Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36812
|
| Title: | 拉丁美洲的電視劇收視：評估拉丁美洲觀眾與阿根廷電視劇的文化距離
Far away, so close. telenovelas viewing in Latin America: Assessing Cultural Distance among Latin American Audiences and Argentinean Telenovelas |
| Authors: | 龔馬克
Marcos Lionel Gonzalez Gava |
| Contributors: | 汪琪
Wang, Georgette
龔馬克
Marcos Lionel Gonzalez Gava |
| Keywords: | Telenovelas
Cultural Proximity
Latin America |
| Date: | 2008 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-18 19:46:42 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of cultural implications in the trade of telenovelas within Latin America. After performing a literature review on the trade of TV products, it was founded that Chile has been buying the format of Argentinean telenovelas in order to reproduce them for the Chilean audience. From the perspective of cultural proximity (Straubhaar, 1991), it could be expected to see Chile broadcasting the original version of the Argentinean telenovelas, as these countries share a similar cultural background, language, et cetera. However, that is not the case. Additionally, it was found that the Argentinean accent is not welcomed in countries north to Ecuador (Waisbord, 2004) because of cultural reasons.
In order to grasp the role of accents and other cultural factors in these situations, 4 focus groups were organized with participants of 12 Latin American countries, who were inquired about the accents and cultural contents of the Argentinean telenovela “LaLola”, which’s format was bought by Chile. However, its original canned version reached markets beyond Ecuador.
Besides Spanish accents, other variables were introduced to the study to assess if they influence audiences’ perception of foreign telenovelas. These variables are political, historical and territorial quarrels between countries, national images about the country of origin of the telenovela, and discrimination by nationality.
The results showed that the perception of accents is connected to national images, which are constructed both on historical political quarrels and ethnic chauvinism based on nationality. Indeed, historical and political problems, as well as discrimination on the basis of nationality are, in the case of Bolivia and Chile, sources of negative images that affect how viewers interpret the Argentinean intonation.
Moreover, it was found that a country with a good reputation, as well as a positive image and perception within the region, seem to improve the reception of that country’s accent and its chances of selling its telenovelas abroad. The findings also indicated that local culture is of great importance for audiences. In this scenario, the concept of geo-linguistic region as the primary factor in predicting viewing preferences appears to be over-simplistic. |
| Reference: | 7.1 References in English Language
1. Anholt, S. (1998). Nation-brands of the Twentieth Century. The journal of Brand
Management 6 (5): 395-406. Henry Stewart Publications.
2. Antola, L. and Rogers, E.M. (1984) Television flows in Latin America.
Communication Research, 11(2): 183-202.
3. Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.
(295–310) in M. Featherstone (ed.). Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and
Modernity. London: Sage.
4. Audley, P. (1983). Canada’s Cultural Industries: Broadcasting, Publishing, Records and
Film. Toronto, Canada: James Lorimer and the Canadian Institute for Economic
Policy. In Casas Pérez, M. (2005) Cultural Identity: Between Reality and Fiction: A
Transformation of Genre and Roles in Mexican Telenovelas. Television & New Media,
6 (4), 407-414.
5. Baraldi, C. (2006) New Forms of Intercultural Communication in a Globalized World.
International Communication Gazette, 2 (68): 53-69.
6. Beltran, L. R. (1978) "TV Etchings in the Minds of Latin Americans: Conservatism,
Materialism. and Conformism." International Communication Gazette, 24(1): 61-85.
7. Bielby, D. D. and C. L. Harrington (2005) "Opening America?: The Telenovelization
of U.S. Soap Operas." Television & New Media, 6(4): 383-399.
8. Biltereyst, D. (1992). Language and Culture as Ultimate Barriers? An Analysis of the
Circulation, Consumption and Popularity of Fiction in Small European Countries.
European Journal of Communication, 7(4): 517-540.
9. Biltereyst, D. and P. Meers (2000) "The international telenovela debate and the contra-
flow argument: a reappraisal." Media, Culture & Society, 22(4): 393-413.
10. Blackwell, R, Miniard, P; Engels, J. (2006). Consumer behavior. Thompson, South
Western, Ohio.
11. Bloor, M; Frankland, J; Thomas, M; Robson, K. (2001) Focus groups in social research.
Introducing qualitative method series. Sage publications, London.
12. Boyd-Barrett, O. (1978). Studies on the Press. H.M.S.O.
13. Burch, E. (2002). Media literacy, cultural proximity and TV aesthetics: why Indian soap
operas work in Nepal and the Hindu diaspora. Media, Culture & Society, 24(4): 571-
579.
14. Brasch, J, (1973) Trade Credit and Personalismo in Latin America. Journal of
International Business Studies, 4, (1): 31-41. Palgrave Macmillan Journals.
15. Bryson, B. (1996). Anything but Heavy Metal: Symbolic Exclusion and Musical
Dislikes. American Journal of Sociology, 102(3): 884–99.
16. Casas Pérez, M. (2005) Cultural Identity: Between Reality and Fiction: A Transformation
of Genre and Roles in Mexican Telenovelas. Television & New Media, 6(4):
407–414.
17. Centeno, M. A. (1957). Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America.
University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
18. Chalaby, J. K. (2006). "American Cultural Primacy in a New Media Order: A European
Perspective." International Communication Gazette 68(1): 33-51.
19. Chernatony, L. Macdonald, M. (1998). Creating Powerful Brands in consumer, services
and industrial markets. Butterworth-Heinemann; Second edition. London.
20. Clifford, R. (2005). Engaging the Audience: The Social Imaginary of the Novela. Television & New Media, 6(4): 360-369.
21. Dupagne, M., Waterman, D. (1998) Determinants of US TV fiction imports in Western
Europe. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42(2): 208-221
22. Estrada, L.P. and Hopen, D. (1968). The cultural value of film and television in Latin
America. Paris, UNESCO. In Beltran, L. R. (1978). TV Etchings in the Minds of Latin
Americans: Conservatism, Materialism and Conformism. International Communication Gazette, 24(1): 61-85.
23. Fejes, F. (1981) .Media Imperialism: An Assessment. Media, Culture & Society, 3(3): 281-289.
24. Gomez, M, J. (1994). Latinos/Latinas at Work: Cultural Considerations. The Public
manager, 23 (3): 36-39.
25. Guba, E. (1978). Toward a methodology of naturalistic inquiry in Educational
Evaluation. In Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.
Third edition. Sage, London.
26. Hofstede, G. (1980).Culture`s Consequences, International Differences in Work-Related
Values (Cross Cultural Research and Methodology). Sage, London.
27. Hoskins, C., McFadyen, S. & Finn, A. (1997). Global television and film. An introduction
to the economics of the business. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
28. Kras, E. (1994). Modernizing Mexican management style with insights for U.S.
companies working in Mexico. Editts Publishing, New Mexico.
29. Krueger, R. (1988). Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research. Sage, London
30. Krueger, R. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Second edition.
Sage, London.
31. Ksiazek, T.; Webster, J. (2008). Cultural proximity and audience behavior: the role of
language in patterns of polarization and multicultural fluency. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(3): 485–503.
32. La Pastina, A. C. and J. D. Straubhaar (2005). Multiple Proximities between Television
Genres and Audiences: The Schism between Telenovelas` Global Distribution and
Local Consumption. Gazette, 67(3): 271-288.
33. Lull, J. (1995). Media, Communications, Culture: A Global Approach. Cambridge, U.K.:
Polity Press.
34. Lopez-Pumarejo, T. (2007) "Telenovelas and the Israeli Television Market." Television &
New Media, 8(3): 197-212.
35. Marsh, A. A., Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2007). Separated by a common language.
Nonverbal accents and cultural stereotypes about Americans and Australians. Journal
of Cross Cultural Psychology, 38(3): 284-301.
36. Mancan, E. G. and A. C. La Patina (1994). Telenovela Audiences: A Review and
Methodological Critique of Latin America Research. Communication Research, 21(6):
828-849.
37. Mato, D. (2005). The Transnationalization of the Telenovela Industry, Territorial
References, and the Production of Markets and Representations of Transnational
Identities. Television New Media, 6(4): 423-444.
38. McSweeney, B (2002) “Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and their
Consequences: A Triumph of Faith - a Failure of Analysis”. Human Relations, 55; 89-
118.
39. Morley, D. (1989) Changing Paradigms in Audience Studies. In E. Setter, et. al. (1994)
Remote Control: Television, Audiences, and Cultural Power, 16-43. London
Routledge.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Third edition. Sage,
London.
40. Peterson, R.A. and Simkus, A (1992). How Musical Tastes Mark Occupational Status
Groups. In Warde, A., D. Wright, et al. (2007). Understanding Cultural
Omnivorousness: or, the Myth of the Cultural Omnivore. Cultural Sociology, 1(2):
143-164.
41. Porto, M. P. (2008). Telenovelas and National Identity in Brazil. Paper presented to the
IX International Congress of the Brazilian Studies Association (BRASA), New
Orleans, March 27-29.
42. Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Sage, London.
43. Ryerson, W. (1994). Population Communications International: its Role in Family
Planning Soap Operas. Population and Environment, 15 (6): 255–264.
44. Salinas, R. and L. Paldán (1974). Culture in the Process of Dependent Development:
Theoretical Perspectives, pp. 82-98. In Chalaby, J. K. (2006). American Cultural
Primacy in a New Media Order: A European Perspective. International Comunicación
Gazette, 68(1): 33-51.
45. Scott, A. J. (2004). The Other Hollywood: the Organizational and Geographic Bases of
Television-Program Production. Media, Culture & Society, 26(2): 183-205.
46. Schweiger, W. & Brosius, H.-B. (under review). Eurovision Song Contest. In Trepte, S.
(2003), The Intercultural Perspective: Cultural proximity as a key factor of television success.
47. Silverstone, R. (1994) Television and Everyday Life. London: Routledge. In Clifford, R.
(2005). Engaging the Audience: The Social Imaginary of the Novela. Television &
New Media 6(4): 360-369.
48. Sinclair, J. (1996). Mexico, Brazil, and the Latin World. In J. Sinclair, E. Jacka and S.
Cunningham (eds). New Patterns in Global Television: Peripheral Vision. New York,
Oxford University Press.
49. Sinclair, J. (2000) Geolinguistic Region as Global Space: The Case of Latin America. 19-
32. In Wang, G; Servaes, J. and Goonasekera, A. The New Communications
Landscape. London: Routledge.
50. Singh, J, P. (2007) Culture or Commerce? A Comparative Assessment of International
Interactions and Developing Countries at UNESCO, WTO, and Beyond. Georgetown
University International Studies Perspectives.
51. Singhal, A. and Svenkerud P.J. (1994) Pro-Socially Shareable Entertainment Television
Programs: A Programming Alternative in Developing Countries. Journal of
Development & Communication, 5(2): 17–30.
52. Smith, A. (1992). Is there a Global Culture? InterMedia, 20(4–5); 11–12.
53. Slade, C. Beckenham, A. (2005) Introduction: Telenovelas and Soap Operas: Negotiating
Reality. Television & New Media, 6; pp. 337-341.
54. Sora P. (2005) The Impact of Media Use and Cultural Exposure on the Mutual Perception
of Koreans and Japanese. Asian Journal of Communication, 15(2); 173-187
55. Stewart, D. and Shamdasani, P. (1990) Focus groups, theory and practice. Applied social
research and method series (20). Sage publications.
56. Straubhaar, J. D. (1984) "Brazilian television: The Decline of American Influence."
Communication Research, 11(2): 221-240.
57. Straubhaar, J. D. (1991) Beyond Media Imperialism: Assymetrical Interdependence and
cultural proximity. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8, 39-59.
58. Straubhaar, J., Fuentes, M., Giraud, C.& Campbell, C. (2002). Refocusing form global to
regional homogenization of television: Production and programming in the Latino U.S.
Market, Mexico and Venezuela. Paper presented at the International Communication
Association Annual Conference in Seoul, South Korea.
59. Straubhaar, J., Fuentes, M Abram, McCormick and Campbell (2003). National and
Regional TV Markets and TV Program Flows’. Paper presented at conference of the
International and Development Communication division, International Communication
Association, San Diego.
60. Taylor, E. (1913). Primitive Culture, Murray, London. In Usunier, J. C. (1996).
International Marketing: a cultural approach. (p.41). Prentice Hall International.
London.
61. Tomlinson, John. 1999. Globalization and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
In Waisbord, S. (2004). "McTV: Understanding the Global Popularity of Television
Formats." Television & New Media, 5(4): 359-383.
62. Trepte, S. (2003). The Intercultural Perspective: Cultural proximity as a key factor of
television success. Paper presented at ICA conference, San Diego, USA June 23rd –
27th, 2003. Panel Title: Predicting the Success of TV Programs, an Interdisciplinary
Approach.
63. Trumpbour, J. (2002). Selling Hollywood to the World: US and European Struggles for
Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
64. Tunstall, J. (1997). The Media were American. New York: Columbia University Press.
65. Tussu, T. D. (2007). International Communication: Continuity and Change. Hodder
Arnold Publications.
66. Usunier, J. C. (1996). International Marketing: a cultural approach. Prentice Hall
International. London.
67. Waisbord, S. (2004). McTV: Understanding the Global Popularity of Television Formats.
Television & New Media, 5(4); 359-383.
68. Warde, A., D. Wright, et al. (2007). Understanding Cultural Omnivorousness: or, the
Myth of the Cultural Omnivore. Cultural Sociology 1(2); 143-164.
69. Wardrope. W. (2005). Beyond Hofstede Cultural application for communications with
Latin American business. Proceeding of the 2005 Association for Business
Communication Annual Convention. (1-9).
70. Williamson, D. (2002). Forward from a Critique of Hofstede’s Model of National Culture.
Human Relations, 55; 1373-1395
71. World Trade in Television formats. (2005) Screen Digest, April Issue. Pp. 100-101.
72. Yong Jin, D. (2007). Reinterpretation of cultural imperialism: emerging domestic market
vs. continuing US dominance. Media, Culture & Society, 29(5); 753-771.
7. 2 Online references in English Language
73. Argentina’s demographic data from CIA archives. Retrieved from
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ar.html
74. Brown, Gordon (2008). The special relationship is going global. (2009, March 1). Times
UK online. Retrieved from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article5821821.ece
75. Eastern European Buyers Believe in Argentinean Telenovelas. Interview to Silvana
D`Angelo, head of International Sales & Marketing Dori Media Distribution Argentina
published in Miracle Screenings: Eastern European Issue. June 2007. No.18.
Retrieved from: http://www.miraclescreenings.com/18/nov07.html
76. Felbermayr, G.J. and Toubal, F. (2007). Cultural Proximity and Trade. Retrieved from
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1133987
77. From Canned Shows to Scripted Formats, published in Miracle Screenings: Eastern
Europe Issue. June 2007,18. Retrieved from
http://www.miraclescreenings.com/18/nov04.htm
78. Cultural dimensions in Latin America. Retrieved from
http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_argentina.html
79. Hosftede’s Cultural dimensions. Retrieved from
http://www.geert- hofstede.com/index.shtml
80. Getino, O. (2004). Paper presented at the section "Observatories of Cultural Policies:
Local and Regional Experiences` of the II International Meeting about Cultural
Diversity, Buenos Aires. Retrieved from
http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/cultura/observatorio/index.php?menu_id=6933
81. Johnson, R (2004). Why Spanish Accents Can Be So Different: Accents speak to variety
of Hispanic world. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmaccents1.html
82. Kapner, S. US shows losing potency around the world. (2003, January 2nd). The New
York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/02/world/us-tv-shows-losing-potency-around-world.html
83. La Lola. Dori Media International. Retrieved from:
http://www.dorimedia.com/content.asp?page=Lalola
84. Lunfardo. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/33657/Argentina/214343/Language-and-religion#ref=ref408014
85. Newbery, C. (2008). Argentina: Fiction exports expanded. Variety magazine online.
Retrieved from http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117983322.html?categoryid=2513&cs=1
86. Straubhaar, J. Brazil. Museum of Broadcast communication webpage. Retrieved from
http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/B/htmlB/brazil/brazil.htm
87. Straubhaar J. Discussion conducted online on the state of broadcasting in Latin America
(2000, Feb. 16). Virtual Symposium, (4). Retrieved from http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring00/Symposium/symposium.html
88. Telenovelas… from Eastern Europe or Latin America? TV Mas telenovelas (September
30, 2004). Retrieved from http://www.tvmasnovela.tv/onlytelenovelas/paginas/6_1_TelenovelaEasternEurop.php
89. The Americanization of the European Telenovelas Boom. Miracle Screenings. Eastern
European Issue. June 2007, (18). Retrieved from
http://www.miraclescreenings.com/18/nov01.htm
90. The Market. In Dori Media’s webpage. Retrieved from
www.dorimedia.com/content.asp?page=themarket
7.3 References in Spanish Language
91. Almandoz, A. (2006). Urbanismo Europeo en Caracas (1870-1940), .43. Equinoccio,
Caracas. [Almandoz, A. (2006). European urbanism in Caracas (1870-1940), 43.
Equinox, Caracas].
92. Landau, E. (2006). Montecristo, la historia negra argentina hecha telenovela. Revista
Latinoamericana de Comunicación Chasqui. Centro Internacional de Estudios
Superiores de Comunicación para América Latina, (96); 56-61. Quito, Ecuador.
[Montecristo, the dark history of Argentina became a telenovela. Latin American
Magazine of Communication Chasqui. International Center for Studies in
Communication for Latin America (96), 56-61. Quito, Ecuador].
93. Mato, D. (1999) Telenovelas: Transnacionalización de la Industria y Transformaciones
del Género. En Las Industrias Culturales en la Integración Latinoamericana, editado
por Néstor García Canclini and Carlos Juan Moneta, 245–83. Cuidad de Méjico.
[Telenovelas: transnationalization of the Industry and Transformation of Gender. In
The Cultural Industries in Latin American Integration, edited by Néstor García Canclini
and Carlos Juan Moneta, 245-283. Mexico City).
94. Mazziotti, N., Borda, L.; Heidenhain, C. Weiss, M. L. (2001). Tendencias en la
circulación de programas televisivos en el Mercosur. Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Instituto de Investigación Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Revista
FAMECOS, (14); 36-45. Porto Alegre. [Trends in the flow of television programs in
the Mercosur. University of Buenos Aires; Gino Germani Research Institute, Faculty
of Social Sciences. FAMECOS Magazine, (14); 36-45, Porto Alegre].
95. Mazzioti, N. (1996). La industria de la telenovela. La producción de ficción en América
Latina. Paidós, Buenos Aires. [The soap opera industry. The production of fiction in
Latin America. Paidós Buenos Aires,].
96. Mazzioti, N. (1996). La telenovela transnacional y las coproducciones. Estudios sobre las
culturas contemporáneas (6); 309-317. Universidad de Colima, Méjico. [The
transnational soap and the co-productions. Studies on contemporary cultures (6); 309-
317). University of Colima, Mexico.
97. Oropesa, M (2005) Después de la transnacionalización: la industria latinoamericana de
las telenovelas y el caso argentino. Revista de los Alumnos de Maestría en Análisis del
Discurso. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad de Buenos Aires, No1.
98. Oropeza, M (2005). Después de Transnationaliation: la industria de las telenovelas en
América Latina y el caso argentino. Revista de Antiguos Alumnos de la Maestría en
Análisis del Discurso, (1). Universidad de Buenos Aires. [After Transnationaliation: the
Telenovelas industry in Latin America and the Argentinean case. Magazine of the
Alumni of the Master in Discourse Analysis (1). University of Buenos Aires].
99. Sánchez, G. Rozemberg, R, Butler, I. Ruffo, H (2007). La aparición de nuevas
actividades de exportación con éxito en América Latina. IERAL Fundación
Mediterránea. [The Emergence of New Successful Export Activities in Latin America.
IERAL Mediterranean Foundation].
100. Sarmiento, D.F. (1845). Facundo. In Almandoz, A. (2006). Urbanismo Europeo en
Caracas (1870-1940), 43. Equinoccio, Caracas. [1. Sarmiento, DF (1845). Facundo.
In Almandoz, A. (2006). European urbanism in Caracas (1870-1940), p.43. Equinox,
Caracas].
101. Sorosa, R. (2001) Europa del Este: adicción a la telenovela latinoamericana. Centro
Internacional de Estudios Superiores de Comunicación para Latinoamérica. Revista
Latinoamericana de Comunicación Chasqui (74). Quito, Ecuador. [Eastern Europe:
Addiction to the Latin America soap opera. International Center for Studies in
Communication for Latin America. Latin American Magazine of Communication
Chasqui (74). Quito, Ecuador).
102. Ulanovsky, C., Itkin, S. y Sirvén, P. (1999). Estamos en el aire. Una historia de la
televisión argentina. Planeta, Buenos Aires. [On the air. A history of Argentinean
Television. Planet, Buenos Aires].
103. Villalpando, W (2006) La discriminación en Argentina. Diagnósticos y propuestas.
Eudeba, Buenos Aires. [Discrimination in Argentina. Diagnosis and proposals.
Eudeba, Buenos Aires].
9.4 Online references in Spanish
104. Cayon, D. (2009). Sebastian Ortega vende el 40% de su empresa a Endemol. El
Cronista [Sebastian Ortega sales 40% of his company to Endemol. El Cronista].
Retrieved from
http://www.cronista.com/notas/169233-sebastian-ortega-vendio-el-40por-ciento-su-
productora-endemol
105. Macellari, M. (2007). Los ganadores del Rating 2007. El Fútbol y la teleserie “Alguien
te mira” entre los triunfadores. (Martes 4 de diciembre de 2007). El Mercurio de
Valparaiso [The winners of the ratings in 2007. Football and the series “Someboyd is
watching you” among the victors. (2007, December 4). The Mercury of Valparaiso].
Retrieved from http://www.mercuriovalpo.cl/prontus4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.mercuriovalpo.cl/prontus4_noticias/site/artic/20071204/pags/20071204000353.html
106. Márquez, H. (2009). Colombia-Venezuela: el conflicto más agudo de este siglo. (19 de
abril de 2009). IPS noticias. [Colombia-Venezuela: the biggest conflict in one
century. (2009, April 19). IPS news]. Retrieved from
http://ipsnoticias.net/nota.asp?idnews=86708
107. Niebieskikwiat, N. (2006) Hielos continentals: Reclamo de Chile por los mapas
argentinos. (29 de agosto de 2009). Clarin. [Continental Ices: Chile claims due to
Argentinean maps. (2009, August 29). Clarin]. Retrieved from
http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/29/elpais/p-01201.htm
108. La comunidad boliviana denuncia discriminación. (10 de marzo de 2009). Clarin. [The
Bolivian community denounces discrimination. (2009, March 10) Clarin]. Retrieved
from http://www.clarin.com/diario/2009/03/10/um/m-01874395.htm
109. El conflicto entre Bolivia y Chile. (10 de enero de 2004). Clarin. [The conflict between
Bolivia and Chile. (2004, January 10th). Clarin]. Retrieved from
www.clarin.com/diario/2004/01/20/o-02601.htm
110. Observatorio del Fútbol Argentino. Instituto Nacional Contra la Xenofobia y el
Racismo (INADI). Observatory of Argentinean football. National Institute against
Xenophobia and Racism. (INADI)]. Retreieved from
http://www.inadi.gov.ar/inadiweb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=822&Itemid=-1
111. Pibes fueguinos pensaban ser chilenos. (24 de abril de 2009). Critica Digital.
[Argentinean kids from Tierra del Fuego thought they were Chileans. (2009, April
24). Critica Digital]. Retrieved from
http://www.criticadigital.com.ar/index.php?secc=nota&nid=22240)
112. Sos mi vida. Dori Media International. [You are the one. Dori Media International].
Retrieved from http://www.dorimedia.com/content.asp?page=sosmivida
113. Zucchi, M. (2008). La TV Argentina en los ojos del mundo. (12 de septiembre de 2008).
Clarin. [The Argentinean TV in the eyes of the world. (2008, September 12). Clarin].
Retrieved from http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/09/14/um/m-01759085.htm |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學程(IMICS)
96461014
97 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096461014 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
