| Reference: | 中文部分：
丁明潔 (民92)。國中生樂觀/悲觀傾向、課業壓力評估、課業壓力因應方式與學校生活適應之相關研究。國立政治大學教育學系教育心理與輔導組碩士論文。未出版。
何家齊 (民87)。大學生的樂觀傾向、壓力因應方式與生活適應的相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。未出版。
吳靜吉 (民80)。樂觀量表簡介。未出版。
吳靜吉、李澄賢 (民92)。樂觀量表的建立。未出版。
吳靜吉、郭俊賢、王文中、劉鶴龍、陳淑惠和李慧賢 (民85)。創新行為量表之編制與修訂。未出版。
邱皓政 (民92)。結構方程模式─LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北：雙葉。
洪蘭譯 (民86)。學習樂觀，樂觀學習。台北：遠流。
洪蘭譯 (民92)。真實的快樂。台北：遠流。
胡悅倫、吳柏林 (民91)。模糊統計在分析樂觀量表之應用。教育心理研究，25期，457-484頁。
張春興 (民85)。教育心理學。台北：東華。
程炳林 (民93)。結構方程模式。陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵合著：多變量分析方法─統計軟體應用 (295-421頁)。台北：五南。
羅素 (民74)。西方哲學史(下)。台北：五南。
西文部分：
Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Metalsky, G. I. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Reviews, 96, 358-372.
Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans:Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 87, 49-74.
Alvarado, N. (1994). Empirical validity of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 59-79.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behevior, (pp. 123-167). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Amirkhan, J. H., Risinger, R. T., & Swickert,R. J. (1995). Extraversion: A “hidden” personality factor in coping. Journal of Personality, 63, 189-212.
Andersson, G. (1996). The benefits of optimism: A meta-analytic review of the Life Orientation Test. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 719-725.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Brunhart, S. M. (2000). What I do know won`t hurt me: Optimism, attention to negative information, coping, and health. In Gillham, Jane E. (Ed). (2000). The science of optimism and hope: Research essays in honor of Martin E. P. Seligman. Laws of life symposia series. (pp. 163-200). Philadelphia, PA, US: Templeton Foundation Press.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1992). Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 989-1003.
Aspinwall, L. G., Richter, L., & Hoffman, R. R. (2002). Understanding how optimism works: An examination of optimist’s adaptive moderation of belief and behavior. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 217-238). Washington DC: American Psychology Association.
Atienza, A. A. (1999). Dispositional optimism as a buffer of the negative effects of role stress on women`s psychological well-being. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 59, 4453. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform:1999-95004-211)
Atkinson, J. W., & McClelland, D. C. (1948). The projective expression of needsΠ. The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on thematic apperception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 643-658.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Bandurau, A. (1996). Failures in self-regulation: Energy depletion or selective disengagement? Psychological Inquiry, 7, 20-28.
Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy: A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46, 368-375.
Beck, A. T., & Young, J. E. (1985). Depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorder: A step-by-step treatment manual (pp. 206-244). New York: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861-865.
Begley, T. M., Lee, C., & Czajka, J. M. (2000). The relationships of Type A behavior and optimism with job performance and blood pressure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15, 215-227.
Boman, P., & Yates, G. C. R. (2001). Optimism, hostility, and adjustment in the first year of high school. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 401-411.
Bosompra, K., Ashikaga, T., Worden, J. K., & Flynn, B. S. (2001). Is more optimism associated with better health? Findings from a population-based survey. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 20, 29-58.
Bowlly, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of ages. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1-10.
Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 102-111.
Brissette, I., Scheier,M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 102-111.
Broeckel, J. A. (2000). Emotional functioning, coping, and optimism among long-term breast cancer survivors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 60, 4204. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 2000-95004-412)
Brown, C. (1995). Chaos and catastrophe theories (Quantitative application in the social science, No. 107). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Broyles, S. J. (1996). The creative personality: Exploring relations of creativity and openness to experience. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 56, 7077. (2004/1/5閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 1996-95011-160)
Buchanan, G. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Explanatory style. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Burns, L. R., & D’zurilla, T. J. (1999). Individual differences in percived information-processing styles in stress and coping situations: development and validation of the Perceived Modes of Processing Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 345-371.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. (2003).Optimism. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder(Eds.), Positive psychological assessment- A handbook of models and measures (pp. 75-89).Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Handbook of Positive psychologyl (pp. 231-243). London: Oxford University Press.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F.(2002). Optimism, pessimism and self-regulation. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp.31-51). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., & Clark, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Caver, C. S. (1989). How should multi-faceted personality constructs be tested? Issues illustrated by self-monitoring, attributional style, and hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1501-1511.
Chang, E. C. (1998). Dispositional optimism and primary and secondary appraisal of a stressor: Controlling for confounding influences and relations to coping and psychological and physical adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1109-1120.
Chang, E. C. (1998). Distinguishing between optimism and pessimism:A second look at the “optimism-pessimism hypothesis.” In R. R. Hoffman, M. F. Sherrik, & J. S. Warm (Eds.), Viewing Psychology as a whole:The integrative science of William N. Dember (pp. 415-432). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
Chang, E. C. (2002). Optimism-pessimism and stress appraisal: Testing a cognitive interactive model of psychological adjustment in adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 675-690.
Chang, E. C., & Farrehi, A. S. (2001). Optimism/pessimism and information-processing styles: Can their influences be distinguished in predicting psychological adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 555-562.
Chang, E. C., & Farrehi, A.S. (2001). Optimism/pessimism and information-processing styles: can their influences be distinguished in predicting psychological adjustment? Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 555-562.
Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity in middle-aged adults: A test of a cognitive-affective model of psychological adjustment. Psychology and Aging, 16, 524-531.
Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2003). Optimism, accumulated life stress, and psychological and physical adjustment: Is it always adaptive to expect the best? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 97-115.
Chang, E. C., D’Zurilla, T. J., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (1994). Assessing the dimensionality of optimism and pessimism using a multimeasure approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 143-160.
Chang, E. C., Sanna, L. J., & Yang, K. M. (2003). Optimism, pessimism, affectivity, and psychological adjustment in US and Korea: A test of a mediation model. Personality and Idividual Differences, 34, 1195-1208.
Chico, L. E. (2002). Optimismo disposicional como predictor de estrategias de afrontamiento. / Dispositional optimism as a predictor of strategies coping. Psicothema, 14, 544-550.
Corey, G. (1996). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. International Thomson Publishing Company.
Cramer, P. (1997). Storytelling, narrative, and the Thematic Appreception Test. New York: Guilford.
Crowe, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69, 117-132.
Dember, W. M., Martin, S. H., Hummer, M. K., Howe, S. R., & Melton, R. S. (1989). The measurement of optimism and pessimism. Current Psychology: Research & Reviews, 8, 102-119.
Dember, W. N., & Brooks, J. (1989). A new instrument for measuring optimism and pessimism: Test-retest reliability and relations with happiness and religious commitment. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 365-366.
Dember, W., Martin, S., Hummer, M., Howe, S., & Melton, R. (1989). The measurement of optimism and pessimism. Current psychology:Research & Reviews, 8, 102-119.
DeRubeis, F. M., & Beck, A. T. (1988). Cognitive therapy. In K. S. Dobson (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (pp. 273-306). New York: Guilford Press.
Devincent, C. J. (2002). Prenatal maternal stress, optimism, and pessimism: Distinguishing their individual impact on birth outcomes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 62, 4247. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 2002-95006-218)
Docampo, C. M. M. (2002). Diferencias de genero en las explicaciones causales de aldolescentes. / Gender differences in adolescents` causal explanations. Psicothema, 14, 572-576.
Dougall, A. L., Hyman, K. B., Hayward, M. C., McFeeley, S., & Baum, A. (2001). Optimism and traumatic stress: The importance of social support and coping.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 223-245.
Eggen, P., & Kauchak, D. (1999). Educational Psychology: Windows on classrooms(4th). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Egger, S. M. S. (1999). Optimism as a factor that promotes resilience in inner-city middle-school students exposed to high levels of community violence. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 59, 5078. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 1999-95006-237)
Engels, G., & Diekstra, R. (1987). Efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative review. Unpublished manuscript, University of Leiden.
Entwisle, D. R. (1972). To dispel fantasies about fantasy-based measures of achievement motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 377-391.
Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996). Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 390-405.
Eric, J. (1998). Teaching with the brain in mind Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J. (1997). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreses anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 117-135.
Feather, N. T., & Tiggrmann, M. (1984). A balance measure of attributional style. Australian Journal of Psychology, 36, 267-283.
Felton, J., Gibson, B., & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (2003). Preference for risk in investing as a function of trait optimism and gender. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 4, 33-40.
Fibel, B., & Hale, W. D. (1978). The Generalized Expectancy for Success scale─A new measure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 924-931.
Fincham, F. D. (2000). Optimism and the family. In J. E. Gillham (Ed.), The science of optimism & hope (pp. 271-298). Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press
Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1993). Marital satisfication, depression, and attribution: A longitudinal anaylsis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 442-452.
Fincham, F. D., & Cain, K. M. (1986). Learned helplessness in humans: A developmental anaylsis. Developmental Review, 6, 310-333.
Fontain, K. R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Wagner, H. (1993). Optimism, perceived control over stress, and coping. Eurpean Journal of Personality, 7, 267-281.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., & Idson, L. C. (1998). Approach and avoidance strength during goal attainment: Regulatory focus and the “goal looms larger” effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1115-1131.
Fournier, M., de-Ridder, D. & Bensing, J. (2003). Is optimism sensitive to the stressors of chronic disease? The impact of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis on optimistic beliefs. Psychology and health, 18, 277-294.
Friedman, H. S., & Booth-Kewley, S. (1987). Personality, Type A behavior, and coronary heart disease: The role of emotional expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 783-792.
Friedman, L. C., Nelson, D. V., Bear, P. E., Lane, M., Smith, F. E., & Dworkin, R. J. (1992). The relationship of dispositonal optimism, daily life stress, and domestic environment to coping methods used by cancer patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 127-141.
Garber, J. (2000). Optimism: Definitions and origins . In J. E. Gillham (Ed.), The science of optimism & hope (pp. 299-313). Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation Press.
Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (1998). Origins of depressive cognitive style. In D. Routh & R. J. Derubeis (Eds.), The science of clinical psychology: Evidence of a century’s profess (pp. 53-93).Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (in press). Predictors of depressive cognitions in young adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research.
Geers, A. L., & Lassiter, G. D. (2002). Effects of affective expectations on affective experience: The moderating role of optimism-pessimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1026-1039.
Geers, A. L., Handley, I. M., & McLarney, A. R. (2003). Discerning the role of optimism in persuasion: The valence-enhancement hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 554-565.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2001). When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 513-542.
Gillham, J. E., Shatté, A. J., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman M. E. P. (2002). Optimism, pessimism, and explanatory style. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 53-75). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Gold, E. R. (1986). Long-term effects of sexual victimization in childhood: An attributional approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 471-475.
Greenberg, M. (1997). High-rise public housing, optimism, and personal and environmental health behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior, 21, 388-398.
Griffin, M., & McDermott, M. R. (1998). Exploring a tripartite relationship between rebelliousness, openness to experience and creativity. Social Behavior and Personality, 26, 347-356.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2002). Wise emotion Regulation. In L. F. Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 297-318). New York: Guilford Press.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual Differences in Two Emotion Regulation Processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
Haaga, D. A., & Davison, G. C. (1989). Cognitive change methods. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change: A textbook of methods (3rd ed.)(pp. 236-282). New York: Pergamon Press.
Hale, W. D., Fiedler, L. R., & Cochran, C. D. (1992). The recised Generalized Expectancy for Success scale: A validity and reliability study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 517-521.
Hammen, C. (1992). Cognitive, life stress, and interpersonal approachs to a developmental model of depression. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 189-206.
Hammen, C., & Cochran, S. (1981). Cognitive correlates of life stress and depression in college students. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 90, 23-27.
Hasan, H. J. T. M. (2002). Relations of the Arabic Type A Behavior Scale with measures of optimism and pessimism. Psychological Reports, 91, 1043-1051.
Hasan, N., & Power, T. G. (2002). Optimism and pessimism in children: A study of parenting correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 185-191.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focuse as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46.
Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Chen Idson, L., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 3-23.
Higgins, E. T., Roney, C., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: Distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 276-286.
Hinze, T., & Suire, D. (1997). Defining optimism. http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~ n9140024/HinzeT.html.(2003/10/25閱讀)
Hjelle, L. A., Busch, E. A., & Warren, J. E. (1996). Explanatory style, dispositional optimism, and reported parental behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 489-499.
Hjelle, L., Belongia, C., & Nesser, J. (1996). Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test and Attributional Style Questionnaire. Psycholigical Reports, 78, 507-515.
Hoffart, A., & Sexton, H. (2002). The role of optimism in the process of schema-focused cognitive therapy of personality problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 611-623.
Holt, R. R. (1978). Methods in clinical psychology: Projective assessment(Vol.1). New York: Plenum.
Horneffer, & Finchman, F. (1996). Attributional models of depression and mental distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 678-689.
Isen, A. M. (1999). On the relationship between affect and creative problem solving. In S. Russ (Ed.), Affect, creative experience, and psychological adjustment (pp. 3-17). Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.
Isen, A. M. (2002). A role for neuropsychology in understnading the facilitating influence of positive affect on social behavior and cognitive processes. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 528-540). London: Oxford University Press.
Isen, A. M., Rosenzweig, A. S., & Young, M. J. (1991). The influence of positive affect on clinical problem solving. Medical Decision Making, 11, 221-227.
Jarrett, N. J., & Payne, S. A. (2000). Creating and maintaining "optimism" in cancer care communication. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 37, 81-90.
Jason, L. A., Witter, E., & Torres, H. S. (2003). Chronic fatigue syndrome, coping, optimism and social support. Journal of Mental Health UK, 12, 109-118.
Jorm, A. P. (1987). Modifiability of a personality trait which is a risk factor for neurosis. Paper presented at the meeting of the World Psychiatric Association, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1988). LISREL 7 : A guide to the program and application. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Kamen, L. P. (1989). Learned helplessness, cognitive dissonance, and cell-mediated immunity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Kaufman, J. (1991). Depressive disorders in maltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 257-265.
Klinger, E. (1966). Fantasy need achievement as a motivational construct. Psychological Bulletin, 66, 291-303.
Koizumi, R. (1999). The development of optimism and perceived attainment from elementary school to junior high school. Japanese Psychological Research, 41, 209-217.
Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychology, 135, 525-533.
Kulik, J., & Mahler, H. (1987). Health status, perception of risk, and prevention interest for health and nonhealth problem. Health Psychology, 6, 15-27.
Kwang, N. A., & Rodrigues, D. (2002). A Big-Five personality profile of the adapter and innovator. Journal of Creative Behavior, 36, 254-268.
Lai, J. C. L., & Wong, W. S. (1998). Optimism and coping with unemployment among Hong Kong Chinese women. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 454-479.
Lazarus, R. S., & Alfert, E. (1964). Short-circuiting of threat by experimentally altering cognitive appraisal. Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, 69, 195-205.
Litovsky, V. G., & Dusek, J. B. (1985). Perceptions of child rearing and self-concept development during the early adolescent year. Journal of Youth and Adolescent, 14, 373-387.
Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. h., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 854-864.
Lundy, A. C. (1985). The reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 141-145.
Lyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The efficacy of rational-emotive therapy: A quantitative review of the outcome research. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 357-369.
Magaletta, P. R., & Oliver, J. M. (1999). The hope construct, will and ways: Their relative relations with self-efficacy, optimism, and general well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 539-551.
Manuck, S. B., & Krantz, D. S. (1986). Psychophysiologic reactivity in coronary heart disease and essential hypertension. In K. A. Matthews, S. M. Weiss, T. Detre, T. M. Dembroski, B. Falkner, S. B. Manuck, & R. B. Williams, Jr. (Eds.), Handbook of stress, reactivity, and cardiovascular disease (pp. 11-34). New York: Wiley.
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusuals, J. W., Herving, L. K., & Vickers, R. R. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism:Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1067-1074.
Matthews, E. E. (2000). Optimism and emotional well-being in women with breast cancer: The role of mediators. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61, 1326. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 2000-95018-013)
Max Prola (1984). A scale to measure optimism about college life. Psychological Reports, 54, 555-557.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1258-1265.
McCranie, E. W., & Bass, J. D. (1984). Childhood family antecedents of dependency mood reactions: Toward a more powerful test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the reformulated theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 386-393.
Mearns, J. (1989). Measuring self-acceptance: Expectancy for success vs. self-esteem. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 390-397.
Metalsky, G. I., Halberstadt, L. J., & Abramson, L. Y. (1987). Vulnerability to depressive mood reactions:Toward a more powerful test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the reformulated theory of depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 386-393.
Metcalfe, J. (1998). Cognitive optimism: Self-deception or memory-based processing heuristics? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 100-110.
Montgomery, R. L., Haemmerlie, F. M., & Ray, D. M. (2003). Psychological correlates of optimism in college students. Psychological Reports, 92, 545-547.
Mook, J., Kleijn, W. C., & Henk, M. (1992). Positively and negatively worded items in a self-report measure of dispositional optimism. Psychological Reports, 71, 275-278.
Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method for investigating fantasies. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 34, 289-306.
Mulkana, S. S., & Hailey, B. J. (2001). The role of optimism in health-enhancing behavior. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25, 388-395.
Murphy, P. E., Ciarrocchi, J. W., Piedmont, R. L., Cheston, S., Peyrot, M., et al. (2000). The relation of religious belief and practices, depression, and hopelessness in persons with clinical depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1102-1106.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nelson, E. S., Karr, K. M., & Coleman, P. K. (1995). Relationships among daily hassles, optimism and reported physical symptoms. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10, 11-26.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1986). Depression in children of families in turmoil. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1992). Predictors and consequences of childhood depressive symptoms: A 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 101, 405-422.
Norem, J. K., & Cantor, N. (1986). Defensive pessimism: “Harnessing” anxiety as motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1208-1217.
Norlander, T., & Archer, T. (2002). Predicting performance in ski and swim championships: Effectiveness of mood, perceived exertion, and dispositional optimism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 153-164.
Pattott, W. G. (2001). Implications of dysfunctional emotions for understnading how emotions function. Review of General Psychology, 5, 180-186.
Perloff , J. M., & Persons, J. B. (1988). Biases resulting from the use of indexes: An application to attributional style and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 95-104.
Peterson, C. (1988). Explanatory style as a risk factor for illness. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 117-130.
Peterson, C., & Bossio, L. (1991). Health and optimism. New York:The Free Press.
Peterson, C., & Bossio, L. M. (2001). Optimism and physical well-being. Chang, Edward C. (Ed). (2001). Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. (pp. 127-145). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Peterson, C., & De Avila, M. (1995). Optimistic explanatory style and the perception of health problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 128-132.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347-374.
Peterson, C., & Steen, T. (2001). Optimistic explanatory style. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of Positive psychologyl (pp. 244-256). London: Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C., Bettes, B. A., & Seligman, M E. P. (1985). Depressive symptoms and unpromoted causal attributions: Content analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 23, 379-382.
Peterson, C., Luborsky, L., & Seligman, M E. P. (1983). Attributions and depressive mood shifts: A case study using the symptom-context method. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 92, 96-103.
Plomin, R., Scheier, M. F., Bergeman, C. S., Pederson, N. L., Nesselroade, J., & McClearn, G. (1992). Optimism, pessimism and mental health: A twin/adopttion analysis. Personality and Individual Difference, 13, 921-930.
Puskar, K. R., Sereika, S. M., Lamb, J., Tusaie, M. K, & McGuinness, T. (1999). Optimism and its relationship to depression, coping, anger, and life events in rural adolescents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20, 115-130.
Radcliffe, N. M., & Klein, W. M . P. (2002). Dispositional, unrealistic and comparative optimism: Differential relations with the knowledge and processing of risk information and beliefs about personal risk. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 836-846.
Räikkönen, K., Mattews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999). Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 104-113.
Reivich, K., & Gillham, J. (2003).Learned optimism: The measurement of explanatory style. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder(Eds.), Positive psychological assessment- A handbook of models and measures (pp. 57-74).Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Rettew, D., & Reivich, K. (1995). Sports and explanatory style. In G. M. Buchanan & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Explanatory style (pp. 173-186). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion Regulation and Memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410-424.
Riolli, L., Savicki, V., & Cepani, A. (2002). Resilience in the face of catastrophe: Optimism, personality and coping in the Kosovo crisis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1604-1627.
Rose, D. T., & Abramson, L. Y. (1992). Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive style: Research and theory. In D.Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychology (Vol.4, pp. 323-349). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rose, D. T., Abramson, L. Y., Hodulik, C. J., Halberstadt, L., & Leff, G. (1994). Heterogeneity of congitive style among depressed inpatients. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 103, 419-429.
Roter, D. L., & Ewart, C. K. (1992). Emotional inhibition in essential hypertension: Obstacle to communication during medical visits? Health Psychology, 11, 163-169.
Saneha, C. (2000). Relationships among optimism, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, and psychosocial adjustment in Thai women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61, 783. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform:2000-95016-012)
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence (8th). McGraw-Hill.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health:Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993). On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic. Current Directions in Pschological Science, 2, 26-30.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism(and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2002). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 189-216). Washington DC: American Psychology Association.
Scheier, M. F., Mattehew, K. A., Owen, J. F., Schulz, R., Bridges, M. W., rt al. (1999). Optimism and rehospitalization following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Archives of Inernal Medicine, 159, 829-835.
Scheier, M. F., Matthews. K. A., Owens, J. F., Magovern, G. J., Sr., Lefebvre, R. C., Abbott, R. A., & Carver, C. S. (1989). Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986). Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1257-1264.
Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being:The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169-210.
Schulman, P. (1995). Explanatory style and achievement in school and work. In G. M. Buchanan & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Explanatory style (pp. 159-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schulman, P., Castellon, C., & Seligman, M E. P. (1989). Assessing explanatory style: The Content analysis of verbatim explanations and the Attribution Style Questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 27, 505-512.
Schulman, P., Keith, D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Is optimism heritable? A study of twins. Behavior Research and Therapy, 31, 569-574.
Schulman, P., Seligman, M. E. P., & Amsterdam, D. (1987). The attributional Style Questionnaire is not transparent. Behavior Research and Therapy, 25, 391-395.
Schunk, D. (1994). Goal and self-evaluative influences during children’s mathmatical skill acquisition. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Eductional Research Association, New Orleans.
Schweizer, K. S., Beck, A., & Schneider, R. (1999). Cognitive bias of optimism and its influence on psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 84, 627-636.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 580-607.
Scratchley, L. S. (1998). Managerial creativity: The development and validation of a typology and predictive model. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 59, 2470. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 1998-95022-006)
Scratchley, L. S., & Hakstian, A. R. (2002). The measurement and prediction of managerial creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 367-384.
Segerstrom, S. C. (1997). Optimism and coping with enduring stress: Psychological and immune effects. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58, 3355. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 1997-95024-142)
Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1334-1343.
Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Optimism is associated with mood, coping and immune change in response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1646-1655.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness:On depression, development, and death. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002).Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Handbook of Positive psychologyl (pp. 3-9). London: Oxford University Press.
Seligman, M. E. P., Abramson, L.Y., Semmel, A., & von Baeyer, C. (1979). Depressive attributional style. Journal of Abcdrmal Psychology, 88, 242-257.
Seligman, M. E. P., Kamen, L.P., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1988). Explantory style across the life span. In E. M. Hetherington, R. M. Lerner, & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Child development in life-span perspective (pp. 91-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Seligman, M. E. P., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Tornton, K. M., & Tornton, N. (1990). Explanatory style as a mechanism of disappointing athletic performance. Psychological Science, 1, 143-146.
Shah, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2001). Regulatory concerns and appraisal efficiency: The general impact of promotion and prevention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 693-705.
Shah, J., Higgins, E. T., & Friedman, R. S. (1998). Performance incentives and means: How regulatory focus influences goal attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 285-293.
Smith, T. W., Pope, M. K., Rhodewalt, F., & Poulton, J. L. (1989). Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternative interpretation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 640-648.
Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nrturing hope. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 355-360.
Snyder, C. R. (1996). To hope, to lose, and hope again. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 1, 1-16.
Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (2002). Optimism and hope constructs: Variants on a positive expectacy theme. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 101-125). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Staats, S. (1989). Hope:A comparsion of two self-report measures for adult. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 366-375.
Stark, K. D., Schmidt, K. L., & Joiner, T. E. (1996). Cognitive triad: Relationship to depressive symptoms, parents’ cognitive triad, and perceived parental messages. Journal of Abcdrmal Child Psychology, 24, 615-631.
Steptoe, A. (1993). Stress and the cardiovascular system: A psychosocial perspective. In S. C. Stanford & P. Salmon (Eds.), Stress: From synapse to syndrome (pp. 119-141). London: Academic Press.
Stewart, I. N., & Peregoy, P. L. (1983). Catatrophe theory modeling in psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 336-362.
Stipek D. J., Lamb, M. E., & Zigler, E. F. (1981). OPTI: A measure of children’s optimism. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 131-143.
Stipek, D. J. (1996). Motivation and instruction. In D. C.Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of eductional psychology. New York: Macmillan.
Strassle, C. G., McKee, E. A., & Plant, D. (1999). Optimism as an indicator of psychological health: using psychological assessment wisely. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72, 190-199.
Strutton, D., & Lumpkin, J. (1992). Relationship between optimism and coping strategies in the work environment. Psychological Reports, 71, 1179-1186.
Sumi, K., Horie, K., & Hayakawa, S. (1997). Optimism, Type A behavior, and psychological well-being in Japanese women. Psychological Reports, 80, 43-48.
Thom, R. (1975). Structural stability and morphogenesis. Reading, MA: Benjamin.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performanace. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1137-1148.
Trunzo, J. J., & Pinto, B. M. (2003). Social support as a mediator of optimism and distress in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 805-811.
Turk, K., & Bry, B. H. (1992). Adolescents’ and parents’ explanatory styles and parents’ causal explanations about their adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 349-357.
Turner, J. E., & Cole, D. A. (1994). Developmental differences in cognitive diathesis for child depression. Journal of Abcdrmal Child Psychology, 22, 15-32.
Tusaie, M. K. R. (2002). Psychosocial resilience in rural adolescents: Optimism, perceived social support and gender differences. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 63, 183. (2003/10/25閱讀，Data Base:psycoinform: 2002-95014-345)
Weinstein, N. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.
Westen, D. (1991). Clinical assessment of object relations using the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 56-74.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 293-321.
Zullow, H. M. (1991). Explanations and expectations: Understanding the “doing” side of optimism. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 45-49.
Zullow, H. M. (1995). Pessimistic rumination in American politics and society. In G. M. Buchanan & M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.), Explanatory style (pp. 21-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
