English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 109952/140903 (78%)
Visitors : 46031987      Online Users : 737
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/52637


    Title: 瑞特氏症模式小鼠的運動障礙與紋狀體特性之表型分析
    Phenotypical analysis of motor behaviors and striatal characteristics in mouse models of Rett Syndrome
    Authors: 蘇三華
    Su, San Hua
    Contributors: 廖文霖
    蘇三華
    Su, San Hua
    Keywords: 紋狀體
    第二型甲基CpG結合蛋白
    瑞特氏症
    自閉症
    運動障礙
    striatum
    MeCP2
    Rett syndrome
    autism
    motor dysfunction
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2012-04-12 14:12:30 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 瑞特氏症(Rett syndrome, RTT)為第二型甲基化CPG結合蛋白(2methyl-CpG binding protein 2, MeCP2)基因發生突變所造成的神經發育疾病,其症狀包含了嚴重的運動障礙及自閉傾向等特徵。由於紋狀體(striatum)為運動控制的重要腦區,我們假設RTT的運動障礙主要為紋狀體的功能異常所造成,故利用RTT模式小鼠來研究紋狀體是否為RTT運動障礙的致病原因。利用敞箱試驗(open field test)及加速滾輪測試(accelerating rotarod task)結果發現,Mecp2基因剔除小鼠的活動力明顯下降,並伴隨有運動協調能力的缺失。以免疫組織染色法及西方點墨法分別標定紋狀體中的mu-opioid receptor及calbindin蛋白,發現二者表現量均有明顯下降,然而表現parvalbumin的中間神經元細胞數目卻大量增加。我們發現在紋狀體中多巴胺D2受體的表現量顯著增加,但多巴胺合成酶tyrosine hydroxylase與多巴胺訊號傳遞下游分子DARPP-32蛋白並沒有明顯減少。為了更進一步確認紋狀體的致病角色,我們利用特定在紋狀體中缺少MeCP2的「Mecp2條件缺失小鼠」,觀察其運動行為的改變。結果發現,Mecp2條件缺失小鼠不管是在活動力或是運動學習上都表現出和Mecp2基因剔除小鼠相似的運動障礙,顯示紋狀體所調控的正常活動力及運動學習能力皆需要MeCP2的參與。我們接著進一步探討是否擁有完整MeCP2表現的紋狀體就足以執行正常的運動功能。當Mecp2基因剔除小鼠的紋狀體重新表現MeCP2(即「Mecp2條件回復小鼠」),MeCP2缺失所造成的運動障礙可被回復到接近野生型小鼠運動能力的正常水準。顯示紋狀體中MeCP2的存在為正常運動控制的充要條件。在以cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (Cdkl5)突變小鼠研究MeCP2的磷酸化是否會影響到運動行為,發現Cdkl5突變小鼠在出生早期及成年時期皆存在與Mecp2基因剔除小鼠一致的運動協調能力缺失。免疫組織染色及西方點墨法結果顯示,Cdkl5突變小鼠的紋狀體中mu-opioid receptor表現量有明顯下降,但parvalbumin的中間神經元數目並無改變,而在大腦皮質中多巴胺轉運子DAT1蛋白表現量明顯上升。CDKL5突變造成與RTT相似症狀的原因還須更進一步的探討。綜上所述,本研究為「紋狀體異常可能為RTT運動障礙的主要致病原因」提供動物模式的實驗證據,並提供了一個新的觀點用於未來治療RTT或防止其症狀的惡化。
    Reference: Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH (2008) Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet 9:341-355.
    Airaksinen MS, Eilers J, Garaschuk O, Thoenen H, Konnerth A, Meyer M (1997) Ataxia and altered dendritic calcium signaling in mice carrying a targeted null mutation of the calbindin D28k gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:1488-1493.
    Amaral D, Dawson G, Geschwind D (2011) Autism Spectrum Disorders: Chapter 22 Motor Functioning and Dyspraxia in Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York: Oxford.
    Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, Tran CQ, Francke U, Zoghbi HY (1999) Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat Genet 23:185-188.
    Archer HL, Evans J, Edwards S, Colley J, Newbury-Ecob R, O`Callaghan F, Huyton M, O`Regan M, Tolmie J, Sampson J, Clarke A, Osborne J (2006) CDKL5 mutations cause infantile spasms, early onset seizures, and severe mental retardation in female patients. J Med Genet 43:729-734.
    Armstrong D, Dunn JK, Antalffy B, Trivedi R (1995) Selective dendritic alterations in the cortex of Rett syndrome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:195-201.
    Armstrong DD (2005) Neuropathology of Rett syndrome. J Child Neurol 20:747-753.
    Balleine BW, Liljeholm M, Ostlund SB (2009) The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental conditioning. Behav Brain Res 199:43-52.
    Bapat S, Galande S (2005) Association by guilt: identification of DLX5 as a target for MeCP2 provides a molecular link between genomic imprinting and Rett syndrome. Bioessays 27:676-680.
    Bauman ML, Kemper TL, Arin DM (1995a) Microscopic observations of the brain in Rett syndrome. Neuropediatrics 26:105-108.
    Bauman ML, Kemper TL, Arin DM (1995b) Pervasive neuroanatomic abnormalities of the brain in three cases of Rett`s syndrome. Neurology 45:1581-1586.
    Nicolson R, Szatmari P (2003) Genetic and neurodevelopmental influences in autistic disorder. Can J Psychiatry 48:526-537.
    Ouimet CC, Miller PE, Hemmings HC, Jr., Walaas SI, Greengard P (1984) DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3`:5`-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. III. Immunocytochemical localization. J Neurosci 4:111-124.
    Panayotis N, Pratte M, Borges-Correia A, Ghata A, Villard L, Roux JC (2011) Morphological and functional alterations in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the Mecp2-null mouse. Neurobiol Dis 41:385-397.
    Peca J, Feliciano C, Ting JT, Wang W, Wells MF, Venkatraman TN, Lascola CD, Fu Z, Feng G (2011) Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction. Nature 472:437-442.
    Pert CB, Snyder SH (1973) Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 179:1011-1014.
    Rubchinsky LL, Kopell N, Sigvardt KA (2003) Modeling facilitation and inhibition of competing motor programs in basal ganglia subthalamic nucleus-pallidal circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:14427-14432.
    Samaco RC, Fryer JD, Ren J, Fyffe S, Chao HT, Sun Y, Greer JJ, Zoghbi HY, Neul JL (2008) A partial loss of function allele of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 predicts a human neurodevelopmental syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 17:1718-1727.
    Santos M, Silva-Fernandes A, Oliveira P, Sousa N, Maciel P (2007) Evidence for abnormal early development in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Genes Brain Behav 6:277-286.
    Scala E, Ariani F, Mari F, Caselli R, Pescucci C, Longo I, Meloni I, Giachino D, Bruttini M, Hayek G, Zappella M, Renieri A (2005) CDKL5/STK9 is mutated in Rett syndrome variant with infantile spasms. J Med Genet 42:103-107.
    Segawa M (2005) Early motor disturbances in Rett syndrome and its pathophysiological importance. Brain Dev 27 Suppl 1:S54-S58.
    Shahbazian M, Young J, Yuva-Paylor L, Spencer C, Antalffy B, Noebels J, Armstrong D, Paylor R, Zoghbi H (2002a) Mice with truncated MeCP2 recapitulate many Rett syndrome features and display hyperacetylation of histone H3. Neuron 35:243-254.
    Shahbazian MD, Antalffy B, Armstrong DL, Zoghbi HY (2002b) Insight into Rett syndrome: MeCP2 levels display tissue- and cell-specific differences and correlate with neuronal maturation. Hum Mol Genet 11:115-124.
    Stenman J, Toresson H, Campbell K (2003) Identification of two distinct progenitor populations in the lateral ganglionic eminence: implications for striatal and olfactory bulb neurogenesis. J Neurosci 23:167-174.
    Stone WL, Ousley OY, Littleford CD (1997) Motor imitation in young children with autism: what`s the object? J Abnorm Child Psychol 25:475-485.
    Sun Z, Wang HB, Deng YP, Lei WL, Xie JP, Meade CA, Del Mar N, Goldowitz D, Reiner A (2005)
    79
    Increased calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity in striatal projection neurons of R6/2 Huntington`s disease transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 20:907-917.
    Surmeier DJ, Ding J, Day M, Wang Z, Shen W (2007) D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Neurosci 30:228-235.
    Tao J, Van Esch H, Hagedorn-Greiwe M, Hoffmann K, Moser B, Raynaud M, Sperner J, Fryns JP, Schwinger E, Gecz J, Ropers HH, Kalscheuer VM (2004) Mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5/STK9) gene are associated with severe neurodevelopmental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 75:1149-1154.
    Tepper JM, Bolam JP (2004) Functional diversity and specificity of neostriatal interneurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 14:685-692.
    van der Kooy D, Fishell G (1987) Neuronal birthdate underlies the development of striatal compartments. Brain Res 401:155-161.
    Wang H, Cuzon VC, Pickel VM (2003) Postnatal development of mu-opioid receptors in the rat caudate-putamen nucleus parallels asymmetric synapse formation. Neuroscience 118:695-708.
    Wang Y, Dye CA, Sohal V, Long JE, Estrada RC, Roztocil T, Lufkin T, Deisseroth K, Baraban SC, Rubenstein JL (2010) Dlx5 and Dlx6 regulate the development of parvalbumin-expressing cortical interneurons. J Neurosci 30:5334-5345.
    Waterhouse L (2008) Autism overflows: increasing prevalence and proliferating theories. Neuropsychol Rev 18:273-286.
    White NM, Hiroi N (1998) Preferential localization of self-stimulation sites in striosomes/patches in the rat striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:6486-6491.
    Wood L, Shepherd GM (2010) Synaptic circuit abnormalities of motor-frontal layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in a mutant mouse model of Rett syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 38:281-287.
    Young JI, Hong EP, Castle JC, Crespo-Barreto J, Bowman AB, Rose MF, Kang D, Richman R, Johnson JM, Berget S, Zoghbi HY (2005) Regulation of RNA splicing by the methylation-dependent transcriptional repressor methyl-CpG binding protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:17551-17558.
    Zhao X, Leotta A, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere C, Geschwind DH, Law K, Law P, Qiu S, Lord C, Sebat J, Ye K, Wigler M (2007) A unified genetic theory for sporadic and inherited autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:12831-12836.
    Zhou FM, Wilson CJ, Dani JA (2002) Cholinergic interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum. J Neurobiol 53:590-605.
    Zhou Z, Hong EJ, Cohen S, Zhao WN, Ho HY, Schmidt L, Chen WG, Lin Y, Savner E, Griffith EC, Hu L, Steen JA, Weitz CJ, Greenberg ME (2006) Brain-specific phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent Bdnf transcription, dendritic growth, and spine maturation. Neuron 52:255-269.
    Bedard AC, Schulz KP, Cook EH, Jr., Fan J, Clerkin SM, Ivanov I, Halperin JM, Newcorn JH (2010) Dopamine transporter gene variation modulates activation of striatum in youth with ADHD. Neuroimage 53:935-942.
    Belichenko NP, Belichenko PV, Mobley WC (2009) Evidence for both neuronal cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 in the cerebral cortex of female mice with Mecp2 mutation. Neurobiol Dis 34:71-77.
    Bertani I, Rusconi L, Bolognese F, Forlani G, Conca B, De Monte L, Badaracco G, Landsberger N, Kilstrup-Nielsen C (2006) Functional consequences of mutations in CDKL5, an X-linked gene involved in infantile spasms and mental retardation. J Biol Chem 281:32048-32056.
    Brown LL, Feldman SM, Smith DM, Cavanaugh JR, Ackermann RF, Graybiel AM (2002)
    74
    Differential metabolic activity in the striosome and matrix compartments of the rat striatum during natural behaviors. J Neurosci 22:305-314.
    Bryson SE, Zwaigenbaum L, Brian J, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Rombough V, McDermott C (2007) A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37:12-24.
    Cepeda C, Andre VM, Yamazaki I, Wu N, Kleiman-Weiner M, Levine MS (2008) Differential electrophysiological properties of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing striatal medium-sized spiny neurons. Eur J Neurosci 27:671-682.
    Cepeda C, Hurst RS, Calvert CR, Hernandez-Echeagaray E, Nguyen OK, Jocoy E, Christian LJ, Ariano MA, Levine MS (2003) Transient and progressive electrophysiological alterations in the corticostriatal pathway in a mouse model of Huntington`s disease. J Neurosci 23:961-969.
    Chahrour M, Jung SY, Shaw C, Zhou X, Wong ST, Qin J, Zoghbi HY (2008) MeCP2, a key contributor to neurological disease, activates and represses transcription. Science 320:1224-1229.
    Chahrour M, Zoghbi HY (2007) The story of Rett syndrome: from clinic to neurobiology. Neuron 56:422-437.
    Chao HT, Chen H, Samaco RC, Xue M, Chahrour M, Yoo J, Neul JL, Gong S, Lu HC, Heintz N, Ekker M, Rubenstein JL, Noebels JL, Rosenmund C, Zoghbi HY (2010) Dysfunction in GABA signalling mediates autism-like stereotypies and Rett syndrome phenotypes. Nature 468:263-269.
    Chapleau CA, Calfa GD, Lane MC, Albertson AJ, Larimore JL, Kudo S, Armstrong DL, Percy AK, Pozzo-Miller L (2009) Dendritic spine pathologies in hippocampal pyramidal neurons from Rett syndrome brain and after expression of Rett-associated MECP2 mutations. Neurobiol Dis 35:219-233.
    Chen Q, Zhu YC, Yu J, Miao S, Zheng J, Xu L, Zhou Y, Li D, Zhang C, Tao J, Xiong ZQ (2010) CDKL5, a protein associated with rett syndrome, regulates neuronal morphogenesis via Rac1 signaling. J Neurosci 30:12777-12786.
    Chen RZ, Akbarian S, Tudor M, Jaenisch R (2001) Deficiency of methyl-CpG binding protein-2 in CNS neurons results in a Rett-like phenotype in mice. Nat Genet 27:327-331.
    Chen WG, Chang Q, Lin Y, Meissner A, West AE, Griffith EC, Jaenisch R, Greenberg ME (2003) Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2. Science 302:885-889.
    Coo H, Ouellette-Kuntz H, Lloyd JE, Kasmara L, Holden JJ, Lewis ME (2008) Trends in autism prevalence: diagnostic substitution revisited. J Autism Dev Disord 38:1036-1046.
    D`Orlando C, Celio MR, Schwaller B (2002) Calretinin and calbindin D-28k, but not parvalbumin protect against glutamate-induced delayed excitotoxicity in transfected N18-RE 105 neuroblastoma-retina hybrid cells. Brain Res 945:181-190.
    Dani VS, Chang Q, Maffei A, Turrigiano GG, Jaenisch R, Nelson SB (2005) Reduced cortical
    75
    activity due to a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:12560-12565.
    Dewey D, Roy EA, Square-Storer PA, Hayden D (1988) Limb and oral praxic abilities of children with verbal sequencing deficits. Dev Med Child Neurol 30:743-751.
    Eidelberg D, Surmeier DJ (2011) Brain networks in Huntington disease. J Clin Invest 121:484-492.
    Eisenstat DD, Liu JK, Mione M, Zhong W, Yu G, Anderson SA, Ghattas I, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL (1999) DLX-1, DLX-2, and DLX-5 expression define distinct stages of basal forebrain differentiation. J Comp Neurol 414:217-237.
    Evans JC, Archer HL, Colley JP, Ravn K, Nielsen JB, Kerr A, Williams E, Christodoulou J, Gecz J, Jardine PE, Wright MJ, Pilz DT, Lazarou L, Cooper DN, Sampson JR, Butler R, Whatley SD, Clarke AJ (2005) Early onset seizures and Rett-like features associated with mutations in CDKL5. Eur J Hum Genet 13:1113-1120.
    Fienberg AA, Hiroi N, Mermelstein PG, Song W, Snyder GL, Nishi A, Cheramy A, O`Callaghan JP, Miller DB, Cole DG, Corbett R, Haile CN, Cooper DC, Onn SP, Grace AA, Ouimet CC, White FJ, Hyman SE, Surmeier DJ, Girault J, Nestler EJ, Greengard P (1998) DARPP-32: regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Science 281:838-842.
    Frank MJ (2005) Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism. J Cogn Neurosci 17:51-72.
    Fujiyama F, Sohn J, Nakano T, Furuta T, Nakamura KC, Matsuda W, Kaneko T (2011) Exclusive and common targets of neostriatofugal projections of rat striosome neurons: a single neuron-tracing study using a viral vector. Eur J Neurosci 33:668-677.
    Fyffe SL, Neul JL, Samaco RC, Chao HT, Ben-Shachar S, Moretti P, McGill BE, Goulding EH, Sullivan E, Tecott LH, Zoghbi HY (2008) Deletion of Mecp2 in Sim1-expressing neurons reveals a critical role for MeCP2 in feeding behavior, aggression, and the response to stress. Neuron 59:947-958.
    Gemelli T, Berton O, Nelson ED, Perrotti LI, Jaenisch R, Monteggia LM (2006) Postnatal loss of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 in the forebrain is sufficient to mediate behavioral aspects of Rett syndrome in mice. Biol Psychiatry 59:468-476.
    Georgel PT, Horowitz-Scherer RA, Adkins N, Woodcock CL, Wade PA, Hansen JC (2003) Chromatin compaction by human MeCP2. Assembly of novel secondary chromatin structures in the absence of DNA methylation. J Biol Chem 278:32181-32188.
    Geschwind D (2007) Autism: searching for coherence. Biol Psychiatry 62:949-950.
    Giacometti E, Luikenhuis S, Beard C, Jaenisch R (2007) Partial rescue of MeCP2 deficiency by postnatal activation of MeCP2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1931-1936.
    Gill H, Cheadle JP, Maynard J, Fleming N, Whatley S, Cranston T, Thompson EM, Leonard H, Davis M, Christodoulou J, Skjeldal O, Hanefeld F, Kerr A, Tandy A, Ravine D, Clarke A (2003) Mutation analysis in the MECP2 gene and genetic counselling for Rett
    76
    syndrome. J Med Genet 40:380-384.
    Gillberg C (1986) Autism and Rett syndrome: some notes on differential diagnosis. Am J Med Genet Suppl 1:127-131.
    Gimenez-Amaya JM, Graybiel AM (1991) Modular organization of projection neurons in the matrix compartment of the primate striatum. J Neurosci 11:779-791.
    Graybiel AM, Ragsdale CW, Jr., Yoneoka ES, Elde RP (1981) An immunohistochemical study of enkephalins and other neuropeptides in the striatum of the cat with evidence that the opiate peptides are arranged to form mosaic patterns in register with the striosomal compartments visible by acetylcholinesterase staining. Neuroscience 6:377-397.
    Guy J, Gan J, Selfridge J, Cobb S, Bird A (2007) Reversal of neurological defects in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Science 315:1143-1147.
    Guy J, Hendrich B, Holmes M, Martin JE, Bird A (2001) A mouse Mecp2-null mutation causes neurological symptoms that mimic Rett syndrome. Nat Genet 27:322-326.
    Hagberg B, Aicardi J, Dias K, Ramos O (1983) A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett`s syndrome: report of 35 cases. Ann Neurol 14:471-479.
    Happe F, Ronald A, Plomin R (2006) Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nat Neurosci 9:1218-1220.
    Hendrich B, Bird A (1998) Identification and characterization of a family of mammalian methyl-CpG binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 18:6538-6547.
    Hidaka N, Suemaru K, Li B, Araki H (2008) Effects of repeated electroconvulsive seizures on spontaneous alternation behavior and locomotor activity in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 31:1928-1932.
    Horike S, Cai S, Miyano M, Cheng JF, Kohwi-Shigematsu T (2005) Loss of silent-chromatin looping and impaired imprinting of DLX5 in Rett syndrome. Nat Genet 37:31-40.
    Hosp JA, Pekanovic A, Rioult-Pedotti MS, Luft AR (2011) Dopaminergic projections from midbrain to primary motor cortex mediate motor skill learning. J Neurosci 31:2481-2487.
    Hwang CK, Kim CS, Kim do K, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH (2010) Up-regulation of the mu-opioid receptor gene is mediated through chromatin remodeling and transcriptional factors in differentiated neuronal cells. Mol Pharmacol 78:58-68.
    Ince E, Ciliax BJ, Levey AI (1997) Differential expression of D1 and D2 dopamine and m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor proteins in identified striatonigral neurons. Synapse 27:357-366.
    Jellinger K, Armstrong D, Zoghbi HY, Percy AK (1988) Neuropathology of Rett syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 76:142-158.
    Jugloff DG, Vandamme K, Logan R, Visanji NP, Brotchie JM, Eubanks JH (2008) Targeted delivery of an Mecp2 transgene to forebrain neurons improves the behavior of
    77
    female Mecp2-deficient mice. Hum Mol Genet 17:1386-1396.
    Jung MY, Hof PR, Schmauss C (2000) Targeted disruption of the dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptor genes leads to different alterations in the expression of striatal calbindin-D(28k). Neuroscience 97:495-504.
    Kawaguchi Y (1993) Physiological, morphological, and histochemical characterization of three classes of interneurons in rat neostriatum. J Neurosci 13:4908-4923.
    Kawaguchi Y, Wilson CJ, Augood SJ, Emson PC (1995) Striatal interneurones: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization. Trends Neurosci 18:527-535.
    Kincaid AE, Wilson CJ (1996) Corticostriatal innervation of the patch and matrix in the rat neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 374:578-592.
    Kline DD, Ogier M, Kunze DL, Katz DM (2010) Exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues synaptic dysfunction in Mecp2-null mice. J Neurosci 30:5303-5310.
    Kohwi M, Petryniak MA, Long JE, Ekker M, Obata K, Yanagawa Y, Rubenstein JL, Alvarez-Buylla A (2007) A subpopulation of olfactory bulb GABAergic interneurons is derived from Emx1- and Dlx5/6-expressing progenitors. J Neurosci 27:6878-6891.
    Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC (2008) Striatal plasticity and basal ganglia circuit function. Neuron 60:543-554.
    Lawhorn C, Smith DM, Brown LL (2009) Partial ablation of mu-opioid receptor rich striosomes produces deficits on a motor-skill learning task. Neuroscience 163:109-119.
    Lawrence DG, Hopkins DA (1976) The development of motor control in the rhesus monkey: evidence concerning the role of corticomotoneuronal connections. Brain 99:235-254.
    Mari F, Azimonti S, Bertani I, Bolognese F, Colombo E, Caselli R, Scala E, Longo I, Grosso S, Pescucci C, Ariani F, Hayek G, Balestri P, Bergo A, Badaracco G, Zappella M, Broccoli V, Renieri A, Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Landsberger N (2005) CDKL5 belongs to the same molecular pathway of MeCP2 and it is responsible for the early-onset seizure variant of Rett syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 14:1935-1946.
    Miralves J, Magdeleine E, Joly E (2007) Design of an improved set of oligonucleotide primers for genotyping MeCP2tm1.1Bird KO mice by PCR. Mol Neurodegener 2:16.
    Miyano M, Horike S, Cai S, Oshimura M, Kohwi-Shigematsu T (2008) DLX5 expression is monoallelic and Dlx5 is up-regulated in the Mecp2-null frontal cortex. J Cell Mol Med 12:1188-1191.
    Moss J, Howlin P (2009) Autism spectrum disorders in genetic syndromes: implications for diagnosis, intervention and understanding the wider autism spectrum disorder population. J Intellect Disabil Res 53:852-873.
    Murphy P, Burnham WM (2003) The effect of kindled seizures on the locomotory behavior of Long-Evans rats. Exp Neurol 180:88-92.
    Nan X, Campoy FJ, Bird A (1997) MeCP2 is a transcriptional repressor with abundant binding sites in genomic chromatin. Cell 88:471-481.
    78
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    神經科學研究所
    98754001
    99
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098754001
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[神經科學研究所 ] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    index.html0KbHTML2389View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback