政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/49921
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 109948/140897 (78%)
Visitors : 46077583      Online Users : 731
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/49921


    Title: 政策趨同?全球「電子化政府」與「電子民主參與」的發展分析
    Policy convergence?: Understanding the global development of E-government and E-participation
    Authors: 李仲彬
    Lee, Chung Pin
    Contributors: 陳敦源
    黃東益
    Chen, Don Yun
    Huang, Tong Yi
    李仲彬
    Lee, Chung Pin
    Keywords: 政策趨同
    電子化政府
    電子民主參與
    全球化
    社會科技理論
    policy convergence
    e-government
    e-participation
    globalization
    sociotechnical theory
    Date: 2009
    Issue Date: 2010-12-09 13:47:42 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在資訊化與全球化的浪潮之下，政府間的政策趨同（policy convergence）現象，在學術界或是實務界都已有頗多討論。理論上，此議題是比較公共政策的延伸，與政策學習、政策擴散等概念有密不可分的關係；實務上，更是政策過程重要的假定基礎，唯目前學界對於趨同現象的發展仍有許多爭議。本論文主要目的是以政府業務電子化發展為個案，回應資訊化與全球化將提升國家間政策趨同可能性的觀點；並進一步透過個案分析，建構影響政府電子化發展的解釋模型。研究提問首先是政府業務電子化的全球發展，是否產生同型化主義、科技決定論所預測的政策趨同現象？其次是什麼因素影響電子化政府與電子民主參與的發展？為了回答以上研究提問，本論文分析聯合國2003-2005年，以及布朗大學2003-2008年的電子化政府成效調查資料。

    研究結果顯示，即使多數文獻認為電子化已成為全球的發展趨勢，並且建構出許多發展階段模型，但資料顯示，全球電子化政府與電子民主參與發展，呈現出「國家間彼此差異擴大，只有部分國家持續往政策理想點移動」的現象。以政策趨同的概念來說，電子化發展成效沒有σ或δ型態的趨同；此外，在發展路徑上，電子化的發展類型沒有一定的規則可循，有些國家先著重線上交易互動，有些先著重電子民主參與，發展路徑多元。此外，透過2003-2005年度的定群資料分析，與2005年資料的分量迴歸分析，包含網路應用程度、全球化程度、人力資本指數、自由程度、相鄰國家發展程度、國民生產毛額..等，都與電子化成效有正向的顯著關係。網路應用程度越高電子化政府發展越好，在專制獨裁型國家的影響效果高於總統制國家；全球化程度越高電子化發展越好，尤其在剛開始發展電子化的國家中。電子化民主參與方面，自由程度是電子化民主參與能否從低階發展到進階的重要因素；網路應用程度與人力資本指數，對高度電子民主參與發展的國家而言是重要的影響因素；相鄰國家的成績越好，發展電子化的動機越強，且影響力量隨著電子化發展成效的上升而加強；最後，經濟條件所產生的影響集中在那些剛開始發展電子化的國家中。在方案的選擇上，影響國家是否優先發展電子民主參與的因素來自於內外在的需求，全球化的程度越高，「電子化政府」就越不可能被忽略，議會制是最不可能優先發展電子民主參與的政體。

    本論文基於政策趨同並未發生在電子化個案中的研究發現，主張即使在全球化的架構下，政策趨同的思維有重新界定與分析的必要。在實務上，本論文建議各國政府放棄追求一體適用的全球性架構，停止國際名次的追求，建構以地方為中心、使用者為導向的電子化措施。整體而言，本論文的貢獻為全球化與資訊化環境底下的政策發展理論，提供了新的實證資料與解釋，也對長期以來科技決定論與社會科技主義兩者平衡提供了一個穩固的基礎。
    Both e-government and e-participation have been recognized as worldwide trends. Many studies offer e-government development models that are based on intellectual speculation rather than data from empirical observation. This research argues that both e-government and e-participation are not only incorrectly dominated by technology determinism, but also misuse the global policy convergence assumption. Although the cross-national policy convergence is an established issue in comparative research, its academic popularity has not resulted in a general consensus. Whether societies become more and more alike, implement similar policies, or pursue the same policy goal is still an unanswered question. By analyzing the United Nation`s 2003-2005 e-government index and Brown University`s 2003-2008 e-government survey data, this paper aims to achieve two goals: the first is to analyze the development path of global e-government and e-participation, and to answer the question whether global e-government and e-participation performance have converged on the ideal policy point; the second is to construct e-government and e-participation performance models for different types of regimes.

    The findings show that there is no sigma convergence which means the difference of performances among countries is decreasing over time, and there is also no delta convergence which means all counties are pursing the same ideal point. Regarding the development path, only a few counties converge on (abide by) the theoretical speculation. The findings of the second research question show that the competition pressure from the neighboring countries, the degree of globalization, human capital index, freedom index, the percentage of internet users, and GDP all have positive associations with e-government and e-participation performance. It is also interesting to note that there are some important differences noticed in the different stages of the conditional distribution of e-government and e-participation. While the effect of competition pressure is not significant for all countries, the results show that it is significant for countries classified as highly developed. The freedom degree has a positive significant effect on countries that have developed higher e-participation and shows no association with countries that are less developed in the area of e-participation. The competition pressure has a higher effect on a presidential system than a parliamentary system and the degree of globalization produce higher pressure on a parliamentary system than on a presidential system. A key factor for the early development of e-participation is citizen needs, but for the further maintenance of e-participation, this factor must be coupled with the degree of societal freedom.

    In conclusion, this research argues that both e-government and e-participation development do not have a generally agreed upon global framework. Taiwan should focus on local citizens needs; give up the pursuit of the title of world leader; and rebuild the e- policy vision.
    Reference: 江明修、陳敦源、黃東益、莊國榮、蕭乃沂，2004），《運用資訊與通訊科技實現『全民參政』之規劃研究》，九十三年度財團法人資訊工業策進會委託研究報告。
    江明修、曾德宜，2003，〈資訊科技與政府轉型：社會建構的觀點〉，《研考雙月刊》，第27卷，第三期，頁78-87。
    行政院研究發展考核委員會。1997。《電子化/網路化政府中程（八十七至八十九年度）推動計畫》。http://www.rdec.gov.tw/public/Attachment/731215263971.doc, accessed 2008/1/16.
    行政院研究發展考核委員會。2001。《電子化政府推動方案（九十至九十三年度）》。http://www.rdec.gov.tw/public/Attachment/711616423771.pdf , accessed 2008/1/16.
    行政院研究發展考核委員會。2007。《優質網路政府計畫（97-100年）》。台北：研考會。Available at http://www.rdec.gov.tw/public/Data/85201431871.pdf, accessed 2009/8/5.
    行政院研究發展考核委員會。2009。《電子化政府續階計畫--優質網路政府修正規劃及推動重點》。Available at http://www.rdec.gov.tw/public/data/94201283671.pdf, accessed 2009/8/6.
    行政院經濟建設委員會。2005。《挑戰2008：國家發展重點計畫》。台北：經建會。
    何全德，2006，〈電子化政府對社會發展的影響〉，《國家菁英》，第2卷，第3期，頁97-114。
    吳定，1998，〈自政策學習觀點論政府再造之推動〉，《考銓》，第16期，頁49-61。
    李仲彬、陳敦源、黃東益、蕭乃沂，2008，〈網路投票可以提升投票率嗎？以政治大學學生會網路投票為例〉，《台灣民主季刊》，第5卷，3期，頁1-32。
    李仲彬、陳敦源、蕭乃沂、黃東益，2006，〈電子化政府在公共行政研究的定位與價值：議題連結的初探性分析〉，《東吳政治學報》，第22期，頁73-120。
    林嘉誠，2004，〈總論〉，收錄於行政院研考會主編，《電子化政府》，臺北：行政院研考會。
    孫同文，2005，〈全球化治理：政府角色與功能的轉變〉，《國家菁英季刊》，第1卷，第4期，頁1-16。
    崔灝東，2008，〈由全球化觀點探討臺灣電子化政府之發展〉，《多國籍企業管理評論》，第2卷，第1期，頁155-168。
    郭昱瑩，2006，〈以政策學習論醫院評鑑〉，收錄於余致力主編，《新世紀公共政策理論與實務》，頁 177-208 。
    陳建良，2007，〈1980年至2000年台灣擁屋家戶儲蓄行為之變遷：分量迴歸分析的新發現〉。《住宅學報》，第16卷第1期，頁57-78。
    陳恆鈞，2000，〈政策學習：21世紀的新課題〉，《法政學報》，第10期，頁91-115。
    陳恆鈞，2002，治理互賴與政策執行，台北：商鼎。
    陳敦源、李仲彬、黃東益，2007，〈應用資訊通訊科技可以改善「公眾接觸」嗎?台灣個案的分析〉，《東吳政治學報》，25期，頁51-92。
    陳敦源、胡龍騰、曾冠球，2008，《2020年台灣電子治理願景與方向：情境規劃的應用》，九十七年度行政院研考會委託研究報告。
    陳敦源、黃東益、李仲彬、林子倫、蕭乃沂，2008，〈資訊通訊科技下的審議式民主：線上與實體公民會議比較分析〉，《行政暨政策學報》，46期，頁49-106。
    彭錦鵬，2007，〈高級文官團制度之聚合趨勢〉，《歐美研究》，第37卷，第4期，頁635-679。
    項靖，2005，〈數位化政府的城鄉差距：以我國鄉鎮市公所為例〉，《公共行政學報》，第15期，頁1-48。
    黃東益，2002，〈城市外交與政策學習：台北、香港「雙城論壇」的個案探討〉，《戰略與國際研究》，第4卷，第3期，頁：102-125。
    黃東益，2004，〈全球治理下政府知識管理的新面向：府際政策學習〉，《國家政策季刊》，第3卷，第1期，頁：135-153。
    黃東益，2006，〈同心協力或同床異夢—政府內外部顧客對於電子化政府政策推動的偏好比較〉。元智大學資訊與社會學研究所「e化十年回顧研討會」。台北：台大集思會館，十月十五日。
    黃東益、陳偉華，2006，〈國際非政府組織與跨國政策學習：「國際透明組織」的個案探討〉，《中國行政》，第77期，頁：1-26。
    黃柏棋 譯（大前研一 原著），1993，無國界的世界，臺北：聯經出版社。
    黃紀，2000，〈質變數之計量分析〉，《政治學的範圍與方法》，謝復生、盛杏湲 主編，台北：五南圖書出版公司。
    黃紀，2005，〈投票穩定與變遷之分析方法：定群類別資料之馬可夫鍊模型〉，《選舉研究》，第12卷，第1期，頁：1-35。
    黃朝盟，2000，〈公共策略管理之適當模式－哈佛企業政策、策略聯盟、競爭力分析…還是其他?》，第9卷，第4期，頁1-34。
    黃朝盟，2001，《電子化政府網站設計與評估》，台北：韋伯文化事業出版社。
    黃朝盟、黃東益、朱斌妤，2008，電子治理成效調查評估與分析報告，行政院研考會委託研究計畫。
    葉宗道，2002，〈美國電子化政府發展〉，《資訊與電腦》，第266期，頁66-70。
    葉俊榮，2005，〈全球化時代的政府改造：台灣的議題與觀點〉，行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫，計畫編號：NSC 92 -2414-H-002-023。
    劉坤億，2007，〈全球在地化：政府治理角色的轉變〉，《研考雙月刊》，第31卷，第5期，頁63-73。
    蕭乃沂，2003，〈各國推動電子化政府之比較：整體資訊建設指標的觀點〉，《中國行政評論》，第13卷，第1期，頁1-28。
    蕭乃沂，2005。〈公部門資訊單位的組織設計：文獻回顧與實務分析〉，發表於成功大學政治學系《二十一世紀電子化政府之發展與未來》研討會。
    蕭乃沂、黃建國，2005，〈電子民主的行政可行性：公務人員的行為觀點〉，發表於佛光大學第五屆政治與資訊科技研討會。
    鍾京佑，2003，〈台灣非政府組織參與國際社會的觀點〉，《政治科學論叢》，第18期，頁23-52。
    6, Perri. 2004. E-Governance. New York: Palgrave.
    Abramovitz, Moses A. 1986. “Catching up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind.” Journal of Economic History 46(2): 385-406.
    Ajzen, Icek. 1985. “From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior.” In Julius Kuhl & Jürgen Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
    Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1995. “Modern, Anti Post and Neo” New Left Review 210: 63-101.
    Al-Hakim, Latif (ed.). 2007. Global E-Government: Theory, Applications and Benchmarking. IGI Publishing
    Andersen Kim Viborg and Helle Zinner Henriksen. 2005. “The First Leg of E-Government Research: Domains and Application Areas 1998-2003. International Journal of Electronic Government Research 1(4): 26-44.
    Archibugi, Daniele, Jeremy Howells and Jonathan Michie. 1999. “Innovation Systems and Policy in a Global Economy.” In Aniele Archibugi, Jeremy Howells and Jonathan Michie (eds.) Innovation Policy in a Global Economy. Cambridge: Thre Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
    Backus, Michiel. 2001. E-Governance and developing countries-introduction and examples. IICD Research Report No. 3. Available at http://www.ftpiicd.org/files/research/reports/report3.doc.
    Bala, Venkatesh and Sanjeev Goyal. 1998. “Learning from Neighbors.” The Review of Economic Studies, 65(3): 595-621.
    Banting, Keith, George Hoberg, and Richard Simeon (eds.). 1997. Degrees of Freedom: Canada and the United States in a Changing World. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
    Barber, Benjamin R. 1998. “Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Strong Democracy.” Political Science Quarterly 113(4): 573-589.
    Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. 1990. “Economic Growth and Convergence across the United States” NBER Working Paper No. W3419. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=226678.
    Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. 1992. “Convergence” Journal of Political Economy 100(21): 223-251.
    Basinger, Scott J. and Mark Hallerberg. 2004. “Remodeling the Competition for Capital: How Domestic Politics Erases the Race to the Bottom.” American Political Science Review 98(2): 261-276.
    Baum, Christopher & Andrea Di Maio. 2000. “Gartner`s four phases of e-government model”. Available at: http://old.gartner.com/public/static/hotc/00094235.html.
    Baumol, William J and Wolff, Edward N. 1988. “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Reply” American Economic Review 78(5): 1155-59.
    Baumol, William J. 1986. “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show” American Economic Review 76(5): 1072-1085.
    Bennett, Colin J. 1991. “Review Article: What Is Policy Convergence and What Cause It?” British Journal of Political Science 21(2): 215-233.
    Bennett, Colin J. 1997. “Understanding Ripple Effects: The Cross-National Adoption of Policy Instruments for Bureaucratic Accountability,” Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, 10(3): 213-233.
    Bennett, Colin J. and Michael Howlett. 1992. “The Lessons of Learning: Reconciling Theories of Policy Learning and Policy Change.” Policy Sciences 25: 275-294.
    Berry, Frances S, Chung-pin Lee and Kaiju Chang. 2008. “Understanding the Adoption, Use and Development of e-government and e-democracy by National Governments: A Global Perspective", paper prepared for 2008 Midwest Political Science Association National Conference, April 3-6, Chicago, U.S.A.
    Berry, Frances Stokes and William D. Berry. 1990. “State Lottery Adoption as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis.” American Political Science Review 84(2): 395-415.
    Berry, Frances Stokes and William D. Berry. 1999. “Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research.” In Paul A. Sabatier (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. Colorado: Westview Press.
    Berry, Frances Stokes and William D. Berry. 2007. “Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research.” In Paul A. Sabatier (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. Colorado: Westview Press.
    Berry, Frances Stokes, William D. Berry, and Stephen K. Foster. 1998. “The Determinants of Success in Implementing an Expert System in State Government.” Public administration Review 58(4): 293-305.
    Berry, William D. and Brady Baybeck. 2005. “Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition.” American Political Science Review 99(4): 505-519.
    Bimber, Bruce. 1990. “Karl Marx and the Three Faces of Technological Determinism,” Social Studies of Science 20: 331-351.
    Bishop, Patrick and Lori Anderson. 2004. “E-government to e-democracy: ‘High Tech’ solutions to ‘No Tech’ problems.” a paper prepared for the Australian Electronic Governance Conference. Centre for Public Policy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria, 14th and 15th April, 2004.
    Blau, Peter Michael and Marshall W. Meyer. 1987. Bureaucracy in Modern Society. New York: Random House.
    Boehmke, Frederick J. and Richard Witmer. 2004. “Disentangling Diffusion: The Effects of Social Learning and Economic Competition on State Policy Innovation Expansion.” Political Research Quarterly 57(1): 39-51.
    Boehmke, Frederick J. and Richard Witmer. 2004. “Disentangling Diffusion: The Effects of Social Learning and Economic Competition on State Policy Innovation Expansion.” Political Research Quarterly 57(1): 39-51
    Botcheva, Liliana and Lisa L. Martin. 2001. “Institutional Effects on State Behavior: Convergence and Divergence.” International Studies Quarterly 45: 1-26.
    Bowles, Paul. 2008. “Globalization: a Taxonomy of Theoretical Approaches.” In Henry Veltmeyer (ed), New Perspectives on Globalization and Antiglobalization. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.
    Boyer, Robert. 1994. “Convergence Hypothesis Revisited (the): Globalization but Still the Century of nations?” CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 9403, CEPREMAP. Available at http://www.cepremap.cnrs.fr/couv_orange/co9403.pdf.
    Brown, David. 2005. “Electronic government and public administration,” International Review of Administrative Sciences 71(2): 241–254.
    Brueckner, Jan K. 2000. “Welfare Reform and the Race to the Bottom: Theory and Evidence,” Southern Economic Journal 66(3): 505–525.
    Burrough, P. A. 1986. Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Busch, Per-Olof and Helge Jörgens. 2005. “The International Sources of Policy Convergence: Explaining the Spread of Environmental Policy Innovations.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 860-884.
    Carter, Lemuria. 2008. “E-government Diffusion: a Comparison of Adoption Constructs,” Transforming Government: People, Process, and Policy 2(3): 147-161.
    Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge: Polity.
    Chadwick, Andrew and Christopher May. 2003. “Interaction between States and Citizens in the Age of the Internet: “e-Government” in the United States, Britain, and the European Union.” Governance 16(2): 271-300.
    Chadwick, Andrew. 2003. “Bring E-Democracy Back In: Why It matters for Future Research on E-governance.” Social Science Computer Review 21(4): 443-455.
    Checherita, Cristina D. 2008. “Variations on Economic Convergence: The Case of the United States.” Papers in Regional Science. Published online http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00202.x.
    Chen, Y. N., H. M. Chen, W. Huang and R. K. H. Ching, 2006. “E-Government Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries: An Implementation Framework and Case Study” Journal of Global Information Management 14(1), 23-46.
    Coleman, William D. 1994. “Policy Convergence in Banking: a comparative study”, Political Studies 42: 274–92.
    Coleman, William D. 2001. “Agricultural Policy reform and Policy Convergence: an actor-centered institutionalist approach.” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis Research and Practice 3: 219-241.
    Common, Richard K. 1998. “Convergence and Transfer: a Review of the Globalization of New Public Management.” The International Journal of Public Sector Management 11(6). Available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0420110602.html, accessed 2009/2/28.
    Common, Richard. 2001. Public Management and Policy Transfer in Southeast Asia. Burlington: Ashgate.
    Coursey, David and Donald F. Norris. 2008. “Models of E-Government: Are They Correct? An Empirical Assessment” Public Administration Review 68(3): 523-536.
    Coursey, David, Kaifeng Yang, Anthony Kasserkert, and Donald Norris. 2007. “E-Gov Adoption in U.S. Local Governments: Bridging Public Management and Institutional Explanations in a Pooled Time Series Model.” Paper prepared for the 2007 Public Management Research Conference, Tucson, Arizona.
    Curtin, Gregory G. 2007. “Issues and Challenges: Global E-Government/E-participation Models, Measurement and Methodology,” available at http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN023680.pdf, accessed 2008/11/10.
    Daley, Dorothy M. and James C. Garand. 2005. “Horizontal Diffusion, Vertical Diffusion, and Internal Pressure in State Environmental Policymaking, 1989-1998.” American Politics Research 33(5): 615-644.
    Davis, Fred D. 1989. “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and User Acceptance of Information Technology.” MIS Quarterly 13(3): 318-339.
    Davis, Gerald F. and Henrich R. Greve. 1997. “Corporate Elite Networks and Governance Changes in the 1980s” American Journal of Sociology 103(1): 1-37.
    De Long, J.B. 1988. “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: Comment” American Economic Review 78(5): 1138-1154.
    DeCoster, James. 2007. Applied Linear Regression Notes set 1. Retrieved 2009/8/2 from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html.
    Dimaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48: 147-160.
    Dobbin, Frank, Beth Simmons, and Geoffrey Garrett. 2007. “The Global Diffusion of Public Polices: Social Construction, Coercion, Competition, or Learning?” Annual Review of Sociology 33: 449-472.
    Dolowitz, David P. and David Marsh. 1996. “Who Learns What from Whom: a Review of Policy Transfer Literature.” Political Studies 44: 343-357.
    Dolowitz, David P. and David Marsh. 2000. “Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy Making” Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 13(1): 5-24.
    Donaldson, Lex. 1995. American Anti-Management Theories of Organization: A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Doremus, Paul N., William W. Keller, Louis W. Pauly and Simon Reich. 1998. The Myth of the Global Corporation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
    Drezner, Daniel W. 2001. “Globalization and Policy Convergence.” International Studies Review 3(1): 53-78.
    Drezner, Daniel W. 2005. “Globalization, Harmonization, and Competition: the Different Pathways to Policy Convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 841-859.
    Dunleavy, Patrick, Helen Margetts, Simon Bastow, and Jane Tinkler. 2003. “E-Government and Policy Innovation in Seven Liberal Democracies,” paper presented at the Political Studies Association’s Annual Conference 2003. 15-17 April, Leicester University.
    Dunleavy, Patrick, Helen Margetts, Simon Bastow, Jane Tinkler and Hala Yared. 2001. “Policy Learning and Public Sector Information Technology.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association’s Annual Conference. 28 August-1 September, San Francisco.
    Evans, Mark and Jonathan Davies. 1999. “Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi-Disciplinary Perspective.” Public Administration 77(2): 361-385.
    Evans, Paul and Georgios Karras. 1996. “Do Economic Converge? Evidence from a Panel of U.S. States.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 78(3): 384-388.
    Eyob, Ephrem, 2004, “E-government: breaking the frontiers of inefficiencies in the public sector,” Electronic Government 1(1): 107-114.
    Farazmand, Ali.1996. “Development and Comparative Public Administration: Past, Present, and Future.” Public Administration Quarterly 20(3): 343-364.
    Fishbein, Martin & Icek Ajzen. 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: an Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading. Mass: Addison-Wesley Publication.
    Flak, Leif Skiftenes, Maung Kyaw Sein, and Øystein Sæbø. 2007 “Towards a Cumulative Tradition in e-Government Research: Going beyond the Gs and Cs,” Proceedings of the Sixth International EGOV Conference, Regensburg, Germany, September 3–7 2007.
    Fountain, Jane E. 2001. Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
    Freed, Larry. 2008. American Customer Satisfaction Index E-Government Satisfaction Index. Available at http://www.foreseeresults.com/_downloads/acsicommentary/ACSI_EGov_Report_Q3_2008.pdf, accessed on 2009/2/28.
    Frees, Edward W. 2004. Longitudinal and Panel Data: Analysis and Applications in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Fukuyama, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
    Galor, Oded. 1996. “Convergence? Inferences from theoretical models.” Economic Journal 106: 1056–1069.
    Garson, G. David. 2006. Public Information Technology & E-Governance: Managing the Virtual State, MA: J&B.
    Geroski, P. A. 2000. “Models of Technology Diffusion.” Research Policy 29: 603-625.
    Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
    Gilbert, David and Pierre Balestrini. 2004. “Barriers and Benefits in the Adoption of E-government.” The International Journal of Public Sector Management 17(4): 286-301.
    Golding, Peter. 1996. “World Wide Wedge: Division and Contradiction in the Global Information Infrastructure.” Monthly Review 48(3): 70-85.
    Goldsmith Jack and Tim Wu. 2006. Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Goldthorpe, John H. 1984. “The End of Convergence: Corporatist and Dualist Tendencies in Modern Western Societies” in John H. Goldthorpe (ed.), Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Granovetter, Mark. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness” American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481-510.
    Grant, Gerald and Derek Chau. 2005. “Developing a Generic Framework for E-Government” Journal of Global Information Management 13(1): 1-30.
    Gronlund, Ake. 2002. Electronic Government: Design, Applications, and Management. Idea Group Publishing.
    Grossback, Lawrence J., Sean Nicholson-crotty, and David A. M. Peterson. 2004. “Ideology and Learning in Policy Diffusion,” American Politics Research 32(5): 521-545.
    Grossman, Lawrence. 1995. The Electronic Commonwealth. New York: Penguin.
    Guillén, Mauro F.. 2001. “Is Globalization Civilizing, Destructive or Feeble? A Critique of Five Debates in the Social Science Literature.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 235-260.
    Hague, Barry N. and Brian D. Loader. 1999. Digital Democracy: Discourse and Decision-making in the Information Age. London: Routledge.
    Hall, Peter (ed.). 1989. The Political Power of Economic Ideas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    Hao, Lingxin and Daniel Q. Naiman. 2007. “Quantile Regression” http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/14854_Introduction.pdf , accessed 2009/8/3.
    Hargittai, Eszter. 1999. “Weaving the Western Web: Explaining Differences in Internet Connectivity among OECD Countries.” Telecommunications Policy 23: 701-178.
    Hayward, Trevor. 1995. Info-rich--info-poor: Access and Exchange in the Global Information Society. London: New Jersey: Bowker-Saur.
    Heeks, Richard and Rita Santos. 2009. Understanding Adoption of e-Government: Principals, Agents and Institutional Dualism. iGovernment Working Paper, Paper No 19. Available at http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/research/publications/wp/igovernment/documents/iGWkPpr19.pdf, accessed 2009/10/29.
    Heeks, Richard and Savita Bailur. 2007. “Analyzing e-government research: Perspectives, philosophies, theories, methods, and practice.” Government Information Quarterly 24: 243–265.
    Heeks, Richard. 2005. “E-Government as a Carrier of Context.” Journal of Public Policy 25(1): 51-74.
    Heichel, Stephan, Jessica Pape and Thomas Sommerer. 2005. “Is there Convergence in Convergence Research? An Overview of Empirical Studies on Policy Convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 817-840.
    Heidenheimer, Arnold J., Huge Heclo and Carolyn Teich Adams. 1990. Comparative Public Policy: The Politics of Social Choice in America, Europe, and Japan. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
    Heller, Maria. 2008. “Global and European Information Society.” In Peter Ludes (ed), Convergence and Fragmentation: Media Technology and the Information Society. Chicago: Intellect Books.
    Herkenrath, Mark, Claudia Konig, Hanno Scholtz and Thomas Volken. 2005. “Convergence and Divergence in the Contemporary World System.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 45(5-6): 363-382.
    Hiltz, Starr Roxanne and Murray Turoff. 1993. The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    Ho, Alfred Tat-Kei and Anna Ya Ni. 2004. “Explaining the Adoption of e-Government Features: A Case Study of Iowa Country Treasures’ Offices. American Review of Public Administration 34(2): 164-180.
    Hoberg, George. 2001. “Globalization and Policy Convergence: Symposium Overview,” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 3: 127–132.
    Hobson, John, and Ramesh, M. 2002. “Globalization Makes of States What States Make of It: Between Agency and Structure in theState/Globalization Debate”, New Political Economy 7(1): 5-22.
    Holzinger, Katharina and Christopher Knill. 2005. “Cause and Conditions of Cross-National Policy Convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 775-796.
    Homburg, Vincent and Victor Bekkers, 2005. “E-Government and NPM: A perfect Marriage?”. In Victor Bekkers and Vincent Homburg (eds), The Information Ecology of E-government: E-government as Institutional and Technological Innovation in Public Administration. Washington, D.C.: IOS Press.
    Hood, Christopher. 1991. “A Public Management for all Seasons?” Public Administration 69(1): 3-19.
    Hood, Christopher. 1994. “Contemporary Public Management: A New Global Paradigm?” Public Policy and Administration 10(2): 104-117.
    Hsiao, Cheng. 1986. Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Hughes, Owen E. 1998. Public management and Administration: an introduction. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press.
    Inkeles, Alex. 1998. One World Emerging? Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
    Islam, Nazrul. 2003. “What Have We Learnt From the Convergence Debate?” Journal of Economic Survey 17(3): 309-362.
    Jaeger, Paul T., 2003, “The endless wire: E-government as global phenomenon,” Government Information Quarterly 20(4): 323–331.
    James, Oliver and Nick Manning. 1996. “Public Management Reform: A Global Perspective. Politics 16(3): 143-149.
    Jordan, Andrew. 2005. “Policy Convergence: a passing fad or a new integrating focus in European Union Studies? “ Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 944-953.
    Jreisat, Jamil E. 2005. “Comparative Public Administration is Back in, Prudently.” Public Administration Review 65(2): 231-242.
    Kern, Kristine. 2005 "Environmental Policy Convergence Between Path Dependence, Policy Transfer and Transnationalisation" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar 05, 2005.
    Kerr, Clark.1983. The Future of Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Kettl, Donald F.. 2005. The Global Public Management Revolution, 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
    Kiiski, Sampsa and Matti Pohjola. 2002. “Cross-Country Diffusion of the Internet.” Information Economics and Policy 14: 297-310.
    Kingdon, J. W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2nd ed.). NY: Harper Collins.
    Klevmarken, N. Anders. 1989. “Panel Studies: What can We Learn from Them? Introduction.” European Economic Review 33: 523-529.
    Knill, Christoph. 2005. “Introduction: Cross-National Policy Convergence: Concepts, Approaches and Explanatory Factors.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 764-774.
    Koenker, Roger W & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1978. “Regression Quantiles,” Econometrica, Econometric Society, 46(1): 33-50.
    Kumar, Vinod, Bhasker Mukerji, Irfan Butt, and Ajax Persaud. 2007. “Factors for Successful e-Government Adoption: a Conceptual Framework,” Electronic Journal of e-Government 5(1): 63-76.
    La Porte, Todd M., Chris C. Demchak and Martin de Jong. 2002. “Democracy and Bureaucracy in the Age of the Web.” Administration & Society 34(4): 411-446.
    Layne, Karen and Jungwoo Lee. 2001. “Developing fully Functional e-Government: A four stage model.” Government Information Quarterly 18(2): 122-136.
    Lee, Chang Kil and David Strang. 2006. “The International Diffusion of Public-Sector Downsizing: Network Emulation and Theory-Driven Learning.” International Organization, 60: 883-909.
    Lenihan, Donald G.. 2005. “Realigning Governance: From E-Government to E-democracy.” In Mehdi Khosrow-Pour (ed.), Practicing e-Government: A Global Perspective. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing.
    Lenk, Klaus and Roland Traunmüller. 2002. “Electronic Government: Where are we Heading?” In Klaus Lenk and Roland Traunmüller (eds.) Electronic government: first international conference, EGOV 2002. New York: Springer.
    Lenschow, Andrea, Duncan Liefferink and Sietske Veenman. 2005. “When the Birds Sing. A Framework for Analysing Domestic Factors behind Policy Convergence.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 797-816.
    Levy, Marion. 1949. The Family Revolution in Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Levy, Marion. 1966. Modernization and the Structure of Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    Liu, Meng-chun and Gee San. 2006. “Social Learning and Digital Divide: A Case of Internet Technology Diffusion.” KYKLOS 59(2): 307-321.
    Löfgren, Karl, 2007, “The Governance of E-government: A Governance Perspective on the Swedish E-government Strategy,” Public Policy and Administration 22(3): 335–352.
    Long, J. Scott and Jeremy Freese. 2003. Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata. College Station, Texas: Stata Press.
    Lucas, Robert E., Jr. 1988. “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics 22: 3-42.
    Mahler, Alwin and Everett M. Rogers. 1999. “The Diffusion of Interactive Communication Innovations, and the Critical Mass: The adoption of Telecommunications services by German Banks,” Telecommunications Policy, 23:719-740.
    Mahrer, Harald and Robert Krimmer. 2005. “Towards the enhancement of e-democracy: identifying the notion of the middleman paradox.” Information Systems Journal 15 (1): 27–42.
    Mälkä, Matti and Reijo Savolainen. 2004. “eTransformation in Government, Politics and Society: Conceptual Framework and Introduction.” In Matti Mälkä, Ari-Veikko Anttiroikoand and Reijo Savolainen (eds.), eTransformation in Governance: New Directions in Government and Politics. Pennsylvania: Idea Group Publishing.
    Marsh, Robert M. 2007. “A New Test of Convergence Theory.” Comparative Sociology 6: 251-294.
    McGrew, Anthony. 1997. The Transformation of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    McGuire, Linda. 2001. “Service Charters--Global Convergence or National Divergence?” Public Management Review 3(4): 493-524.
    McLuhan, Marshall and Bruce R. Powers. 1989. The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century, New York : Oxford University Press.
    McNeal, Ramona S., Caroline J. Tolbert, Karen Mossberger, and Lisa J. Dotterweich. 2003. “Innovating in Digital Government in the American States.” Social Science Quarterly 84(1): 52-70.
    Melville, N., K. Kraemer & V. Gurbaxani. 2004. “Information Technology and Organizational Performance: An Integrative Model of IT Business Value,” MIS Quarterly 28(2): 283-322.
    Meseguer, Covadonga. 2005. “Policy Learning, Policy Diffusion, and the Making of a New Order.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598: 67-81.
    Meyer, John W. and Brian Rowan. 1977. “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” The American Journal of Sociology 83(2): 340-363.
    Meyer, John W., John Boli, George M. Thomas and Francisco O. Ramirez. 1997. “World Society and the Nation‐State” American Journal of Sociology 103(1): 144-181.
    Milner, Helen V.. 2003. “The Global Spread of the Internet: The Role of International Diffusion Pressures in Technology Adoption.” Paper prepared for the conference on “Interdependence, Diffusion and Sovereignty,” held at Yale University, MJay10-11, 2002.
    Mintrom, Michael and Sandra Vergari. 1998. “Policy Networks and Innovation Diffusion: The Case of State Education Reforms,” Journal of Politics 60: 126-148.
    Moon, M. Jae and Donald F. Norris. 2005. “Does Managerial Orientation Matter? The Adoption of Reinventing Government and E-government at the Municipal Level” Information System Journal 15: 43-60.
    Moon, M. Jae, Eric W. Welch, and Wilson Wong. 2005. “What Drives Global E-governance? An Exploratory Study at a Marco Level.” Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS`05). Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society.
    Moon, M. Jae. 2002. “The Evolution of E-Government among Municipalities: Rhetoric or Reality?” Public Administration Review 62(4): 424-433.
    Neter, J., M. H. Kutner, C. J. Nachtsheim, and W. Wasserman. 1996. Applied Linear Statistical Models, 4th Edition, Chicago: Irwin.
    Newmark, Adam J. 2002. “An Integrated Approach to Policy Transfer and Diffusion.” The Review of Policy Research 19(2): 151-178.
    Norris, Pippa. 2001. Digital Divide. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press.
    OECD. 2003. The e-Government Imperative. OECD e-Government Studies, Paris: OECD.
    Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler. 1992. Reinventing government: how the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. New York, NY: Plume.
    Owen, JMJ. 2002. “The Foreign Imposition of domestic institutions.” International Organization 56: 375-409.
    Parente, Stephen and Edward C. Prescott. 1994. “Barriers to Technology Adoption and Development,” Journal of Political Economy 102(2): 298-321.
    Peters, B. Guy. 1996. The Future of Governing: Four Emerging Models. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas
    Polillo, Simone and Mauro F. Guillen. 2005. “Globalization Pressures and the State: The Worldwide Spread of Central Bank Independence.” American Journal of Sociology 110(6): 1764-1802.
    Pollitt, Christopher. 2001. “Clarifying Convergence: Striking Similarities and Durable Difference in Public Management Reform.” Public Management Review 4(1): 471-492.
    Pritchett, Lant. 1995. “Divergence, Big Time.” Policy Research Working Paper 1522: The Work Bank.
    Rabe-Hesketh, S. and Skrondal, A. 2008a. Generalized linear mixed effects models. In G. Fitzmaurice, M. Davidian, G. Verbeke and G. Molenberghs (eds.). Longitudinal Data Analysis: A Handbook of Modern Statistical Methods. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC, pp. 79-106.
    Rabe-Hesketh, S. and Skrondal, A. 2008b. Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata. College Station: Stata Press Publication.
    Radaelli, Claudio M. 2000. “Policy Transfer in the European Union: Institutional Isomorphism as a Source of Legitimacy.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 13(1): 25-43.
    Radaelli, Claudio M. 2005. “Diffusion without Convergence: How Political Context Shapes the Adoption of Regulatory Impact Assessment.” Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 924-943.
    Reddick, Christopher G.. 2004. “Empirical Models of E-Government Growth in Local Governments.” E-Service Journal 3(2): 59-84.
    Reddick, Christopher G.. 2005. “Citizen interaction with e-government: From the streets to servers?” Government Information Quarterly 22: 38-57.
    Rodríguez-Pose, Andres. 1999. “Convergence or Divergence? Types of Regional Response to Socio-Economic Change in Western Europe.” Journal of Economic and Social Geography 90(4): 365-378.
    Rogers, Everett M. 2003. Diffusion of Innovation. New York: Free Press.
    Romer, Paul. 1986. “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 94: 1002-1036.
    Rose, Richard. 1991. “What is Lesson Drawing?” Journal of Public Policy 11: 3-30.
    Rose, Richard. 1993. Lesson-Drawing in Public Policy. New Jersey: Chatham House.
    Rose, Richard. 2005. “A Global Diffusion Model of E-governance” Journal of Public Policy 25(1): 5-27.
    Sabatier, Paul. A. 1998. “An Advocacy Coalition Framework: Revisions and Relevance to Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 5(1): 98-130.
    Sæbø, Øystein, Jeremy Roseb and Leif Skiftenes Flak. 2007 “The shape of eParticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area.” Government Information Quarterly, doi:10.1016/j.giq.
    Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1996. “Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence. European Economic Review 40: 1325-1352.
    Scavo, Carmine and Yuhang Shi. 1999. “World Wide Web Site Design and Use in Public Management.” In G. David Garson (ed), Information Technology and Computer Applications in Public Administration: Issues and Trends. Hershey: IDEA Group Publishing.
    Scott, W. R. and J. W. Meyer. 1991. ‘The organization of societal sectors’. In W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Scott, W. Richard. 1995. Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
    Seeliger, Robert. 1996. “Conceptualizing and Researching Policy Convergence.” Policy Studies Journal 24(2): 287-306.
    Shipan, Charles R. and Craig Volden. 2008. “The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion,” American Journal of Political Science. forthcoming. Available at http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/cvolden/ShipanLocal.pdf, accessed 2008/10/19.
    Simmons, Beth A. and Zachary Elkins. 2004. “The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy,” American Political Science Review 98(1): 171-189.
    Simon, Herbert. 1947. Administration Behavior. New York: Macmillan.
    Singer, Judith D. and John B. Willett. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Snellen, Ignace. 2002. “Electronic governance: implications for citizens, politicians and public servants.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 68: 183-198.
    Solon, Gary. 1989. “The Value of Panel Data in Economics Research.” In Panel Surveys, ed. D. Kasprzyk, G. J. Duncan, G. Kalton and M. P. Singh. New York: Wiley.
    Spicer, Andre. 2006. “Beyond the Convergence-Divergence Debate: The Role of Spatial Scales in Transforming Organizational Logic.” Organization Studies Online First: 1-17.
    Stone, Diane. 1999. “Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy across Time, Space and Disciplines.” Politics 19(1): 51-59.
    Stoneman, Paul and Paul Diederen. 1994. “Technology Diffusion and Public Policy” The Economic Journal 104: 918-930.
    Svensson, Jorgen and Ronald Leenes. 2003. “E-Voting in Europe: Divergent Democratic Practice.” Information Polity 8: 3-15.
    Toffler, Alvin. 1980. The Third Wave. New York: Bantam Books.
    UN. 2003. World Public Sector Report 2003: E-government at the Crossroads. New York: UN.
    UN. 2006a. Global E-government Readiness Report 2005. New York: UN.
    UN. 2006b. E-Participation and E-Government: Understanding the Present and Creating the Future. Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting Budapest, Hungary 27 – 28 July 2006. Available at http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN026527.pdf#page=65, accessed at 2009/8/27.
    UN. 2008. E-Government Survey 2008-From e-Government to Connected Governance. New York: UN.
    UN. 2009. E-Government Survey: Getting to the Next Level. Report of the Expert Group Meeting. New York, 11-12 December 2008.Available at http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan035535.pdf, accessed at 2009/8/27.
    Unger, Brigitte and Frans van Waarden (eds). 1995. Convergence or Diversity? Internationalization and Economic Policy Response. Vermont: Ashgate Publishing.
    US National Intelligence Council, 2004. Mapping the Global Future. Washington: Government Printing Office.
    van de Donk, Wim B. H. J., I. Th. M. Snellen and P. W. Tops. 1995. Orwell in Athens: a Perspective on Informatization and Democracy. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
    van Duivenboden, Hein and Miriam Lips. 2005. “Responsive E-Government Services: Toward ‘New’ Public Management”. In Victor Bekkers and Vincent Homburg (eds), The Information Ecology of E-government: E-government as Institutional and Technological Innovation in Public Administration. Washington, D.C.: IOS Press.
    Vriens, Dirk and Jan Achterbergh. 2004. “Planning Local E-government” Information Systems Management winter: 45-57.
    Walker, Jack L. 1969. “The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States.” American Political Science Review 63: 880-899.
    Walker, Richard, Claudia Avellanenda, and France Berry. 2007. The Diffusion of Innovations: A Longitudinal Empirical Test of the Berry and Berry Model, presented at the Public Management Research Association Conference, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, October 23-25th, 2007.
    Warkentin, Merrill, David Gefen, Paul A. Pavlou, and Gergory M. Rose. 2002. “Encouraging Citizen Adoption of e-Government by Building Trust.” Electronic Markets 12(3): 157-162.
    Wei, June. 2004. “Global Comparisons of E-government Environments.” Electronic Government 1(3): 229-252.
    Weill, Peter and Jeanne Ross. 2004. IT governance : how top performers manage IT decision rights for superior results. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
    Weinberg, Ian. 1969.“The problem of the convergence of industrial societies: a critical look at the state of a theory.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 11(1):1-15.
    Welch, Eric and Wilson Wong. 1998. “Public Administration in a Global Context: Bridging the Gaps of Theory and Practice between Western and Non-Western Nations.” Public Administration Review 58:40–49.
    West, Darrell M. 2004. “E-government and the transformation of service delivery and citizen attitudes” Public Administration Review 64(1): 15-27.
    West, Darrell M. 2005. Digital Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    West, Darrell M. 2007. Global E-Government, 2007. Available at http://www.insidepolitics.org/egovt07int.pdf, visited 03/31/2008.
    Weyland, Kurt. 2005. “Theories of Policy Diffusion Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform.” World Politics 57: 262-295.
    Whitley, Richard (ed). 1999. Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Wilensky, Harold L. 1975. The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Wolman, Harold and Ed Page. 2002. “Policy Transfer among Local Governments: An Information-Theory Approach.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 15(4): 477-501.
    World Bank. 2005. “A Definition of E*Government.” Available at http://go.worldbank.org/M1JHE0Z280, accessed 2009/2/28.
    Yang, Kaifeng. 2003. “Neoinstitutionalism and E-Government,” Social Science Computer Review 21(4): 432-442.
    Young, Andrew T., Matthew J. Higgins and Daniel Levy. 2008. “Sigma Convergence versus Beta Convergence: Evidence from U.S County-Level Data.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 40(5): 1083-1093.
    Zouridis, Stavros and Marcel Thaens. 2003. “E-Government: Toward a Public Administration Approach.” Asian Journal of Public Administration 25(2): 159-183.
    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    公共行政研究所
    93256506
    98
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0932565061
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Public Administration] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    56506101.pdf1970KbAdobe PDF22597View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback