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| Title: | 小布希政府對拉丁裔移民政策之研究：以古巴裔與墨西哥裔為例
George W. Bush`s Immigration Policy Toward Latinos: a Focus on Cubans, and Mexicans in the U.S. |
| Authors: | 莊博智
Chuang, Po-chih |
| Contributors: | 邱稔壤
向駿
Chyou, Ren-ran
Hsiang, Antonio C.
莊博智
Chuang, Po-chih |
| Keywords: | 布希
古巴裔
拉丁裔
移民
墨西哥裔
George W. Bush
Cuban
Latino
Immigrant
Mexican |
| Date: | 2006 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-17 17:50:41 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 拉丁裔的人口數量已於2002年凌駕非洲裔成為美國最大的少數族群，2004年杭廷頓（Samuel P. Huntington）在《我們是誰？對美國國家認同的挑戰》（Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity）ㄧ書中嚴厲譴責拉丁裔移民進入美國後，倡議兩種語言與兩種文化，此將危及美國國家「盎格魯－新教」（Anglo-Protestantism）文化，更將侵蝕美國的國家利益與威脅美國在國際社會的霸權地位。由於目前國內學界對拉丁裔研究多為單一族裔的研究，本文藉由比較性研究呈現古巴裔與墨西哥裔的不同發展歷程。研究內容涵蓋古巴裔與墨西哥裔對美國的影響，以及布希政府對不同族裔的移民政策研究。研究結果可發現古巴裔與墨西哥裔的影響能力與影響層面有所不同，而布希政府看待古巴裔與墨西哥裔的態度也有不同。
針對古巴裔與墨西哥裔影響的研究，超過六成的古巴裔集中在佛州，因此古巴裔在佛州的影響力明顯，而分佈廣闊的墨西哥裔卻能挾人數之眾影響全國性議題。此外，重視外交議題的古巴裔也與重視內政議題（教育為主）的墨西哥裔不同。另就古巴裔與墨西哥裔的身分、認同與母國關係也有不同的發展歷程，因而導引出布希政府不同的移民政策。古巴裔部分，因為古巴裔的公民身分與美古雙邊關係發展，使得古巴裔在移民過程中擁有較多的優惠；墨西哥裔部分，墨西哥裔美國人重視雙語教育政策，而墨西哥裔非法移民則期待移民大赦與臨時工計畫。然而，布希政府不僅反對雙語教育與全面的移民大赦，表態支持的臨時工計畫卻受到參眾兩院無法達成協議而停滯。
The population of Latinos has exceeded African American and become the largest minority group in the U.S in 2002. In the book “Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity,” Samuel P. Huntington condemn Latinos as advocating double language and double culture, and this will ultimately endanger the Anglo-Protestantism culture of U.S. Moreover, the increasing entrance of Latinos into the U.S will erode America`s national interest and influence America`s hegemony in international society. Since domestic research has focused on studying single ethnic group-Latinos, this research tries to present the different developmental process of Cubans and Mexicans via comparative studies. This paper discusses Cubans and Mexicans` impact on America, and George W. Bush`s immigration policy toward different ethnic groups. From my research result, I have found that Cubans and Mexicans’ influential power and level as being different, and President Bush’s policy toward Cubans and Mexicans is different as well.
More than sixty percent Cubans lives in Florida, which implies that Cubans has strong impact on Florida. On the other side, the massive number of Mexicans can influence national policy with its national wide population distribution. In addition, Cubans is more concerned about foreign policy toward Castro regime, while Mexicans concerns more about internal issues, especially education. Cubans and Mexicans also have different development process regarding their status, identity, and relationship with home countries, thus leading Bush’s distinct policy toward this two groups. For the Cubans, because of citizenship rate and U.S.-Cuba relationship, Cubans has more privileges during immigration. To the Mexicans, Mexican American is concerned about bilingual education, and Mexican illegal labors have focus on amnesty temporary worker program. However, Bush administration not only opposes bilingual education and a comprehensive immigration amnesty, but the temporary worker program is also delayed by the Senate and the House of Representative. |
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─────, “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, No.141 (March/April, 2004), pp.30-45.
─────, “Creedal Passions: Immigration and American Identity,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.5 (September/October, 2004), pp. 155-159.
Johnson Jr., James H. & Walter C. Farrell, Jr. & Chandra Guinn, “Immigration Reform and the Browning of America: Tensions, Conflicts and Community Instability in Metropolitan Los Angeles,” International Migration Review, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Winter, 1997), pp.1055-1095.
Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?)”, Foreign Policy, No.118 (Spring, 2000), pp.104-119.
King, Desmond S. & Rogers M. Smith, “Racial Orders in American Political Development,” American Political Science Review, Vol.99, No.1 (February, 2005), pp.75-92.
Klare, Michael T., “The New Geography of Conflict,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.80, No.3 (May/June, 2001), pp.49-61.
Leal, David L. & Matt A. Barreto & Jongho Lee & Rodolfo O. de la Garza, “The Latino Vote in the 2004 Election,” PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 38 (January, 2005), pp.41-49.
Marino, Soraya M. Castro, “U.S.-Cuban Relations During the Clinton Administration,” Latin American Perspective, Vol.29, No.4 (July, 2002), pp.47-76
Martin, Philip L. “Immigration in the United States,” working paper CIIP-2, prepared for Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, the 2nd edition, April 30, 2002, pp.1-20.
Massey, Douglas S., “Backfire at the Border: Why Enforcement Without Legalization Cannot Stop Illegal Immigration,” Trade Policy Analysis, No. 29 (June, 2005), pp.1-14.
─────, & Luin Goldring & Jorge Durand, “Continuities in Transnational Migration: an Analysis of Nineteen Mexican Communities,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 99, No. 6 (May, 1994), pp. 1492-1533.
McGray, Douglas, “Lost in America,” Foreign Policy, Vol.2006, No.154 (May/June, 2006), pp.40-48.
Naim, Moisés, “The Five Wars of Globalization,” Foreign Policy, No.134 (January/February, 2003), pp.28-36.
Orozco, Manuel, “Remittances and Markets: New Players and Practices,” working paper, Inter-American Dialogue and Tomás Rivera Policy Institute (June, 2000), pp.1-19.
Pedace, Roberto, “Immigration, Labor Market Mobility, and the Earnings of Native–Born Workers: An Occupational Segmentation Approach,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol.65, No.2 (April, 2006), pp.313-345.
Radelat, Ana, “Crunch Time,” Hispanic, Vol.13, No.10 (October, 2000), pp.24-30.
Rudolph, Christopher “Security and the Political Economy of International Migration,” American Political Science Review, Vol.97, No.4 (November, 2003), pp.603-620.
Shain, Yossi, “The Mexican-American Diaspora’s Impact on Mexico,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol.114, No.4 (Winter, 1999-2000), pp.661-691.
Smith, James P., “Assimilation Across the Latino Generations,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp.315-319.
Wolfe, Alan, “Native Son,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.3 (May/June, 2004), pp. 120-125.
“US Senate on Collision Course with House,” Latin American Regional Reports – Mexico and NAFTA, Vol.2006, No.6 (June, 2006), pp.12-16.
（三）學位論文
Chau, Shu-Chieh, “From Motherland to Promised Land: The Cuban-American Political Attachment,” Tansui, Taipei: Master dissertation, Tamkang University, 2004.
（四）新聞
CNN（http://www.cnn.com）
Miami Herald（http://www.miami.com）
New York Times（http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald）
South Florida Sun-Sentinel（http://www.sun-sentinel.com）
Washington Post（http://www.washingtonpost.com）
（五）網站
Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS)
（http://www.ccis-ucsd.org）
Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook
（http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook）
Embassy the Republic of Haiti in Washington D.C.
（http://www.haiti.org/general_information/keyhisdates.htm）
Inter-American Dialogue
（http://www.thedialogue.org）
International Organization for Migration
（http://www.iom.int/jahia/page2.html）
Pew Hispanic Center
（http://pewhispanic.org）
Tomás Rivera Policy Institute
（http://www.trpi.org）
Third World County
（http://thirdworldcounty.us）
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
（http://www.unhcr.org）
Urban Dictionary
（http://www.urbandictionary.com）
U.S. Census Bureau
（http://www.census.gov）
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
（http://www.uscis.gov）
U.S. House of Representatives
（http://www.house.gov）
U.S. Senate
（http://www.senate.gov）
White House
（http://www.whitehouse.gov）
三、電子文獻部分
“America’s National Interests,” Nixon Center, July, 2000, <http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/monographs/nationalinterests.pdf>.
“Cubans in the United States,” Pew Hispanic Center, August 25, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf>.
“Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 CPS,” Pew Hispanic Center, April 26, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/17.pdf>.
“Hispanic Attitudes Toward Learning English,” Pew Hispanic Center, June 7, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/20.pdf>.
“Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population,” Pew Hispanic Center, May 22, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/19.pdf>.
“Naturalization of Persons From Selected Latin American Countries,” Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, <http://www.trpi.org/facts_stats%20tables/Table%205.gif>.
“President Bush Proposes New Temporary Worker Program,” White House, January 7, 2004, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040107-3.html>.
“The Labor Force Status of Short-Term Unauthorized Workers,” Pew Hispanic Center, April 13, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/16.pdf>,
“The State of the Union Address,” White House, February 2, 2005, <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/02/20050202-11.htm>.
“U.S. House of Representatives Passes NAACP-Supported Voting Rights Reauthorization Legislation,” National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, July 17, 2006, <http://www.naacp.org/inc/docs/washington/109/109_aa-2006-07-13.pdf>.
“What are the Top Occupations of the U.S. Latino Population,” Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, <http://www.trpi.org/facts_stats%20tables/Table%209.gif >.
Cortina, Jeronimo & Rodolfo de la Garza, “Immigration Remitting Behavior and its Developmental Consequences for Mexico and El Salvador,” Tomás Rivera Policy Institute, December, 2004, <http://www.trpi.org/PDFs/remit.pdf>.
Domínguez, Jorge I. “Latinos and U.S. Foreign Policy,” working paper No. 06-05, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, May, 2006, <www.wcfia.harvard.edu/papers/1091__JD_Latino.pdf>.
Kochhar, Rakesh, “Survey Mexican Migrants Part Three: The Economic Transition to America”, Pew Hispanic Center, December 6, 2005, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/58.pdf>.
Padgett, Tim, “Will Latin America Turn Left?” Time, January 6, 2006, <http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1146794,00.html>.
Passel, Jeffrey S., “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.: Estimates Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey,” Pew Hispanic Center, March 7, 2006, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf>.
─────, & Roberto Suro, “Rise, Peak, and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration 1992-2004,” Pew Hispanic Center, September 27, 2005, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/53.pdf>.
─────, “Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics,” Pew Hispanic Center, June 14, 2005, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf>.
Suro, Roberto “Remittance Senders and Receivers: Tracking The Transnational Channels,” Pew Hispanic Center, November, 2003, <http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/23.pdf>. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
93253024
95 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093253024 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
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