuring the American Semiconductor Industry: Vertical Integration of Design Houses and Wafer Fabricators”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 87, pp. 217-237.
INSERM (1999) Vaccinations: actualités et perspectives. Les Editions INSERM, Paris.
Institut Pasteur (1948) Le Premier Congrès International du BCG. Institut Pasteur, Paris.
莊素玉等（2000）張忠謀與台積電的知識管理，台北：天下遠見。
Institut Pasteur (1965) Projet de Réorganisation. Commission d’étude pour la réforme de l’Institut Pasteur.
Institut Pasteur (1982) “La république illustrée: rage”, Lettre de l’Association pour le Développement de l’Institut Pasteur, No. 11.
Institut Pasteur (1986) “L’Institut Pasteur et l’Industrie”, Lettre de l’Association pour le Développement de l’Institut Pasteur, No. 20.
Institute of Medicine (1985) Vaccine Supply and Innovation. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Irwin, D. A. and P. J. Klenow (1994) “Learning-by-Doing Spillovers in the Semiconductor Industry”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 102, No. 6, pp. 1200-1227.
Jovanovic, B. and P. L. Rousseau (2002) “Moore’s Law and Learning-by-doing”, NBER Working Paper No. 8762.
Kanazawa, S. (2001) “Science vs. History: A Replay to MacDonald”, Social Forces, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 349-352.
Kao, J. H. & Chen, D. S. (2002) “Global Control of Hepatitis B Virus Infection”, Lancet Infectious Diseases, No. 2, pp. 395-403.
Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2000) “Is the Development of a New Tuberculosis Vaccine Possible?” Nature Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 955-960.
Kendall, G. and G. Wickham (1999) Using Foucault’s Methods. Sage, London.
黃玟娟（2002）性別與技術--台灣晶圓廠的勞動體制，東海大學未出版博士論文。
Kervran, R. (1962) Albert Calmette et le BCG. Hachette, Paris.
Kogut, B. and G. Walker (2001) “The Small World of Germany and the Durability of National Networks”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 317-335.
Kremer, M. (2001) “Creating Markets for New Vaccines”, in Jaffe, Lerner and Stern (eds.) Innovation Policy and the Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, pp. 35-118.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd edn., University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Lagrange, P. H., A. Wargnier, J.-L. Herrmann (2002) “Historique de la vaccination antituberculeuse et actualités du BCG”, Association des Anciens Élèves de l’Institut Pasteur, No. 173, pp. 167-177.
Lambert, R. J. (1962) “A Victorian National Health Service: State Vaccination 1855-71”, The Historical Journal, Vol. V, pp. 1-18.
Latour, B. (1986) “The Powers of Association”, in John Law (ed.) Power, Action and Belief: a New Sociology of Knowledge? Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, pp. 264-280.
Latour, B. (2001) Pasteur: Guerre et Paix des Microbes. La Découverte, Paris.
Lawrence, T. B. (1999) “Institutional Strategy”, Journal of Management, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161-188.
Lemarié, S., V. Mangematin and A. Torre (2001) “Is the Creation and Development of Biotech SMEs Localised? Conclusions Drawn from the French Case”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 61–76.
楊丁元、陳慧玲（1997），業競天擇：高科技產業生態，台北：工商時報出版。
Lévy-Bruhl, D., Y. Barrault, D. Decludt and V. Schwoebel (2003) “Faut-il arrêter le BCG? (Should BCG Vaccination Be Discontinued in France?)”, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, Vol. 33, pp. 188s-192s. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
科技管理研究所
87359501
93 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0087359501 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [科技管理研究所] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 549 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
