Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/37240
|
| Title: | 論代間正義：一個羅爾斯式的觀點
On Intergenerational Justice: A Rawlsian Perspective |
| Authors: | 楊士奇
Yang, Shi-Chi |
| Contributors: | 何信全
楊士奇
Yang, Shi-Chi |
| Keywords: | 代間正義
後代
未來世代
後代人格不同一問題
羅爾斯
社會契約論
原初位置
正義的儲蓄原則
相互性
INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE
POSTERITY
FUTURE PEOPLE
THE NON IDENTITY PROBLEM
JOHN RAWLS
SOCIAL CONTRACTARIANISM
ORIGINAL POSITION
JUST SAVINGS PRINCIPLE
RECIPROCITY |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-19 12:48:00 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本論文題旨為：「論代間正義：一個羅爾斯式的觀點」。代間正義是晚近三十年來新興且益愈受到重視的倫理學議題之一，其主要關切的核心問題，乃在於追問「當代之於後代所應擔負的責任」。本文透過當代政治哲學與倫理學家羅爾斯（John Rawls）有關社會正義理論的設計與主張，分兩部分處理此問題。
<br>第一部份所處理的問題為由帕菲特（Derek Parfit）所深化之「後代人格不同一問題」（The Non-Identity Problem），旨在探究「代間正義是否可能」。帕菲特指出，前代不同的行為選擇，將造成不同後代的存在，而這使得現存既有之各種權利與責任相對應的理論，無法合理地適用於代間關係。帕菲特主張，可以採取「忽略特定人格的比較（品質）原則」以解決此後代人格不同一問題。然而，帕菲特此舉卻陷入「不特定人格的後代無法追究前代之行為責任」的理論困境。本文主張，透過羅爾斯原初位置（original position）的理論設計啟發，即便在代間存在著「前代不同的行為選擇，將造成不同後代的存在」的後代人格不同一疑慮，當代仍可採納原初位置的理論啟示，區分人的屬性（properties）與獨特性（particular）的差異，在後代存有人格不同一問題（獨特性）的情形下，針對「屬性」而確立追問當代之於後代所應擔負責任之正當性。<br>第二部分主要處理羅爾斯有關代間正義觀點的內部論證問題，並進一步藉此說明「代間正義如何可能」。羅爾斯以「正義的儲蓄原則」（just savings principle）說明代間的分配正義問題，並《正義論》（A Theory of Justice）中將它納入正義二原則之中，成為建構社會基本體制的基本原則之一。然而，羅爾斯早期解釋與證成儲蓄原則的相關理據如動機假定（motivation assumption）與家族模式等，卻可能與其他理論假定如締約者的理性等相衝突、衍生解釋融貫上的困難，而遭到眾多學者們的質疑。羅爾斯在一九九三年的《政治自由主義》（Political Liberalism）中對此做出回應，並將關切下一代的動機假定，修正為「要求前代也承諾遵守他們所遵守的儲蓄原則，無論向前或向後追溯多遠」。除此之外，羅爾斯於《正義論》以外的其他著作，在提及正義二原則時，皆不再表述「正義的儲蓄原則」。本文認為羅爾斯後期所提出的證立主張，不僅整合了代內分配正義（差異原則）與代間分配正義（儲蓄原則）的論證理據（小中取大規則的應用），更與其主張「社會作為一世代相繼之公平的合作體系」時所標舉之「相互性理念」（the idea of reciprocity）的核心概念相符應。本文認為，在論證理據得到順利整合的前提下，羅爾斯仍可在後期表述正義二原則時，將「正義的儲蓄原則」放回其中，並可據此呼應當代永續發展理念「既滿足當代人的需求，又不對後代人滿足其需求的能力造成危害」的核心主張。
The topic “Intergenerational Justice” is one of the newest but getting more important ethics problems to contemporaries. One of the key points of this issue is how to make sense of our obligations to the posterity (include future people) if possible. In this dissertation, I intend to clarify this problem by Rawls’s theory of justice into two parts.<br>The first part is “The Non-Identity Problem” held by Derek Parfit. This problem shows that “in the different outcomes, different people would be born”, and it seems inactive the traditional theories of rights. Parfit suggests that we can through it by the priinciple Q: “if in either of two outcomes the same number of people would ever live, it would be bad if those who live are worse off, or have a lower quality of life, than those who would have lived.” But this principle makes new difficulties about this problem. According Reiman, I argue that we can adjust this non-identity problem by the theory hypothesis “Original Position” of Rawls’s theory of justice, and that there are obligations from contemporaries to the future people.<br>The second part is about the arguments of Rawls’s theory of justice between generations. According to early Rawls in 1971, the theory of justice between generations represented by the “just savings principle” and was one part of the Two Principles of Justice in A Theory of Justice. But there are some argument troubles about the assumptions that makes the theory of justice between generations difficultly, especially on the “motivation assumption” and the family mode and so on. In 1993, Rawls changed his arguments about the theory of justice between generations, but he also take off the just savings principle from the Two Principles of Justice in other books or articles besides A Theory of Justice. I argue that latter arguments seem more reasonable to the theory of justice between generations, and they also makes the whole theory of social justice comprehensive. Then I argue that Rawls can still presents the just savings principle when he says about the Two Principles of Justice. |
| Reference: | 中文部分
1. 專書與譯作
王勤田：《生態文化》。台北：揚智，1997年。
江宜樺：《自由民主的理路》。台北：聯經，2001年。
何懷宏編：《生態倫理－精神資源與哲學基礎》。保定：河北大學出版社，2002年。
何懷宏：《公平的正義－解讀羅爾斯《正義論》》。濟南：山東大學出版社，2002年。
莊慶信：《中西環境哲學－一個整合的進路》。台北：五南，2002年。
葉俊榮：《全球環境議題－台灣觀點》。台北：巨流，1999年。
錢永祥：《縱欲與虛無之上》。台北：聯經，2001年。
John Rawls 著，李少軍等譯：《正義論》。台北：桂冠，2003年。
John Rawls 著，萬俊人譯：《政治自由主義》。南京：譯林，2000年。
John Rawls 著，姚大志譯：《作為公平的正義：正義新論》。台北：左岸，2002年。
John Rawls 著，李國維等譯：《萬民法》。台北：聯經，2005年。
Hawken, Paul., Lovins, Amory., Lovins, L. Hunter著，吳信如譯：《綠色資本主義：創造經濟雙贏的策略》。台北：天下，2002年。
Sen, Amartya著，劉楚俊譯：《經濟發展與自由》。台北：先覺，2001年。
Sen, Amartya著，劉楚俊譯：《倫理與經濟》。台北：聯經，2000年。
Wallerstein, Immanuel著，彭懷棟譯：《自由主義之後》。台北：聯經，2001年。
世界環境與發展委員會著，王之佳等譯：《我們共同的未來》。台北：台灣地球日，1992年。
Porter, Michael E. 著，蕭羨一譯：《企業與環境》。台北：天下遠見，2001年。
Hawken, Paul., Lovins, Amory and L. Hunter著，吳信如譯：《綠色資本主義》。台北：天下，2002年。
Sandler, Todd著，葉家興譯：《經濟學與社會的對話》。台北：先覺，2003年。
Carson, Rachel著，李文昭譯：《寂靜的春天》。台中：晨星，1996年。
2. 論文
何信全：〈儒家政治哲學的前景：從當代自由主義與社群主義論爭脈絡的考察〉，黃俊傑(編)，《傳統中華文化與現代價值的激盪與調融(一)》。台北：喜瑪拉雅研究發展基金，2002年，頁207-228。
───：〈多元社會交疊共識如何可能？─羅爾斯對社會整合之證成〉，《國立政治大學哲學學報》第五期，1999年，頁123-142。
施俊吉：〈論羅爾斯的差異原則〉，收錄於戴華、鄭曉時編：《正義及其相關問題》。台北：中央研究院，1991年，頁305-16。
張福建：〈羅爾斯的差異原則及其容許不平等的可能程度〉，收錄於戴華、鄭曉時編：《正義及其相關問題》。台北：中央研究院，1991年，頁281-304。
戴 華：〈個人與社會正義：探討羅爾斯正義理論中的「道德人」〉，收錄於戴華、鄭曉時編：《正義及其相關問題》。台北：中央研究院，1991年，頁257-80。
───：《羅爾斯論「對錯的優先性」》，《人文及社會科學集刊》第二卷第一期（78/11），頁57-83。
───：〈羅爾斯論康德「定言令式程序」〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，巨流出版社，2004年，第9期 ，頁79-112。
───：〈「永續發展」的規範意涵〉，《台灣經濟預測與政策》，中央研究院經濟研究所出版，1993年，第24期，頁63-87。
───：〈洛克的人格同一理論〉，收錄於戴華、錢永祥主編，《國科會八十二～八十五年度哲學學門專題計畫研究成果發表會論文集》。台北：中研院人文社會科學研究所，1999年，頁109-34。
───：〈帕菲特論「人格不同一」情況下的生育選擇〉，發表於國科會人文學中心：「批判與反思」研讀會，第六場，2007年6月。
謝世民：〈合理契約論與分配正義〉，《歐美研究》季刊，第二十九卷，第四期，49-80，1999年。
───：〈後啟蒙的哲學計畫：羅爾斯的政治自由主義〉，《二十一世紀》第75期，2003年。
───：〈羅爾斯與社會正義的場域〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，巨流出版社，2004年，第9期 ，頁1-38。
英文部分
1. Books:
Attfield, Robin. The Ethics of Environmental Concern. New York : Columbia University Press, 1983.
Baron, Arcia W., Pettit, Philip.,& Slote, Michael. Three Methods of Ethics: A Debate. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997.
Barry, Brian. Theories of Justice. University of California Press, 1989.
Beckerman, Wilfred & Pasek, Joamma. Justice, Posterity, and the Environment. N.Y.: Oxford University, Press, 2001.
Berry, Thomas, CP. The Dream of the Earth. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988.
Blocker, H. Gene (ed.). John Rawls’ Theory of Social Justice: An Introduction. Ohio University Press, 1980.
Care, Norman. On Sharing Fate. Temple University Press, 1987.
Cohen, G. A. Self-ownership, Freedom, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1995.
Cooper, David E. & Palmer, Joy A.(eds.). The Environment in Question: Ethics and Global Issues. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Daly, Herman E. & K. N. Townsend(eds.). Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1993.
Daniels, Norman (ed.). Reading Rawls. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989.
Dobson, Andrew (ed.). Fairness and Futurity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
───. Justice and the Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Dworkin, Ronald. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1978.
Elliot, Robert(ed). Environmental Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Frankena, William. (1973). Ethics, 2nd. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall.
Gauthier, David. Morality by Agreement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Goodpaster, K. E. & Sayre, K. M. (ed.). Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press, 1979.
Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Hohfeld, Wesley. Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning. Union, N.J. : Lawbook Exchange, 2000.
Johnson, Lawrence E. Amorally Deep World: An Essay in Moral Considerability and Environmental Ethics. N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. and ed. by Gregor, Mary. N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Government. Oxford: Blackwell, 1976.
McCormick, John. The Global Environmental Movement. John Wiley &Sons Press, 1995.
Mulgan, Tim. Future People: A Moderate Consequentialist Account of our Obligations to Future Generaitons. Clarendon Press, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Narveson, Jan & Dimock, Susan Whitney. Liberalism : New Essays on Liberal Themes. Kluwer Academic Publishers: 2001.
Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. N. Y. : Basic Books, 1974.
Olen, Jeffrey & Barry, Vincent. Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings, 4th. Belmont, California: Wadworth, 1992.
Parfit, Derek. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
Pogge, Thomas. Realizing Rawls. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
───.(ed.). Global Justice. Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Purvis, Martin & Grainger, Alan (ed.). Exploring Sustainable Development: Geographical Perspectives. London: Earthscan Publications, 2004.
Ramsay, Maureen. What`s Wrong with Liberalism? : A Radical critique of Liberal Political Philosophy. Leicester University Press: 1997.
Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971；revised edition, 1999.
───. Political Liberalism. N. Y.: Columbia University Press, 2005.
───. The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.
───. Collected Papers. Freeman, Samuel (ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.
───. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Richardson, Henry S. (ed.). Development and Main Outlines of Rawls’s Theory of Justice. Garland Publishing, Inc., 1999.
Roemer, J. E. Theories of Distributive Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Sandel, Michael, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. N. Y. : Cambridge University Press, 1998.
de-Shalit, Avner. Why Posterity Matters – Environmental Policies and Future Generations. N. Y.: Routledge, 1995.
Singer, Peter. A Companion to Ethics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
Gray, John. Two Faces of Liberalism. Cambridge, U.K. : Polity Press 2000.
Sandel, Michael J. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Visser’t Hooft, Hendrik. Justice to Future Generations and the Environment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
Watkins, Frederick. The Political Tradition of Liberalism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967.
The World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Buchanan, Allen., Brock, Dan., Daniels, Norman. and Wikler, Daniel. From Chance to Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
2. Articles:
Adams, Robert. “Existence, Self-Interest, and the Problem of Evil,” Noûs 13 (1979): 53-65.
Arrow, Kenneth J. “Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawls’s Theory of Justice,” Journal of Philosophy 70 (1973): 245-63.
Baier,Annette “The Rights of Past and Future Persons,” in Ernest Partridge(ed.), Responsibilities To Future Generations. N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981.
Barry, Brian. “Justice Between Generations,” in P.M.S Hacker & J. Raz (eds.), Law, Morality, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
───. “Rawls on Average and Total Utility: A Comment”, in Philosophical Studies (Minneapolis), 31: 5 (1977: May), pp.317-325.
───. “Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice,” in Environmental Philosophy, Vol. 4, edited by J. Baird Callicott & Clare Palmer. N. Y.: Routledge, 2005, pp. 105-23.
Bayles, Michael. “Harm to the Unconceived,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 5 (1976): 292-304.
Beckerman, Wilfred. “The Impossibility of a Theory of Intergenerational Justice,” in Joerg Chet Trammel(ed.), Handbook of Intergeneratioanl Justice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006.
Boucher, David. & Kelly, Paul. “The Social Contract and Its Critics,” in David Boucher & Paul Kelly (eds.). The Social Contract from Hobbes to Rawls. London; New York : Routledge, 1994.
English, Jane. “Justice between Generations,” in John Rawls─Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosopers, Volume II: Principles of Justice I. N.Y.: Routledge, 2003. (Source: Philosophical Studies 31:91-104)
Feinberg, Joel. “ The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations,” in Ernest Partridge(ed.), Responsibilities to Future Generations. N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981.
George S. Kavka, “Rawls on Average and Total Utility,” Philosophical Studies (Minneapolis), 27:4 (175: Apr), pp.237-253;
George, Richard. “The Environment, Rights, and Future Generations,” in Ernest Partridge(ed.), Responsibilities To Future Generations. N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981.
Gosseries, Axel. “Intergenerational Justice,” in Hugh LaFollette(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Harman, Elizabeth. “Can We Harm and Benefit in Creating?” in Philosophical Perspectives, 18, Ethics, 2004, pp.89-113.
Kavka, George. “The Paradox of Future Individuals,” Philosophy & Public affairs 11 (1982): 93-112.
Macklin, Ruth. “Can Future Generations Correctly Be Said to Have Rights?” in Ernest Partridge(ed.), Responsibilities To Future Generations. N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981.
Paden, Roger. “Reciprocity and Intergenerational Justice,” in Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 10, No.3, July 1996.
───. “Rawls’s Savings Principle and the Sense of Justice,” in Social Theory and Practice; 23,1; Spring 1997.
Pletcher, Galen. “The Rights to Future Generations,” in Ernest Partridge(ed.), Responsibilities To Future Generations. N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1981.
Pluhar, Evelyn B. “The Justification of An Environmental Ethics,” Environmental Ethics, 5 (1983), pp. 47-61.
Rachels, Stuart. “A Set of Solutions to Parfit’s Problem,” in Nous, 35:2(2001), pp.214-38.
Rawls, John. “Justice as Firness: Political not Metaphysical,” in Samuel Freeman (ed.), John Rawls: Collected Papers. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999.
Regan, Tom. “The Nature and Possibility of An Environmental Ethics,” Environmental Ethics, 3 (1981), pp. 19-34.
Reiman, Jeffrey. “Being Fair to Future People: The Non-Identity Problem in the Original Position,” Philosophy & Public affairs 35, no.1
Scanlon, T. M. “Rawls’ Theory of Justice”, in Norman Daniels(ed.), Reading Rawls: Critical Studies on Rawls A Theory of Justice. New York: Basic Books, 1975, pp.169-205.
Scheffler, Samuel. “Rawls and Utilitarianism,” in Samuel Freeman(ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Rawls. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 426-59.
Schwartz, Adina. “Moral Neutrality and Primary Goods,” Ethics 83 (1973): 294-307.
Sen, Amartya. “Welfare Inequalities and Rawlsian Axiomatics,” Theory and Decision 7 (1976): 243-62.
───. “Justice: Means versus Freedoms,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 19 (1990): 111-21.
Sikora, R. I. “Utilitarianism: the Classical Principle and the Average Principle,” in Canadian Journal of Pilosophy 5(1975), pp. 409-419.
Singer, Brent A. “An Extension of Rawls’ Theory of Justice to Environmental Ethics,” Environmental Ethics 10 (1988): 217-31.
Smolkin, Doran. “Toward A Rights-Based Solution to the non-Identity Problem,” in Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol.30, No.1, Spring 1999.
Surber, J. Paul. “Obligations to Future Generations: Explorations and Problemata,” in Journal of Value Inquiry, 11:2 (1977: Summer), pp.104-16.
Van Parijs, Philippe. “Social Justice and Individual Ethics,” Ratio Juris 8 (1995): 40-63.
───. “Difference Principles,” in The Cambridge Companion to Rawls, edited by Samuel Freeman, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.200-40.
Voice, Paul. “Rawls’s Difference Principle and a Problem of Sacrifice,” South African Journal of Philosophy 10(1991): 28-31.
Woodward, James. “The Non-Identity Problem,” in Ethics 96(1986), pp.809-11. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
哲學研究所
90154504
96 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0901545041 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [哲學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 54504101.pdf | | 50Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1118 | View/Open | | 54504102.pdf | | 98Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1135 | View/Open | | 54504103.pdf | | 124Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1448 | View/Open | | 54504104.pdf | | 1717Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1408 | View/Open | | 54504105.pdf | | 197Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1496 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
