English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 109948/140897 (78%)
Visitors : 46077320      Online Users : 644
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/73324


    Title: 評估俄羅斯菸盒警示圖文之警示效果研究
    Evaluation of Graphical Warnings on Cigarette Packs in Russia
    Authors: 安恩雅
    Tamurova, Anna
    Contributors: 劉文英
    Liu, Wen Ying
    安恩雅
    Anna Tamurova
    Keywords: 警示圖文
    菸盒
    抽煙
    恐懼訴求
    graphic warning labels
    cigarette
    smoking
    fear appeal
    Date: 2014
    Issue Date: 2015-02-03 10:31:20 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 評估俄羅斯菸盒警示圖文之警示效果研究
    Nowadays tobacco use leads to one of the most common reasons of preventable deaths. According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, in 2012 Russia has moved to the first place as a most smoking country in the world. Since 2013 Russian government has implemented a variety of methods to reduce smoking in the country. There is not much research done to analyze one of these methods, graphic warning labels on cigarette packs, which were implemented in Russia more than one year ago. Therefore current study aims to evaluate how college students in Russia react on these warning labels. Using fear appeal theory and Witte’s Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), this research explains the advantages and disadvantages of graphic warning labels in Russia. Focus group was conducted to evaluate each of 12 graphic warnings. According to the focus group participants, the paradontosis, stillbirth, oncological diseases, and prematurity were the labels that made them feel concerned. The participants felt that these topics were very important, as the pictures were unpleasant, scary, or disgusting. However, topics, such as impotence, suffering, and emphysema were evaluated as indifferent, irrelevant, and not impressive. Also it has been noted that there is lack of knowledge among Russian college students about the harmful consequences of smoking. Topics, such as early aging and impotence were evaluated as they make no sense and irrelevant to smoking.
    Reference: Action on Smoking & Health. Retrieved from: http://ash.org/resources/tobacco-statistics-facts/
    Aftab, M., Kolben, D., & Lurie, P. (1999). International cigarette labeling practices. Tobacco Control, 8, 368-372.
    Andrews, J.O., Felton, G., Wewers, M.E., Waller, J., & Tingen, M. (2007). The effect of a multi-component smoking cessation Intervention in African American women residing in public housing. Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 45–60.
    Anti-smoking law № 15-ФЗ “For protection of citizens’ health from influence of surrounding tobacco smoke and from the consequences of tobacco use” (2013).
    Azagba, S., & Sharaf, M.F. (2013). The effect of graphic cigarette warning labels on smoking behavior: evidence from the Canadian experience. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 15, 708–717.
    Bertrand, J.T. (2004). Diffusion of Innovations and HIV/AIDS. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 113–121
    Borland, R., Wilsen, N., Fong, G.T., Hammond, D., Cummings, K.M., Yong, H-H., Hosking, W., Hastings, G., Thrasher, J., & McNeill, A. (2009). Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years. Tobacco Control, 18, 358–364.
    Cameron, L.D., Pepper, J.K., & Brewer, N.T. (2014). Responses of young adults to graphic warning labels for cigarette packages. Tobacco Control. NIH Public Access. Author Manuscript
    Cutter, H.S., Samaraweera, A., Price, B., Haskell D., & Schaeffer, C. (1977). Prediction of treatment effectiveness in a drug-free therapeutic community. The International journal of the addictions, 12(2-3), 301-321.
    Dillard, J.P. (1992). Rethinking the study of Fear Appeals. Manuscript under review.
    Drug Classification: Making a hash of it? Science and technology committee report. London: The Stationary Office Limited. Retrieved from:
    http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmsctech/1031/1031.pdf
    Elder, R.W., Shults, R.A., Sleet, D.A., Nichols, J.L., Thompson, R.S., & Rajab, W. (2004). Effectiveness of mass media campaigns for reducing drinking and driving and alcohol-involved crashes: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 57-65
    Environics Research Group. (2007). The health effects of tobacco and health warning messages on cigarette packages - survey of youth: wave 12 surveys. Prepared for Health Canada.
    FCTC Article 11: tobacco warning labels: evidence and recommendations from the ITC project. Waterloo, ON: International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project, 2009. Retrieved from: http://roswelltturc.org/ITCwarningreport.pdf
    Fong, G.T., Hammond, D., & Hitchman, S.C. (2009). The impact of pictures on the effectiveness of tobacco warnings. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(8), 640-643.
    Gallopel-Morvan, K., Gabriel, P., Le Gall-Ely, M., Rieunier, S., & Urien, B. (2011).The use of visual warnings in social marketing: The case of tobacco. Journal of Business Research, 64(1), 7 – 11.
    Gerasimenko, N.F., Fridze, D.G., & Sakharova, G.M. (2007). Health and tobacco: numbers and facts (Здоровье или табак: Цифры и факты). М.: Materials of Forum “Health or tobacco?”
    Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Fact Sheet Russian Federation: 2009. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_tfi_gats_russia_factsheet.pdf
    Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Russian Federation 2009. Country Report. (http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_tfi_gats_russian_countryreport.pdf)
    Hammond, D. (2009). Tobacco labelling & packaging toolkit: a guide to FCTC Article 11. Waterloo, ON: Tobacco Labelling Resource Centre
    Hammond, D. (2011). Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tobacco Control, 20(5), 327-337.
    Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., McDonald, P.W., Cameron, R., & Brown, K.S. (2003). Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behavior. Tobacco Control, 12, 391-395.
    Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., McNeill, A., Borland, R., & Cummings, K.M. (2006). Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control, 15(3), iii19–iii25.
    Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., Borland, R., Cummings, K.M., McNeill, A., & Driezen, P. (2007). Text and graphic warnings on cigarette packages: findings from the ITC Four Country Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 202-209.
    Hammond, D., & Reid, J. (2011). Pre-testing and evaluating warning messages for tobacco products. Tobacco Labelling Resource Centre.
    Hammond, D., & Reid, J.L. (2012). Health warnings on tobacco products: international practices. Salud Pública de México, 54(3), 270-280.
    Hammond, D., Reid, J.L., Driezen, P., & Boudreau, C. (2012). Pictorial Health Warnings on Cigarette Packs in the United States: An Experimental Evaluation of the Proposed FDA Warnings. Nicotine and Tobacco Research.
    Hammond, D., Thrasher, J., Reid, J.L., Driezen, P., Boudreau, C., & Arillo-Santillan, E. (2012). Perceived effectiveness of pictorial health warnings among Mexican youth and adults: a population-level intervention with potential to reduce tobacco-related inequities. Cancer Causes & Control. Published online: 24 February, 2012.
    Hill, D., Chapman, S., & Donovan, R. (1998). The Return of Scare Tactics. Tobacco Control. 7, 5–8.
    Hovland, C.,Janis, L., & Kelly, H. (1953). Communication and Persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    Huang, J., Chaloupka, F.J., & Fong, G.F. (2014). Cigarette graphic warning labels and smoking prevalence in Canada: a critical examination and reformulation of the FDA regulatory impact analysis. Tobacco Control, 23, i7-i12.
    International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. (2009). FCTC Article 11 Tobacco Warning Labels: Evidence and Recommendations from the ITC Project.
    Janis, I.L. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 166-225. New York: Academic Press.
    Janis, I.L., & Feshbach, S. (1953). Effects of fear-arousing communications. The Joumal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48. 78-92.
    Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision-making: A psychological Analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press.
    Kees, J., Burton, S., Andrews, J.C., & Kozup, J. (2006). Tests of graphic visuals and cigarette package warning combinations: implications for the framework convention on tobacco control. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25 (2), 212–223.
    Kees, J., Burton, S., Andrews, J.C., & Kozup, J. (2010). Understanding how graphic pictorial warnings work on cigarette packaging. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 29 (2), 265–276.
    Kleinot, M. C., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). Identifying effective components of alcohol misuse prevention programs. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43, 802-811.
    Kobus, K. (2003). Peers and adolescent smoking. Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. Addiction, 98 (1), 37–55
    Krasovsky, K.S. (2011). Smoking prevalence among adults in the Russian Federation. [Review]. Tobacco Control and Public Health in Eastern Europe, 1(1), 61-63.
    Lang, P.J. (I984). Cognition in emotion: Concept and action, emotions, cognition, and behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 192-226.
    Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 352-367.
    Les Etudes de Marche Createc. (2006). Final Report: Qualitative Testing of Health Warnings Messages. Prepared for the Tobacco Control Programme Health Canada.
    Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 5, 119-186. New York: Academic Press.
    Lewis, D.C. (1999). Access to narcotic addiction treatment and medical care: prospects for the expansion of methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 18(2), 5–21.
    Li, J., & Grigg, M. (2009). New Zealand: new graphic warnings encourage registrations with the quitline. Tobacco Control, 18(1), 72.
    Lunze, K., & Migliorini, L. (2013). Tobacco control in the Russian Federation - a policy analysis. BMC Public Health, 13, 64
    Martin, T. (2014). 599 Additives in Cigarettes. Web-portal “About Health”. Retrieved from: http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cigingredients.htm
    McGuire, W.J. (1968). Personality and susceptibility to social influence. In E. Borgatta & W. Lambert (Eds.). Handbook of personality theory and research, 1130-1187. Chicago: Rand McNally.
    McGuire, W.J. (1969). The nature of attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology, 3, 136-314. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Official web-site. Retrieved from: http://www.rosminzdrav.ru/
    Miller, C.L., Hill, D.J., Quester, P.G., & Hiller, J.E. (2009). Impact on the Australian quitline of new graphic cigarette pack warnings including the quitline number. Tobacco Control, 18(3), 235-237.
    Ministry of Health, Bulgaria. (2008). Most effective pictures out of 42 images - web based survey. Ministry of Health.
    Moodie, C., Mackintosh, A.M., & Hammond, D. (2010). Adolescents’ response to text-only tobacco health warnings: Results from the 2008 UK Youth Tobacco Policy Survey. European Journal of Public Health, 20, 463-269.
    Morman, M. T. (2000). The Influence of Fear Appeals, Message Design, and Masculinity on Men’s Motivation to Perform the Testicular Self-Exam. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 28(2), 91-116.
    Mutti, S., Hammond, D., Reid, J.L., & Thrasher, J.F. (2013). The Efficacy of Cigarette Warning Labels on Health Beliefs in the United States and Mexico. Journal of Health Communication. 18(10): 1180–1192.
    Nascimento, B.E.M., Oliveira, L., Vieira, A.S., Joffily, M., Gleiser, S., Pereira, M.G., Cavalcante, T., & Volchan, E. (2008). Avoidance of smoking: the impact of warning labels in Brazil. Tobacco Control, 17(6), 405-409.
    National Cancer Institute (2008). The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use. Tobacco Control Monograph, 19
    News web-portal KM.ru. (October 11, 2013) Sociologists proved that scary photos on cigarette packs are ineffective (Социологи доказали неэффективность устрашающих фото на пачках сигарет). Retrieved from: http://www.km.ru/zdorove/2013/10/11/istochniki-vrednogo-vozdeistviya-na-zdorove/722725-sotsiologi-dokazali-bespolezno
    NSDUH Report (2012). State Estimates of Adolescent Cigarette Use and Perceptions of Risk from Smoking: 2009 and 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH112/NSDUH112/SR112StateEstAdolCigUse2012.htm
    O’Hegarty, M., Pederson, L.L., Nelson, D.E., Mowery, P., Gable, J.M., & Wortley, P. (2006). Reactions of Young Adult Smokers to Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 467–473.
    O’Hegarty, M., Pederson, L.L., Yenokyan, G., Nelson, D., & Wortley, P. (2007). Young Adults’ Perceptions of Cigarette Warning Labels in the United States and Canada. Preventing Chronic Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/apr/06_0024.htm
    O’Keefe. D. (1990). Persuasion: Theory and Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Ogranov, R.G.(2002). Impact of smoking on people’s health: Russian place in Europe (Влияние курения на здоровье населения: место России в Европе). Prophylactics of diseases and strengthening of health, 6, 17–20.
    Pechmann, C., Guangzhi, Z., Goldberg, M.E., & Reibling, E.T. (2003). What to convey in antismoking advertisements for adolescents: the use of protection motivation theory to identify effective message themes. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 1-18.
    Rice, R.E., & Atkin, C.K. (2013). Public communication campaigns. Fourth Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc.
    Rogers, R.W. (1975). Protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91, 93-114.
    Rogers, R.W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.). Social Psychology, 153-176. New York: Guilford.
    Rogers, R.W. (1985). Attitude change and information integration in fear appeals. Psychological Reports, 56, 179-182.
    Rogers, R.W., & Mewborn, C.R. (1976). Fear appeals and attitude change: Effects of a threat`s noxiousness, probability of occurrence, and the efficacy of the coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 54-61.
    Ruiter, R.A.C., Abraham, C., & Kok, G. (2001). Scary warnings and rational precautions: a review of the psychology of fear appeals. Psychology and Health, 16, 613-630.
    Russian Federation. Federal Law: Technical Regulations on Tobacco Products. Official legislation (N 268-F3). Moscow, Russia, 2008
    Russian News website. Anti-tobacco law in Russia-2014: places where you can’t smoke and where you can (Антитабачный закон в РФ-2014: где теперь нельзя курить, а где можно). June 1, 2014. Retrieved from: http://news.mail.ru/society/18399446/?social=fb
    Russian Newspaper “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”. Russians started smoking less because of the pictures on cigarette packs (Устрашающие картинки на сигаретах подействовали). October 11, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.rg.ru/2013/10/11/sigareti-site.html
    Senior, K. (2000). Bigger and better tobacco warning labels. Lancet, 356, 139.
    Shanahan, P., & Elliott, D. (2008). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Graphic Health Warnings on Tobacco Product Packaging. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Retrieved from: http://www.smoke-free.ca/warnings/WarningsResearch/australia/hw-eval-full-report.pdf
    Slade, J. (1997). The pack as advertisement. Tobacco Control, 6(3), 169-170.
    Smith, K.H., & Stutts, M.A. (2003). Effects of short-term cosmetic versus long-term health fear appeals in anti-smoking advertisements on the smoking behavior of adolescents. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 3(2), 157–177.
    Strahan, E.J., White, K., Fong, G.T., Fabrigar, L.R., Zanna, M.P., & Cameron, R. (2002). Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective. Tobacco Control, 11(3), 183–190.
    Strahan, E.J., White, K., Fong, G.T., Fabrigar, L.R., Zanna, M.P., & Cameron, R. (2002). Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective. Tobacco Control, 11, 183–190.
    Stub of Freedom (Окурки свободы). 23.01.2013. Retrieved from: http://lenta.ru/articles/2013/01/22/smoke/
    Sutton, S.R. (1982). Fear-arousing communications: A critical examination of theory and research. In J .R. Eiser (Ed.), Social Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 303-337. London: Wiley.
    Sutton, S.R., & Eiser, J.R. (1984).The effects of fear-arousing communications on cigarette smoking: An expectancy-value approach. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 7, 13-33.
    Thrasher, J.F., Arillo-Santillan, E., Villalobos, V., Perez-Hernandez, R., Hammond, D., Carter, J., & Sebrie, E. (2010). Can pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages address smoking-related health disparities? Field experiments in Mexico to assess pictorial warning label content. Cancer Causes & Control, 21
    Thrasher, J.F., Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., Arillo-Santillán, E. (2007). Smokers’ reactions to cigarette package warnings with graphic imagery and with only text: a comparison between Mexico and Canada. Salud Pública de México, 49 (2), S233–240.
    Thuy, D.H, Huong, N.T.M., Tawfik, Y., & Church-Balin, C. (2004). The role of health communication in Vietnam’s fight against tuberculosis.
    UK Department of Health. Consultation on the introduction of picture warnings on tobacco packs: report on consultation, 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.smoke-free.ca/warnings/laws/DH_077962-report%20on%20consultation.pdf
    Vartanyan, F.E., Zhu, G.T., & Rozhetskaya, S.V. (2002). Smoking and people’s health (Курение и здоровье населения). Prophylactics of diseases and strengthening of health, 3, 32–34.
    Volchan, E., David, I.A., Tavares, G., Nascimento, B.M., Oliveira, J.M., Gleiser, S., Szklo, A., Perez, C., Cavalcante, T., Pereira, M.G., & Oliveira, L. (2013). Implicit motivation impact of pictorial health warning on cigarette packs. PLOS ONE, August 2013, 8(8).
    Wade, B., Merrill, R.M., & Lindsay, G.B. (2010). Cigarette pack warning labels in Russia: how graphic should they be? European Journal of Public Health. 21(3), 366-372.
    Wakefield, M., Morley, C., Horan, J.K., & Cummings, K.M. (2002). The cigarette pack as image: new evidence from tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control, 11(1), i73-i80.
    Weinstein, N.D. (1998). Accuracy of smokers’ risk perceptions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 135–140.
    WHO Framework convention on tobacco control. (2003, updated and reprint 2004, 2005). WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO_FCTC_english.pdf
    WHO Tobacco Free Initiative. World No Tobacco Day, 31 May 2008: The Focus. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/focus/en/index.html
    WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2013. Enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2013/en/
    WHO web-site. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/
    Williams, K.C. (2012). Fear appeal theory. Research in Business & Economics Journal, 5.
    Wilson, L.M., Tang, E.A., Chander, G., Hutton, H., Odelola, O.A., Elf, J.E., Heckman-Stoddard, B.M., Bass, E.B., Little, E.A., Haberl, E.B., & Apelberg, B.J. (2012). Impact of Tobacco Control Interventions on Smoking Initiation, Cessation, and Prevalence: A Systematic Review. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012, 1-36.
    Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear appeal back into the fear appeals: the Extended Parallel Process Model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349.
    Witte, K. (1998). Fear as Motivator, Fear as Inhibitor: Using the Extended Parallel Process Model to Explain Fear Appeal Successes and Failures. In Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications, and Contexts. Academic Press.
    Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27(5), 591-615.
    World Health Organization. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Elaboration of guidelines for implementation of Article 11 of the Convention. (2008). Retrieved from: http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop3/FCTC_COP3_7-en.pdf
    World Health Organization. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (nd). Guidelines for implementation of Article 11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Packaging and labelling of tobacco products). Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_11.pdf
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General, 2004. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45513/
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
    Zaridze, D.G., Safaev, R.D., Belitsky, G.A., Brunnemann, K.D., & Hoffmann, D. (1991). Carcinogenic substances in Soviet tobacco products. IARC scientific publications, 105, 485–488.
    Zawahir, S., Omar, M., Awang, R., Yong, H.H., Borland, R. Sirirassamee, B., Fong, G.T., & Hammond, D. (2012). Effectiveness of Antismoking Media Messages and Education Among Adolescents in Malaysia and Thailand: Findings From the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Project. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Retreived from http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Waterloo.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    中國大陸研究英語碩士學程(IMCS)
    101461025
    103
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101461025
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[中國大陸研究英語碩士學程(IMCS)] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    102501.pdf2898KbAdobe PDF2846View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback