政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/34417
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 109952/140903 (78%)
造访人次 : 46030911      在线人数 : 737
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34417


    题名: 國際政治因素對於匯率體制與政策的影響：以人民幣匯率為例
    The Effect of International Politics on Exchange Rate Regime and Policies: the Case of Chinese Currency
    作者: 趙文志
    Chao,Wen chih
    贡献者: 童振源
    Tung,Chen yuan
    趙文志
    Chao,Wen chih
    关键词: 人民幣
    匯率
    美國
    國際政治
    Renminbi
    Foreign Exchange Rate
    United States
    International Politics
    日期: 2007
    上传时间: 2009-09-18 10:12:35 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本論文討論的問題是，國際政治因素對於匯率體制與政策有沒有影響？如果有影響，則國際政治因素如何影響匯率體制與匯率政策變化？國際政治因素影響匯率體制與匯率政策變化的程度有多大？我們希望透過以上問題的探討確認國際政治因素與匯率體制和匯率變化有無關係，然後分析國際政治因素透過怎樣的方式與機制來影響匯率體制與匯率政策，進而瞭解匯率變動與國際政治因素之間的因果關係為何？
    在上述問題下，我們有以下的研究假說：
    （一）匯率體制與名目匯率的變動除了受國內政治因素與經濟因素的影響外，國際政治因素對於匯率的變動亦是有影響。
    （二）政府對於匯率政策的思考除了考量國內政治與經濟因素外，也考慮國際政治壓力因素。
    （三）市場交易者對於匯率的預期與作為，除了受到總體經濟指標與國內政治局勢發展的影響外，也受到國際政治情勢變化的影響。
    （四）國際貿易失衡下，貿易順差國對貿易逆差國依賴度上升，假如貿易逆差國為一強權國家，則強權國家會對貿易順差國有影響力。例如，兩國（A與B兩國）貿易失衡，A國在貿易順差累積大量外匯存底情況下，勢必會使得該國對於B國貿易依賴程度加深。在貿易失衡情況下，如果B國為強權國家，龐大貿易逆差的B國對於A國將會產生影響力。
    在這些研究問題與假說下，本文將以人民幣匯率作為研究個案，藉由個案探討去回答上述問題。所以，我們探討人民幣匯率與匯率體制是否受到國際政治壓力？其次是國際社會如何對人民幣施壓？第三是中國政府與決策者如何反應？第四是市場如何反應與考量國際壓力對匯率的影響？最後是提出初步研究結果與結論。
    根據本文研究，針對本文研究問題，我們認為：
    首先，國際政治因素對匯率體制與名目匯率有沒有影響？而根據研究結果，我們的答案是肯定的。不過這個肯定的答案必須建構在下面的假設上，第一是兩國必須處於貿易失衡的關係，同時貿易逆差國為一強權國家。其次是在假設一之下，政府對匯率政策的思維不只是考量國內經濟與國內政治，也考量國際政治壓力。
    其次第二個問題是國際政治因素如何影響匯率體制與匯率水平的變化。根據研究顯示，國際政治影響匯率體制與匯率水平的方式包括：公開施壓、雙邊高層官員會談、國際會議聯合施壓、甚至貿易制裁手段。通常首先透過公開發言的方式對貿易順差國施壓，要求貿易順差國對於經貿失衡現象做出相應措施，其中以調整匯率為主要要求，其次進一步透過雙邊高層官員直接面對面討論相關議題，藉由談判過程直接施加壓力，第三，則是在國際會議場合中和其他國家聯手施壓，對於匯率議題表達一致的立場形成聯合壓力，去迫使貿易順差國調整匯率制度與水平。第四則是威脅貿易制裁，透過提案以及口頭威脅貿易制裁方式，加重施壓的力道，對貿易順差國進一步施壓，最後則是實施貿易制裁。
    第三個研究問題是國際政治因素影響匯率體制與名目匯率變化的程度有多大？從中國人民幣的案例中，我們可以發現，中國一開始面對來自國際壓力時就強硬表示不會改變現行匯率體制與水平。其強調由於中國本身經濟發展狀況與國內金融體制不健全，在加上美國貿易赤字並非完全中國所造成的，所以目前並沒有改變的需要。
    但隨著不斷增加的雙邊貿易逆差與國際壓力，中國雖然仍沒有改變中國匯率體制與水平，但也開始改變表示願意思考人民幣改革的可能性並將人民幣完全自由浮動，完全由市場供需來決定作為最後終極目標。甚至到最後出其不意的改變人民幣匯率體制並升值2.1％。這顯示在中國改革人民幣過程中，國際政治因素扮演重要的角色，發揮重要影響力。因為在堅持不變的理由中，中國始終以國內經濟因素與中國內部穩定的政治性理由來拒絕國際社會的要求，但在最後改革的說帖中，中國也承認國際壓力是其推動匯率改革的重要因素，可見除了國內經濟與政治面向的考量外，國際政治因素也是具有重大影響力。
    This paper discusses whether exchange rate regimes and exchange rate policies are affected by international politics, as well as how international politics affect exchange rate regimes and exchange rates. By examining these questions, I would like to analyze the mechanism by which international politics affect exchange rates and figure out the relationship among exchange rate regime, policies and international politics.
    This paper puts forth four hypotheses.
    First of all, exchange rate regimes and exchange rates are not only affected by domestic politics and economic factors, but they are also affected by international politics.
    Second, decisions regarding exchange rate policies made by governments are based on international politics, domestic politics and economic factors.
    Third, the behavior and expectations of market traders are also affected by macro economic index, domestic political situation and international political situation.
    Forth, under bilateral trade imbalance, state B which is a great power and has large trade deficit with state A has influence on state A. State A and State B have an imbalance trade relationship. State A which has a large trade surplus will increase dependence on state B.
    Under these hypotheses, the author would like to answer the above questions by discussing the case of the Chinese currency, the Renminbi (RMB). Hence, the case study will ask the following questions. First of all, was the Chinese currency reform made on July 21, 2005 by the Chinese government affected by international politics? Second, how did the international community press the Chinese government to reform exchange rate regime? Third, how did the Chinese government respond to pressures from the international community and market? Fourth, how did market traders respond to and interpret interactions between the Chinese government and the international community.
    The research achieved the following results.
    First of all, under hypotheses two and four, exchange rate regimes and policies are affected by international politics.
    Second, ways which international politics affect exchange rates and regimes are through public pressure, bilateral official talks, trade sanctions, and oral threats. Public pressure is when a state with trade deficit asks a state which has trade surplus to adjust the exchange rate to reduce trade surplus. Bilateral official talks are when decision makers on both sides negotiate with each other for imbalance trade relationship. Exchange rate is an important dimension to negotiation. Trade sanctions are the last step to make the state which has trade surplus adjust exchange rate. Oral threats can be uses with the above mentioned measures.
    Third, in the case of RMB, the Chinese government rejected the international community’s request to adjust exchange and regime. Because of the weakness of China’s economic development and its unhealthy financial systems, the Chinese government rejected adjustments of exchange rate and regime under pressure from international communities. The Chinese government does not think that the undervalue of Chinese currency is the main reason of U.S. trade deficit and emphasized that there is no need to change RMB exchange rate and regime.
    With increasing trade surplus and pressure from international community, the Chinese government started to change its attitude towards the issue of RMB exchange rate. The Chinese government expressed that it was willing to consider the possibility of exchange rate reform, and movement of RMB exchange rate was fully determined by market forces.
    On July 21, 2005, the Chinese government adjusted regime and level of Chinese currency unexpectedly. The reform on July 21, 2005 implied that international politics played an important role in the exchange rate reform. Although the Chinese government denied that exchange rate reform was made under international pressure, international pressure is one of the main reasons behind the Chinese government changing the exchange rate policy according to the U.S. official’s testimony before the committee of Congress. The Chinese government reiterated that reform on July 21, 2005 was carried out according to the development of domestic economic development. But because of that, U.S. officials expressed that Chinese officials made a commitment of reform to them in bilateral talks, so we can understand that the international community has influence on the policy of exchange rate reform in addition to factors of domestic economy and politics.
    參考文獻: ABN AMRO Bank. (2003). "Gradual RMB appreciation not feasible." from www.abnamroresearch.com.
    ABN AMRO Bank. (2003). "RMB-The bet is on the timing." from www.abnamroresearch.com.
    ABN AMRO Bank. (2005). "Screening Off the Noise from Renminbi." from www.abnamroresearch.com.
    ABN AMRO Bank. (2005). "What if the RMB Appreciates?" from www.abnamroresearch.com.
    Adams, T. D. (2006). "Statement of Under Secretary for International Affairs Timothy D. Adams Before the Senate Finance Committee U.S.-China Economic Relationship Revisited." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js4139.htm.
    Alden, E. (2006). US Senators Criticise Bush on Renminbi. Financial Times.
    Alesina, A. (1987). "Macroeconomic Policy in a Two-Party System as a Repeated Game." Quarterly Journal of Economics 102(3): 651-678.
    Andrews, E. L. (2005). China Floats Free From the Dollar. The New York Times: 1.
    Arbetman, M. (1995). "The Impact of Politics on Exchange Rate Fluctuations: the Untold Story." International Interactions 21(2): 127-153.
    Asian development Bank. (2005). "Asia Economic Monitor 2006." from http://aric.adb.org/pdf/aem/dec06/complete_report.pdf
    Bachman, D. (1992). "The Effect of Political Risk on the Forward Exchange Bias: The Case of Elections." Journal of International Money and Finance 11: 208-219.
    Baucus, M., D. Stabenow, et al. (2006). Trade Competitiveness Act of 2006. U. S. Senate.
    Bayh, E., D. Stabenow, et al. (2005). Expressing the sense of the Senate that the International Monetary Fund should investigate whether China is manipulating the rate of exchange between the Chinese yuan and the United States dollar. U. S. Senate.
    Beckner, S. K. (2005). Sr US Tsy Off`l:US Commends China in Saying Time for Flex FX. The Main Wire.
    Bergsten, C. F., B. Gill, et al. (2006). China: The Balance Sheet. New York:, The Center for Strategic and International Studies and The Institute for International Economics Press.
    Bernhard, W. and D. Leblang ( 2002). "Domestic Process, Political Risk and Foreign Exchange Markets." American Journal of Political Science 46(2): 291-324.
    Bilefsky, D. (2006). China Tariff Disputed; U.S. and EU Unite over Auto-Parts Tax. The International Herald Tribune: 15.
    Block, S. A. (2002). "Political Conditions and Currency Crises: Empirical Regularities in Emerging Markets." CID Working Paper(79): 1-28.
    Blomger, S. B. and G. D. Hess (1997). "Politics and Exchange Rate Forecasts." Journal of International Economics 43(189-205).
    Blustein, P. (2004). U.S. Pushes China Hard On Trade; Concessions to Be Sought At Upcoming Meeting. The Washington Post: E1.
    Brenner, R. (2002). The Boom and The Bubble: The US in the World Economy. London, Verso.
    Buck, T. and G. Parker (2005). Unease persists as EU set to end China textiles impasse. Financial Times: 12.
    Bunning, J. (2006). United States Fair Currency Practices Act of 2006. U. S. Senate.
    Burton, D. (2005). "Transcript of a Teleconference Call on the 2005 Article IV Staff Report on China With David Burton, Director of the Asia-Pacific Department and Steven Dunaway, Mission Chief to China." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2005/tr051121.htm.
    Calder, K. E. (1988). "Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation: Explaining the Reactive State." World Politics 40(4): 517-541.
    Calvo, G. A. and E. G. Mendoza (1996). "Mexico’s Balance-of-Payments Crisis: A Chronicle of a Death Foretold." Journal of International Economics 41(3-4): 235-264.
    Cardin, B. L. and C. Levin (2006). Restoring America`s Competitiveness Act of 2006. U. S. Senate.
    Chan, S. and J. Scarritt, Eds. (2002). Coping with Globalization: Cross-National Patterns in Domestic Governance and Policy Performance. London, Frank Cass.
    Chanda, N. (1987). Pressure on the tigers: The IMF backs the US’ call for NICs to revalue. Far Eastern Economic Review: 55.
    Cheng, C.-y. (1982). China’s Economic Development: Growth and Structural Change. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
    Chow, G. C. (1993). "Capital Formation and Economic Growth in China." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 809-842.
    Christian, P. (1991). The exchange rate system in some European countries : an industry report. London ; New York, Lloyd`s of London.
    Commission of the European Committee (2006). Commission Working Document: A Policy Paper on EU-China Trade and Investment,. C. o. t. E. Committee.
    Cooper, R. N. (2005). "Living with Global Imbalance: A Contrarian View." Policy Brief(5-3).
    Copeland, L. S. (2005). Exchange Rates and International Finance 4th ed. Harlow, England, Pearson Education Limited.
    Crutsinger, M. (2007). Treasury Secretary Paulson says U.S. not satisfied with pace of change in China. Associated Press Worldstream.
    Cuddington, J. T. (1986). "Capital Flight: Estimates, Issues, and Explanation." Studies in International Finance(85): 1-44.
    Department of the Treasury (2005). Report to Congress International Economic and Exchange Policies. D. o. t. Treasury, Department of the Treasury.
    Department of Treasury. (2006). "The Joint Statement between the United States of America and the People republic of China on the inauguration of the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue." from http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/hp105.htm.
    Department of Treasury (2006). Report to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies, May 18, 2006. D. o. Treasury.
    Department of Treasury (2007). Report to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies, June, 2007. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    Dernberger, R. F. (1999). "The People’s Republic of China at 50: The Economy." The China Quarterly(159): 606-615.
    Deutsch, K. W. (1978). The Analysis of International Relations. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Press.
    Deutsche Bank (2003). "Asia: Economic Analysis." Emerging Market Monthly.
    Dhal, R. A. (1970). Modern Political analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall Press.
    Dittmer, L. (1982). "China in 1981: Reform, Readjustment, Rectification." Asian Survey 22(1): 33-46.
    Dollar, D. (1990). "Economic Reform and Allocative Efficiency in China’s State-Owned Industry." Economic development and Cultural Change 39(1): 89-105.
    Dorn, J. A. (1998). China in the millennium: market reforms and social development. Washington, D.C., Cato Institute Press.
    Dougherty, C. (2006). EU Ministers Calm on Yuan Peg. The International Herald Tribune: 10.
    Dunaway, S. (2003). "Transcript of a Teleconference Call on China." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2004/tr040825.htm.
    Dyer, G. and C. Swann (2006). Senators soften stance on proposed China trade sanctions. Financial Times.
    Edward, S. and M. Naim, Eds. (1997). Mexico 1994: The Anatomy of an Emerging-Market Crash. Washington D.C., Inter-American Development Bank Press.
    Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (2006). Glos Presents External Economic Relations Strategy for China. F. M. o. E. a. Technology.
    Frankel, J. A. and S.-J. Wei (2007). "Assessing China’s Exchange Rate Regime." Economic Policy(51): 575-627.
    Frenkel, J. A. and H. G. Johnson (1976). The Money Approach to the Balance of Payment. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
    Frieden, J. A. (2003). Exchange Rate Politics. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth. J. A. F. a. D. A. Lake. Beijing, Peking University Press.
    Funabashi, Y. (1989). Managing the Dollar: From the Plaza to the Louvre. Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics Press.
    Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
    Goldstein, C. (1987). Bending over backwards: Taiwan battles to stem the pressure to revalue the NT dollar. Far Eastern Economic Review: 87.
    Goldstein, C. (1987). A change of heart: Taiwan is preparing to suspend forex controls. Far Eastern Economic Review: 119-120.
    Goldstein, M. and N. Lardy (2006). A New Way to Deal with the Renminbi. Financial Times.
    Guggenheim, K. (2003). State Department official says U.S. pushing China on trade imbalance. The Associated Press.
    Haggard, S. (2000). The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics.
    Harrold, P. (1992). "China’s Reform Experience to Date." World Bank Discussion Paper (180).
    Henning, C. R. (1994). Currencies and Politics in the United States, Germany, and Japan. Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics.
    Hibbs, D. (1977). "Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy." American Political Science Review 71: 1467-1487.
    Holsti, K. J. (1992). International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall Press.
    Hufbauer, G. and C. Brunel (2007). The US Congress and the Chinese Yuan. Conference on China’s Exchange Rate Policy, hosted by Peterson Institute for International Economics.
    IMF (1986). Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1986. Washington, D.C, IMF.
    IMF (2002). International financial Statistics Yearbook 2002. Washington, D.C., IMF.
    IMF (2005). International Financial Statistics Yearbook. Washington, DC., International Monetary Found.
    International Monetary Fund (2002). Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook. Washington, D.C., IMF Press.
    International Monetary Fund. (2004). "IMF Concludes 2004 Article IV Consultation with the People`s Republic of China." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2004/pn0499.htm.
    International Monetary Fund. (2005). "Asia Pacific Regional Outlook-September 2005." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2005/092705.pdf.
    International Monetary Fund. (2005). "People’s Republic China: 2005 Article IV Consultation: Staff Paper." from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05411.pdf.
    International Monetary Fund. (2006). "IMF Executive Board Concludes 2006 Article IV Consultation with the People`s Republic of China." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2006/pn06103.htm.
    International Monetary Fund. (2007). "Bilateral Surveillance over Members` Policies: Executive Board Decision." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2007/pn0769.htm#decision.
    Ishikawa, M. (2003). Wen seeks yuan reform. The Nikkei Weekly.
    Jen, S. L. (2003). A Stable RMB: Why Rock the Boat in a Storm?
    Jim Bunning et al. (2007). Fair Currency Act of 2007. U. S. Senate.
    Kanamori, T. and Z. Zhao (2006). The Renminbi Exchange Rate Revaluation: Theory, Practice and Lessons from Japan. Tokyo, Asian Development Bank Institute.
    Kanter, J. (2006). Europe Scolds China on Trade and Currency; EU Concerned about Growing Deficit. The International Herald Tribune.
    Kaplan, S. B. (2006). "The Political Obstacles to Greater Exchange Rate Flexibility in China." World Development 34(7): 1182-1200.
    Kaplan, S. B. (2006). "The Political Obstacles to Greater Exchange Rate Flexibility in China." World Development 34(7): 1182-1200.
    Kennedy, S. and G. Vina (2005). G-7 prods China to let yuan rise;Beijing is accused of `rigidity` as currency appreciates little. The International Herald Tribune: 20.
    Kim, Y.-S. (1990). " Prospects for Japanese-U.S. Trade and Industrial Competition." Asian Survey 30(5): 493-504.
    Klug, F. (2007). Bush urges China to strengthen currency, and Chinese minister meets with angry US lawmakers. Associated Press Worldstream.
    Köhler, H. (2003). "IMF Managing Director Horst Köhler Statement at the Conclusion of a Visit to the People`s Republic of China." from http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03148.htm.
    Krugman, P., Ed. (2000). Currency Crises. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press.
    Krugman, P. R. (1979). "A Theory of Balance of Payments Crises." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 11(3): 311-325.
    Kurgman, P. R. and M. Obstfeld (2006). International Economics: Theory and Policy7th ed. Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley.
    Kuroda, H. (2004). "The “Nixon Shock” and the “Plaza Agreement”: Lessons from Two Seemingly Failed Cases of Japan’s Exchange Rate Policy." China & World Economy 12(1): 3-10.
    Kuroda, H. and M. Kawai (2002). Time for a switch to global reflation. Financial Times: 23.
    Kynge, J. and G. Tett (2001). China `needs to revalue on joining the WTO`. Financial Times.
    Lardy, N. R. (1992). "Chinese Foreign Trade." The China Quarterly(131): 691-720.
    Lardy, N. R. (1992). Foreign Trade and Economic Reform in China, 1978-1990. Cambridge, M.A, Cambridge University Press.
    Leblang, D. (2002). "The Political Economy of Speculative Attacks in the Developing World." International Studies Quarterly 46: 69-91.
    Leblang, D. (2006). "Institutions, Expectations, and Currency Crises." International Organization 60(1): 245-262.
    Leblang, D. and W. Bernhard (2000). "The Politics of Speculative Attacks in Industrial Democracies." International Organization 54(2): 291-324.
    Li, W. (1997). "The Impact of Economic Reform on the Performance of Chinese State Enterprises, 1980-1989." Journal of Political Economy 105(5): 1080-1106.
    Lieberman, J. I. (2003). Fair Currency Enforcement Act of 2003. T. S. O. T. U. States.
    Lieberman, J. I. (2005). Fair Currency Enforcement Act of 2005. T. S. O. T. U. States.
    Lin, J. Y., F. Cai, et al. (1996). "The Lessons of China’s Transition to A Market Economy." Cato Journal 16(2): 201-232.
    Lincoln, G. and N. J. Padelford (1954). International Politics: Foundations of International Relations. New York, Macmillan.
    Lobo, B. J. and D. Tufte (1998). "Exchange Rate Volatility: Does Politics Matter?" Journal of Macroeconomics 20(2): 351-365.
    Lukauskas, A. J. and F. L. Rivera-Batiz, Eds. (2001). The Political Economy of the East Asian Crisis and its Aftermath: Tigers in Distress. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Press.
    Lynch, D. J. (2007). Tensions push Congress to get even with China. USA Today.
    Mathieson, D. J. and G. J. Schinasi. (2001). "International Capital Markets：Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues." Retrieved Oct. 8, 2007, from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/icm/2001/01/eng/index.htm.
    McDonald, J. (2003). Trade official says EU will insist on China`s `full compliance` with WTO rules. Associated Press Worldstream.
    McKinnon, R. I. (2004). "The East Asian Dollar Standard." China Economic Review 15(3): 325-330.
    McKinnon, R. I. and K. Ohno (1997). Dollar and Yen : Resolving Economic Conflict between the United States and Japan. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press.
    McKinnon, R. I. and K. Ohno (2005). Japan’s Deflation and the Syndrome of the Ever-High Yen,1971-1995. Exchange Rates under the East Asian Dollar Standard: Living with Conflicted Virtue. R. I. McKinnon. London, The MIT Press.
    Mellor, N. (2006). Asset Allocation: Portfolio Flows - G7 Increases Pressure on China. Mandate: 1.
    Meon, P.-G. (2001). "A Model of Exchange Rate Crises with Partisan Governments." Journal of Macroeconomics 23(4): 517-535.
    Miller, J. W. (2006). Politics & Economics: EU to Get Tougher on China Trade; Strategy Shift Aims to Quell Protectionist Sentiment, Strengthen Hand at Table,. Wall Street Journal: A8.
    Naughton, B. (1995). Growing out of the plan:Chinese economic reform.1978-1993. New York, Cambridge University Press.
    Obstfeld, M. (1986). "Rational and Self-Fulfilling Balance-of-Payments Crises." American Economic Review 76(1): 72-81.
    Obstfeld, M. (1996). "Models of Currency Crises with Self- Fulfilling Features." European Economic Review 40(3-5): 1037-1047.
    Ogawa, E. and M. Sakane (2006). "Chinese Yuan after Chinese exchange rate system reform." China and World Economy 14(6): 39-57.
    Paulson, H. M. (2006). "Introductory Remarks by Secretary Henry M. Paulson at the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp196.htm.
    Paulson, H. M. (2007). "Testimony of Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson before the House Committee on Financial Services on the State of the International Financial System." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp469.htm.
    Paulson, H. M. (2007). "Testimony of Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson on the Report on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp241.htm.
    Pemple, T. J., Ed. (1999). The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis. Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press.
    Perkins, D. H. (1988). "Reforming China’s Economic system." Journal of Economic Literature 26(2): 601-645.
    Person, F. S. and J. M. Rochester (1988). International Relations: The Global Condition in the Late Twentieth Centry. New York, Random House.
    Phil English et al. (2003). Currency Harmonization Initiative through Neutralizing Action Act of 2003. T. H. O. R. O. T. U. States.
    Phil English et al. (2007). Currency Harmonization Initiative Through Neutralizing Action Act of 2005. T. H. O. R. O. T. U. States.
    Piboontanasawat, N. (2007). China`s Trade Surplus Soars, Adding Currency Pressure. Bloomberg News.
    Polle, W. (1992). "Exchange-rate management and monetary-policy mismanagement: A study of Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States after Plaza." Carnegie-Rochester Series on Public Policy 36: 57-91.
    Rana, P. B. and N. Hamid, Eds. (1995). From Centrally Planned to Market Economies: The Asian Approach. New Yor, Oxford University Press.
    Riemer, B., D. J. Yang, et al. (1986). The Deficit Busters’ New Targets: Rebuffed by Europe and Japan, The U.S. Goes After Korea and Taiwan. Business Week: 16-17.
    Rowley, A. (2004). Japan, China dismiss Greenspan currency warning;Fed chief says they are storing up problems with their currency purchases. The Business Times Singapore.
    Rowley, A. (2005). China rejects calls for flexible rates. The Business Times Singapore.
    Ryan, T. and e. al. (2005). Chinese Currency Act of 2005. T. H. O. R. O. T. U. States.
    Saltmarsh, M. (2003). EU`s Patten Highlights Concerns About Level of China`s RMB. The Main Wire.
    Saltmarsh, M. (2004). EU Fin Off`ls Use New Channels to Persuade China to Loosen FX. The Main Wire.
    Schearf, D. (2007). EU Official Urges China to Increase Market Access, Reform Currency. Voice of America.
    Schmidt, W. E. (1992). Turmoil in Europe; Winds of Change Blow, and Europe`s Governments Feel the Chill,. New York Times: 1.
    Schoppa, L. J. (1997). Bargaining with Japan: What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do. New York, Columbia University Press.
    Schumer, C. and L. Graham (2003). A bill to authorize appropriate action if the negotiations with the People`s Republic of China regarding China`s undervalued currency and currency manipulations are not successful. U. S. Senate.
    Shimpalee, L. P. and J. B. Breuer (2006). "Currency Crises and Institutions." Journal of International Money and Finance 25(125-145).
    Shoch, J. (1998). "Party Politics and International Economic Activism: The Reagan-Bush Years." Political Science quarterly 113(1): 113-131.
    Snow, J. (2003). Press Roundtable Transcript with Treasury Secretary Snow in Beijing, China on September 3, 2003. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    Snow, J. (2003). Testimony of Treasury Secretary John Snow Before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    Snow, J. (2005). John Snow Secretary of the Treasury Testimony before the House Committee on Finance Service the State of the International Economy. U. S. D. o. Treasury, U.S. Department of Treasury.
    Snow, J. (2005). Statement of acting Under Secretary for International Affairs Randal K. Quarles before the Senate Banking Committee Subcommittee on International Trade and Finance. U. S. D. o. Treasury, U.S. Department of Treasury.
    Snow, J. (2005). Statement of Secretary John W. Snow on the FOREX Report. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    Snow, J. (2005). "Statement of Treasury Secretary John W. Snow on the Report to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js3024.htm.
    Snow, J. (2005). Testimony of Treasury Secretary John Snow Before the Senate Committee on Finance. U. S. D. o. Treasury, U.S. Department of Treasury.
    Snow, J. (2006). "Statement of Treasury Secretary John W. Snow before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js4271.htm.
    Snow, J. (2006). "Statement of Treasury Secretary John W. Snow on the Report on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js4250.htm.
    Snow, J. W. (2004). The Honorable John W. Snow Prepared Remarks: New York Economic Club. U. S. D. o. Treasury, U.S. Department of Treasury.
    Snow, J. W. (2004). Testimony of Treasury Secretary John W. Snow before the Committee on Financial Services U.S. House of Representatives State of the International Financial System. U. S. D. o. Treasury, U.S. Department of Treasury.
    Snow, J. W. (2005). Secretary John W. Snow Prepared Statement following the Meeting of the G-7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors. U. S. D. o. Treasury, U.S. Department of Treasury.
    Solomon, R. (1999). Money on the Move: The Evolution in International Finance since 1980. New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
    Solomon, S. (1995). The Confidence Game: How Unelected Central Bankers are Governing the Changed Global Economy. New York, Simon & Schuster.
    Somerville, G. and D. Palmer (2007). U.S. pass on China currency stirs Senate action. Reuters.
    Spero, J. E. and J. A. Hart (2003). The Politics of International Economics 6th edition. Belmont, CA, Thomson Wadsworth Press.
    Spratt, J. and S. Myrick (2007). To Authorize Appropriate Action if the Negotiations with the People`s Republic of China Regarding China`s Undervalued Currency and Currency Manipulation Are Not Successful. T. H. O. R. O. T. U. States.
    Statistics Bureau. "Japan and Ku-area of Tokyo -monthly figures- (1970-)." from http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/cpi/.
    Suzuki, K. (2003). Organizational Learning Capacity of Policy-making System for Financial System Recovery: the case of Sweden with some suggestion to Japan. the EAMSA 20th Annual Conference, Stockholm University School of Business.
    Taylor, J. B. (2003). China Exchange Rate Regime and Its Effect on the U.S. Economy: John B. Taylor Under Secretary of Treasury for International Affairs Testimony before the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade and Technology House Committee on Financial Service. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    Taylor, M. P. (1995). "The Economics of Exchange Rate." Journal of Economic Literature 33: 13-47.
    Tett, G. and J. Kynge (2001). Renminbi value sparks Tokyo concern Competitiveness Senior Politician Sees Growing Tension with China over `Undervalued` Currency. Financial Times: 13.
    The White House. (2005). "President Bush Meets with Chinese President Hu Jintao." from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050913-8.html.
    The White House. (2005). "President’s Remarks to the Travel Pool in China." from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051120-9.html.
    Thomas, D. and M. Saltmarsh (2003). EU`s Prodi: China`s FX Peg Becoming Problem For World Economy. The Main Wire.
    Tim Ryan et al. (2007). Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act of 2007. T. H. O. R. O. T. U. States.
    Tougan, K. and K. Masahiro (2002). Time for A Switch to Global Reflation. Financial Times: 23.
    Treasury, U. S. D. o. (2004). Statement by G-7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    Tseng, W., H. E. Khor, et al. (1994). "Economic reform in China: A New Phase." IMF Occasional Paper (11).
    Tung, C.-Y. (2007). "The Renminbi Exchange Rate in the Increasingly Open Economy of China: A Long-Term Strategy and a Short-Term Solution." Issues & Studies 43(1): 79-114.
    Tung, C.-y. and S. Baker (2004). "RMB Revaluation Will Serve China’s Self-interest." China Economic Review 15(3): 331-355.
    U.S. Department of Treasury (2004). Joint Statement 16th Session of U.S.-China Joint Economic Committee. U. S. D. o. Treasury.
    U.S. Department of Treasury. (2005). "Joint Statement: 17th Session of the China-U.S. Joint Economic Committee." from http://ustreas.gov/press/releases/js2987.htm.
    U.S. Department of Treasury. (2005). "Remarks of Under Secretary of the Treasury Timothy D. Adams before the U.S.-China Business Council." from http://ustreas.gov/press/releases/js2723.htm.
    U.S. Department of Treasury. (2007). "Second U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue: Joint Fact Sheet." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp425.htm.
    U.S. Department of Treasury. (2007). "Testimony of Treasury Deputy Assistant Secretary Mark Sobel on Currency Manipulation and its Affect on U.S. Business and Workers." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp394.htm.
    U.S. Department of Treasury. (2007). "Transcript of U.S. Delegation Press Conference-Second Meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue." from http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp421.htm.
    United States Government Accountability Office (2005). Report to Congress Committee. U. S. G. A. Office.
    Webb, M. C. (1991). "International Economic Structural, Government Interests, and International Coordination of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies." International Organization 45(3): 309-342.
    Whitman, M. V. N. (1975). "Global Monetarism and the Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payment." Brookings Paper on Economic Activity 3: 491-555.
    Wielaard, R. (2003). EU: China "major" partner yet rights violations trouble relationship. Associated Press Worldstream.
    Williamson, J., Ed. (1994). Estimating Equilibrium Exchange Rates. Washington, D.C., Institute for International Economics.
    Wise, C. and R. Roett, Eds. (2000). Exchange Rate Politics in Latin America. Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press.
    Wolfe, A. (2007). Why China Will Not Cave to Pressure over Trade Imbalance. The Power and Interest News Report.
    WorldBank (1997). China 2020: Development Challenges in the New Century Washington, D.C., World Bank.
    Xie, A. (2005). Greater China Monthly, Morgan Stanley.
    Xie, A. (2005). Renminbi—The Last Free Lunch. Greater China Monthly, Morgan Stanley.
    Xinhua Financial Network News (2005). China needs more currency regime flexibility. Xinhua Financial Network News.
    Zhao, M. (2006). "External Liberalization and the Evolution of China Exchange System: an Empirical Approach." World Bank China Office Research Paper (4).
    Zheng, Y. and J. Yi (2007). "China’s Rapid Accumulation of Foreign Exchange Reserves and Its Policy Implications." China & World Economy 15(1): 14-25.
    Zwaniecki, A. (2003). Treasury`s Snow notes progress, encourages more reform. S. Department.
    (2006). Bush Welcome Hu To White House, Calls For Greater Access To Chinese Markets, The White House Bulletin.
    (2006). Capital Hill Hearing: Sen-Bank-Bernanke PAGE 25 02/16/2003, Federal News Service.
    (2006). China Gov`t Economist: Won`t Give In To US Pressure On Yuan. The Main Wire.
    (Sep, 26,1985). “Gov’t Measures Will Up Yen Value: Premier,”. The Japan Times: 1.
    (Jun 26,1985). Gov’t to Cut Import Tariffs On 1790 Products by 20%. The Japan Times: 1.
    (2003). Hearing on U.S. –China Ties: Reassessing the Economic Relationship. U. S. H. o. R. Committee on International Relations. Washington D.C.
    (Jan 30, 1985). Japan Trade Surplus Is Global Problem, U.S. Says. The Japan Times: 7.
    (Jun 19,1985). MITI Urges More Imports. The Japan Times: 1.
    (May 25,1985). OECD official warns Japan on trade surpluses. Hongkong Standard: 3.
    (2007). Panel I Of a Hearing Of The Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Federal News Service.
    (2007). Panel II Of a Hearing Of The Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Federal News Service.
    (2007). Paulson: China must boost reform. CNN News.
    (2007). Rice: China `doesn`t play fair` on trade, currency. Reuters.
    (2007). "The China Trade Syndrome." from http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9905626.
    中國人民銀行. (2001). "2001年第三季度貨幣政策執行報告." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=425&ID=111.
    中國人民銀行. (2002). "2002年第三季度貨幣政策執行報告." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/huobizhengce/huobizhengce/huobizhengcezhixingbaogao/huobizhengcezhixingbaogao/.
    中國人民銀行. (2002). "戴相龍行長在中國：資本之年國際論壇上的致詞." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=4200&ID=93.
    中國人民銀行. (2003). "2002年第四季度貨幣政策執行報告." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/huobizhengce/huobizhengce/huobizhengcezhixingbaogao/huobizhengcezhixingbaogao/.
    中國人民銀行 (2003). 2003年第一季度貨幣政策執行報告. 中國人民銀行.
    中國人民銀行 (2003). 2003年第三季度貨幣政策執行報告. 中國人民銀行.
    中國人民銀行. (2003). "人民銀行行長周小川就人民幣匯率問題答記者問." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/xinwen/index.asp?page=2&keyword=贸易顺差.
    中國人民銀行 (2004). 2003年第4季貨幣政策執行報告. 中國人民銀行.
    中國人民銀行 (2005). 中國人民銀行公告〔2005〕第 16 號中國人民銀行關於完善人民幣匯率形成機制改革的公告. 中國人民銀行.
    中國人民銀行. (2005). "中國人民銀行新聞發言人就完善人民幣匯率形成機制改革答記者問." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=1552.
    中國人民銀行 (2005). 周小川行長接受人民日報專訪. 中國人民銀行.
    中國人民銀行. (2005). "周小川行長解答人民幣匯率形成機制改革有關問題." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=486&ID=918
    中國人民銀行. (2005). "關於進一步改善銀行間外匯市場交易匯價和外匯指定銀行掛牌匯價管理的通知." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/xinwen/.
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "2005年中國貨幣政策大事記." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/huobizhengce/huobizhengcedashiji.asp.
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "2005年中國貨幣政策大事記." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/xinwen/index.asp?keyword=货币政策大事记.
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "2006年第1季度中國貨幣政策執行報告." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=428&ID=1055.
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "中國人民銀行決定上調金融機構人民幣貸款基準利率." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=1785
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "中國人民銀行新聞發言人就匯率和貿易平衡問題答記者問." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=1753&keyword=贸易顺差.
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "國家外匯管理局關於調整經常專案外匯管理政策的通知." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=1769.
    中國人民銀行. (2006). "《新興市場》雜誌評論中國對IMF改革顯現耐心." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=1791&keyword=IMF.
    中國共產黨. (2003). "中共中央關於完善社會主義市場經濟體制若干問題的決定(全文)." from http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64162/64168/64569/65411/4429165.html#.
    中國商務部 (2003). 商務部辦公廳關於轉發《國家外匯管理局、海關總署關於印發<攜帶外幣現鈔出入境管理暫行辦法>的通知》的通知. 中國商務部.
    中國商務部 (2004). 國務院關於改革現行出口退稅機制的決定. 中國商務部.
    中國國家統計局 (2006). 中國統計年鑑—2006. 中國國家統計局.
    中國國務院 (2001). 中華人民共和國國民經濟和社會發展第十個五年計劃綱要. 中國國務院.
    中華人民共和國外交部 (2006). 中國外交政策. 中華人民共和國外交部.
    中華人民共和國國家統計局. (2005). "中華人民共和國國民經濟與社會發展統計公報." from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/.
    中華人民共和國國家統計局 (2006). 中國統計年鑑-2006. 北京, 中國統計出版社.
    中華人民共和國國家統計局. (2006). "中華人民共和國2005年國民經濟與社會發展統計公報." from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm
    王元龍 (2003). 中國金融安全論. 北京, 中國金融出版社.
    王旭 (2003). 匯率政策別國無權干涉. 北京青年報.
    王春平、劉偉哲 (2007). "人民幣實際有效匯率變動對中國出口貿易的影響." 價格月刊（北京）(3): 59-61.
    王茂臻 (2005). G7將與大陸討論匯率 人民幣NDF應聲勁揚. 經濟日報: A8.
    王茂臻 (2005). 世銀：大陸經濟成長率8.3％. 經濟日報: A9.
    王國臣（2008），中國國際收支失衡對其貨幣政策自主性的影響. 台北：政治大學東亞研究所碩士論文.
    王偉旭、曾秋根 (2004). 人民幣匯率挑戰與變革選擇. 北京, 光明日報出版社.
    王夢奎編 (1999). 中國經濟轉軌二十年. 北京, 外文出版社.
    王輝 (1998). 漸進革命：中國經濟改革之路與人力資產. 台北, 致良出版社.
    王鍵 (2005). 人民幣匯率調整傷透腦筋. 中國貿易報.
    世界銀行. (2007). "中國經濟季報." from http://www.worldbank.org.cn.
    正中書局 (1981). 中華民國年鑑. 台北, 正中書局.
    白德華 (2004). 周小川：美元與人民幣交易區間暫不改變. 工商時報: 6.
    朱小明 (2005). 布希再向人民幣匯率施壓. 聯合報: B2.
    朱周良 (2007). 周小川舌戰G7：人民幣當前升調適宜. 上海證券報（中國）: A1.
    朱劍紅 (2003). 人民幣匯率制度對世界都有好處. 人民日報.
    朱鎔基 (2002). 2002年政府工作報告. 中國國務院.
    行政院主計處 (1984). 中華民國統計年鑑. 台北, 行政院主計處.
    何思因、陳德生、耿曙編 (2003). 中國大陸研究方法與成果. 台北, 國立政治大學國際關係研究中心.
    沈中華（2000），貨幣銀行學原理—全球的觀點. 台北：新陸書局.
    吳念魯、陳全庚 (1992). 人民幣匯率研究. 北京, 中國金融出版社.
    吳敬璉編 (1996). 漸進與激進—中國改革道路的選擇. 北京, 經濟科學出版社.
    李文瑜 (2005). 周小川：人民幣美元脫鉤 時機未成熟. 經濟日報. 台北: A6.
    李京文編 (1995). 走向21世紀的中國經濟. 北京, 經濟管理出版社.
    李詩佳. (2003). "溫家寶：人民幣匯率穩定有利於世界經濟金融穩定." from http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-08/05/content_1011625.htm.
    李碩 (2007). 周小川進一步收緊流動性. 證券時報（中國）: A12.
    李鐏龍 (2005). 要求人民幣升值G7態度轉硬 美財長史諾措詞異常強硬. 工商時報.
    肖紅、顧錢江. (2005). "溫家寶:健全面向市場、更加具有彈性的匯率制度." from http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005-06/26/content_3136904.htm.
    周小川. (2004). "周小川行長在2004年國際貨幣與金融委員會秋季會議上的書面發言." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=4200&ID=141.
    周小川. (2004). "周小川行長在2004年基金組織/世界銀行年會上的發言." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=4200&ID=137.
    周小川. (2005). "周小川行長出席2005年國際貨幣與金融委員會秋季部長級會議." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=100&ID=1605.
    周小川. (2006). "中國貿易平衡和匯率有關問題." from http://www.pbc.gov.cn/detail.asp?col=4200&ID=207.
    周育仁 (1993). 政治與經濟之關係：台灣經驗與其理論意涵. 台北, 五南圖書出版公司.
    官如玉 (2002). 戴相龍：人民幣不會馬上貶值樂觀預測大陸明年經濟成長逾7％. 經濟日報: 11.
    林妙蓉 (2005). 促大陸匯改 日財長邀金人慶會面. 經濟日報: A8.
    林佳龍編 (2004). 未來中國：退化的極權主義. 台北, 時報出版社.
    林則宏 (2003). 人行行長周小川：押賭人民幣升值，投機客必輸無疑. 工商時報: 2.
    林聰毅 (2005). 亞洲開發銀行總裁呼籲 中共應採彈性匯率. 經濟日報: A5.
    金編 (2004). 周小川談金融宏觀調控和人民幣匯率形成機制改革. 金融時報（中國）.
    胡鞍鋼 (1995). 挑戰中國：鄧後中南海面臨的機遇與挑戰. 台北, 新新聞.
    范方志、趙明勛(2005).當代貨幣政策：理論與實踐. 上海：上海三聯書店.
    范軍 (1993). 德國：久分重合的歐洲大國. 台北, 五南圖書出版公司.
    孫杰、張建平 (2003). 負責的大國，鄭重的承諾. 人民日報海外版.
    徐以升 (2005). 熱錢失望：中國堅稱人民幣匯率變動無時間表. 第一財經日報（中國）: B1.
    徐滇慶、李瑞 (1999). 中國政府政策與經濟發展. 台北, 大屯出版社.
    栗志綱 (2008). 透視人民幣匯率—人民幣匯率制度演變的政治分析. 北京, 中國經濟出版社.
    秦俊鷹, 潘邦順編譯, et al., Eds. (2001). 日本政治體系. 台北, 風雲論壇.
    馬丹、許少強 (2005). "中國貿易收支、貿易結構與人民幣實際有效匯率." 數量經濟技術經濟研究（北京）(6): 23-42.
    高長 (2004). 大陸經改與兩岸經貿關係. 台北, 五南書局.
    國家統計局國民經濟綜合統計司 (1999). 新中國五十年統計資料匯編. 北京, 中國統計出版社.
    梁家榮 (2002). 朱鎔基：人民幣堅持不貶值. 經濟日報: 11.
    許少強、朱真麗 (2002). 1949-2000年的人民幣匯率史. 上海, 上海財經大學出版社.
    連雋偉 (2003). 史諾來訪，中國強調保持人民幣穩定. 工商時報: 6.
    連雋偉 (2004). 伊溫會談後 伊凡斯：中國已願增強人民幣匯率彈性. 工商時報: 6.
    郭瑋瑋 (2005). 周小川鬆口 人民幣可能提前鬆綁. 經濟日報: A1.
    陳彪如 (1992). 人民幣匯率研究. 上海, 華東師範大學出版社.
    陳智文 (2002). 項懷誠：人民幣短期不可能完全自由化. 經濟日報: 11.
    陳樹生 (2005). 匯率體論與匯率政策研究. 湖南長沙, 湖南大學出版社.
    彭松 (2004). 人民幣匯率關注1：8.28下一步走向. 證券時報（中國）.
    湯淑君 (2003). 人民幣疑遭操縱美議員促調查. 經濟日報: 1.
    童振源 (2005). "人民幣匯率的國際政治經濟分析." 問題與研究 44(6): 133-155.
    童振源 (2005). "中國經濟發展評估與展望：2005-2006年." 中國大陸經濟分析：2005年年報.
    童振源編 (2004). 人民幣匯率：經濟與戰略分析. 台北, 遠景基金會.
    黃仁德、張勝峰 (2004). "人民幣國際化問題之探討." 中山人文社會科學期刊 12(1): 33-69.
    黃哲寬 (2001). IMF：人民幣匯率波動可放寬. 經濟日報: 1.
    新華網. (2004). "專訪：周小川談金融宏觀調控人民幣匯率等." from http://www.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/.
    新華網. (2005). "溫家寶:健全面向市場、更加具有彈性的匯率制度." from http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005-06/26/content_3136904.htm.
    新華網. (2006). "溫家寶：中國實行進出口基本平衡方針不刻意追求順差." from http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-09/12/content_5082196.htm.
    新華網. (2007). "溫家寶：中國對歐盟貿易順差是國際分工不同和雙方經濟比較優勢所致." from http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-11/28/content_7162761.htm.
    楊承厚 (1969). "西德馬克升值之因果." 中國經濟評論(2): 8-14.
    董輔礽 (2001). 中華人民共和國經濟史‧上下卷. 香港, 三聯書店.
    賈壯、鄭曉波 (2006). 周小川：擴大匯率波幅沒有時間表. 證券時報（中國）: A1.
    鄒至莊 (1987). 中國經濟. 香港, 中文大學出版社.
    趙登峰 (2005). 人民幣市場均衡匯率與實際均衡匯率研究. 北京, 社會科學文獻出版社.
    劉東凱. (2003). "溫家寶：保持人民幣匯率穩定符合中美共同利益." Retrieved 1月5日, 2008, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-09/03/content_1061236.htm.
    劉國光、邢賁思、楊啟先 (1998). 中國跨世紀的三大改革卷二. 北京, 中共中央黨校出版社.
    劉敏 (2005). 用漸進辦法改革人民幣匯率機制. 金融時報（中國）.
    歐陽勛、黃仁德 (1997). 國際金融理論與制度. 台北, 三民書局.
    蔡昉、林毅夫 (2003). 中國經濟. 台北, 麥格羅‧西爾.
    蔡增家 (2000). "國際匯率承諾與貨幣政策的自主性：從廣場協議至羅浮宮協議." 問題與研究 39(9): 49-72.
    鄭竹園 (1955). 中共五年計畫剖析. 香港, 自由出版社.
    魯凡之 (1986). 中國經濟改革與調整. 香港, 銀域有限公司.
    盧懷謙 (2004). 吳儀表示完善人民幣匯率形成機制. 中國證券報: 1.
    蕭美惠 (2005). 美財部次長籲人民幣採浮動匯率. 工商時報.
    魏艾編 (2003). 中國經濟發展與市場轉型. 台北, 揚智文化.
    瓊斯 (2003). 人民幣受壓升值，美國敦促中國匯率制度更靈活. 南方都市報（中國）.
    邊裕淵, 余雪明, et al. (1990). 國際金融與匯兌. 台北, 國立空中大學.
    描述: 博士
    國立政治大學
    中山人文社會科學研究所
    92261503
    96
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922615031
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[國家發展研究所] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 描述 大小格式浏览次数
    61503101.pdf43KbAdobe PDF2887检视/开启
    61503102.pdf104KbAdobe PDF21069检视/开启
    61503103.pdf407KbAdobe PDF22306检视/开启
    61503104.pdf316KbAdobe PDF28089检视/开启
    61503105.pdf358KbAdobe PDF21449检视/开启
    61503106.pdf697KbAdobe PDF24737检视/开启
    61503107.pdf594KbAdobe PDF22245检视/开启
    61503108.pdf183KbAdobe PDF21024检视/开启
    61503109.pdf202KbAdobe PDF21715检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈