Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/83456
|
| Title: | 性別角色期待的枷鎖：擺盪於家庭與工作之間的女性公務人員
The Bondage of Expectation for Gender Role: Female Civil Servants, Swinging between Family and work |
| Authors: | 蕭奕蕙
Shiao, Yi-Huey |
| Contributors: | 劉梅君
Liu, Mei-Jung
蕭奕蕙
Shiao, Yi-Huey |
| Keywords: | 性別角色期待
女性公務人員
家庭與工作
科層制
玻璃天花板效應
Expectation for Gender Role
Female Civil Servant
Family and work
Bureaucracy
glass ceiling effect |
| Date: | 2000 |
| Issue Date: | 2016-03-31 16:44:22 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本篇論文研究主要以正式女性公務人員為對象，並採用質化研究的深入訪談法，總共有十五位女性公務人員接受訪問；另外，本篇論文引用相關的理論來觀察女性公務人員的實際生活情況。十五位女性公務人員的家庭發展階段分成未婚、已婚無子女、已婚懷孕初期、已婚育有學齡前兒童、已婚育有青少年子女、以及已婚育有成年子女等等家庭類型。
本篇論文的研究發現有下列幾點：
一、因為性別角色期待而選擇進入公務人員體制
女性因為性別角色期待選擇進入公務人員體制中。女性公務人員為了扮演生育、照顧的家庭角色；以及社會普遍認為女性適合從事公務人員；在婚姻市場裡面，女性公務人員更成為理想結婚對象。因此，女性選擇進入公務人員體制的意願提高。
二、公務人員體制具有科層制特性
公務人員體制中的科層體制強調「固定職掌」、「依法行政」、「層級節制」，並且形成特定的官僚運作方式；整個組織運作強調「客觀」、「理性」、「陽剛性質」。女性在這樣的官僚運作底下，因為其性別而被標示出來，因為整個科層組織是由男性設計與主導，女性則被看成性別化的行動者（sexualized actors）；同時科層體制的反功能造成組織成員對組織產生疏離感，不過正因為這樣的反功能有利女性公務人員兼顧家庭生活，因此，女性公務人員在兼顧家庭的工作考量中以公務人員的工作內容配合度最高。在升遷的過程當中受到男性權威與性別角色刻板印象雙重影響，「玻璃天花板」效應明顯存在而女性公務人員也無法從工作中獲得滿足。
三、公務人員體制特殊的官場文化
公務人員體制要求「去個人化」、接受新的官僚人格，以及運用特殊的組織文化，其中最盛行的就是「關係」、「人情」。光具備工作能力表現是不夠的，公務人員還必須透過「關說」、「人事背景」才能獲得長官的賞識與提拔。整個組織的在上位者多數都是男性，男性有其特殊的人際關係互動，女性公務人員必須同時去性別化與接受男性的組織網絡之後，才有可能獲得晉升的機會。
四、女性公務人員因為家庭與工作出現精疲力盡
大部分已婚的女性公務人員仍然扮演「女主內」的角色，也就是說踏進門板之後的領域全歸為女性的責任，因此，只能用「心力交瘁」的字眼來形容女性公務人員的處境，唯一值得慶幸的是，女性公務人員會尋求社會資源來解決工作與家庭兩者間的衝突。
五、女性公務人員既主動創造又被動接受性別角色期待
根據本篇論文觀察與訪談結果，女性在某種情境底下才會既主動創造又被動接受性別角色期待。那就是只有在家庭因素考量出現時，女性才會主動創造與被對接受既予的性別角色期待。為了逃避這種左右為難的窘境，女性就必須建立自主性，可是這種自主性也是在既有社會價值框架下，並不是完全的自由。因此，我認為唯有去除傳統將女性與家庭連結在一起的社會價值，進而建立兩性平等的關係。
This paper aims mainly at qualified female civil servants, employs the qualitative method by which fifteen women are interviewed, and takes also on the relevant theories to observe their actual life experiences. The family life cycle of them is divided as following: single, married without children, pregnant, married with preschool ones, married with teenagers, and married with adult children.
In this paper I discover the facts that follows:
1. In accordance with the expectation for gender role, women choose to be civil servants.
In order to play well role on caring and childbearing in family life, on account of the common social assumption that women are suitable for the work of civil servants, and owing to the favor in the selection of marriage partner, women thus are willing to run for this status.
2. Public institution is characteristic of bureaucracy.
The working of civil service emphasizes on the fixed working contents, administrating by law, and obviously hierarchizing in levels, so this institution develops the bureaucratic feature. Under the emphases of the whole institution on the rationality, objectivity and masculinity wrought by men, women are labeled as sexualized actors. In this case, the bureaucracy produces the anti-function which on the one hand results in the alienation of the member in the organization and which on the other hand is good for women to take care of their family. In the process of promotion, the influences of male authority and gender stereotype on women forms the glass ceiling effect that defers women from the satisfaction with their works.
3. The special bureaucratic culture in public institution.
In this institution the member is required to be depersonalized, to accept a new bureaucratic trait and to implement the special organizational culture that is fashioned with human relationship and influence. Most of the higher officials are men who possess the different network of human relations from women, women must desexualize themselves to receive bureaucratic culture dominated by men for the opportunity of promotion.
4. The exhaustion of female civil servants in family and work.
A great number of married female civil servants simultaneously play the role of housewives--that is to say, women are responsible for all the things indoors. Fortunately, women, when facing this dilemma, would by the capacity of their positioning search for the social support so that they solve the confrontations between family and work.
5. Female civil servants either positively create or negatively accept the expectation for gender role.
The choice of whether to create or accept the expected gender role for women civil servants depends on certain "circumstances." That is, only when for family`s sake women civil servants are forced to definitely both create and accept such given gender role. To escape this dilemma, they try to establish a kind of autonomy--neither to create nor to accept the "given" namely, to slip off the bondage of the family. However, this sort of "autonomy" is limited in the framework of social value, far from complete freedom. Consequently, I think all we have to do is change the social value of setting the bondage between women and family and strive for the equality of both sexes. |
| Reference: | 一、中文資料
王慧姚
1981 《已婚職業婦女的角色衝突極其生活滿意度》。臺灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
王麗容
1994 《婦女二度就業需求與策略之研究》。行政院勞工委員會職業訓練局委託研究。
1995 《婦女與社會政策》。台北：巨流。
伊慶春
1982 〈已婚婦女的雙重角色：期望、衝突與調適〉。中央研究院三民主義研究所，9：405-430。
伊慶春、高淑貴
1986 〈有關已婚婦女就業的性別角色態度〉。中央研究院三民主義研究所專題選刊70。
呂玉暇
1981 〈社會變遷中臺灣婦女之事業觀〉。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，50：25-66。
1982 〈現代婦女之角色態度的價值延伸現象〉。思與言，20：135-150。
1983 〈婦女就業與家庭角色、權力結構之關係〉。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，56：111-143。
李寬芳
1995 《家務分工、夫妻家庭角色類型與婚姻品質之間的關係—以台中縣市已婚婦女為例》。東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
林邦傑
1986 〈我國女性公務員在性別角色特質與工作情境特質上的集群分析及各集群在工作滿足上的差異〉。政大學報，54：27-46。
唐文慧
1988 《高職業成就婦女的家庭與事業：以工商企業女性經理人為例》。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
徐宗國
1989 〈性別標籤的學術工作〉中國社會學刊，13：129-168。
1995 《工作內涵與性別角色》。台北：稻鄉。
陳怡君
1997 《這是女性生活的都市公共空間嗎？都市婦女人身恐懼感研究》。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所。
陳滿樺
1983 《已婚職業婦女角色衝突的因應策略及有關變項研究》。國立臺灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
郭黎灩
1989 《已婚職業婦女的性別角色態度、工作角色、家庭角色關係之研究》。台大社會學研究所碩士論文。
曾敏傑
1999 〈人力資本、工作結構與兩性薪資差異〉。發表於「我國工資保護制度學術研討會」。
張清溪
1980 〈結婚生育與子女數對有偶婦女勞動供給的影響〉。經濟論文叢刊，11（2）：175-196。
張晉芬
1995 〈綿綿此恨，可有絕期？—女性工作之剖析〉。出自於《臺灣婦女處境白皮書：1995年》。台北：時報。
1996 〈女性勞動者婚育離職原因之探討〉。發表於中央研究院社會學研究所。小型專題研討會第三回臺灣勞動研究。
張晉芬、黃玟娟
1997 〈兩性分工觀念下婚育對女性就業的影響〉。出自於《女性 國家 照顧工作》。台北：女書文化事業有限公司。
張曉春
1974 〈現代社會中都市家庭主婦的角色〉。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，37：39-82。
張瓊玲
1999 《中央行政機關科層體制特徵與成員疏離感關係之研究》。政治大學公共行政研究所博士論文。
曾溫純
1986 《已婚職業婦女的角色壓力與婚姻適應研究》。私立東吳大學社會學社會工作組碩士論文。
劉秀娟、林明寬譯（Susan, A. Basow原著）
1994 《兩性關係—性別刻板化與角色》。台北：揚智出版社。
劉梅君
1997 〈建構「性別敏感」的公民權〉出自於《女性、國家與照顧工作》。台北：巨流。
1999 〈性別與勞動〉出自於《性屬關係：性別與社會、建構》。台北：心理出版社。
劉梅君、蔡青龍
1996 《婦女再就業之研究：職業訓練需求與就業適應》。行政院勞工委員會職業訓練局委託研究。
蔡美儀
1992 《我國女性教育主管性別角色、自我概念、社會支持與社會適應之關係》。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
簡文吟、薛承泰
1996 〈臺灣地區已婚婦女就業型態及其影響因素〉。人口學刊，17：113-134。
簡文吟
1997 《臺灣地區已婚婦女就業型態之分析：離職與復職的檢視》。臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
戴瑞婷
1978 《台北古亭區松山區已婚就業者之研究》。臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
戴智慧
1985 《已婚職業婦女的生活壓力與休閒態度、婚姻滿意度、生理健康及工作滿意五者的關係》。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
羅紀瓊
1986 〈已婚婦女勞動參與的再思〉。經濟論文叢刊，141：113-131。
二、英文資料
Chodorow, Nancy
1978 The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley：University of California Press.
Desai, Sonalde and Linda J. Waite
1991 “Women Employment During Pregnancy and After the First Birth：Occupational Charateristics and Work Commitment.” American Sociological Review 56：551-561.
Doeringer, P. B. & M. Piore
1971 Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, MA：D.C. Heath.
Dreher, George & Ash, Ronald A.
1990 “A Comparative Study of Mentoring among Men and Women in Managerial, Professional, and Technical Positions.”Journal of Applied Psychology75(5)：539-546.
Eggebeen, David J.
1987 “Determinants of Maternal Employment for White Preschool Children：1960-1980. ”Journal of Marriage and the Family50：149-159.
England, Paula and Lori MacCreary
1987 “Gender Inquality in Paid Employment.” in Analyzing Gender：A Handbook of Social Science Research. pp.286-322.SAGE Publication.
Glaser, Barney G & Anselm L. Strauss
1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago：Aldine.
Goyal, Amita
1995 “Mentoring Resources and Programs for Women.”Communications of the ACM38（1）：66-67.
Groat, H. Theodore, Randy L. Workman and Arthur G. Neal
1976 “Labor Force Participation Family Formation：A Study of Working Mothers.”Demography 13(1)：115-125.
Guy, Mary E.
1994 “Organizational Architecture, Gender and Women’s Careers.” Review of Public Personnel Administration Spring：77-90
Hartmann, Heidi
1976 “Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex.”in Martha Blaxall and Barbar Reagan eds. Women and the Workplace. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Hogan, Dennis P.
1978 “The Variable Order or Events in the Life Course.”American Sociological Review (43)：573-586.
House, J. S.
1981 Work Stress and Social Support. Reading, MA：Addison Wesley.
Kanter, Rosabeth M.
1977 Work and Family in the United States: Acritical Review and Agenda for Research and Policy. New York: Russell Sage.
Leibowitz, A.
1974 “Education, the Allocation and Women`s Time.”in F. T. juster eds. Education, Income, and Human behavior. New York：McGraw-Hill.pp.171-197.
Mott, Frank L.
1972 “Fertility, Life Cycle Stage and Female Labor Force Participation in Rhode Island：A Retrospective Overview.”Demography 9(1)：173-185.
Naff, Katherine C. & Sue Thomas
1994 “The Glass Ceiling Revisited: Determinants of Federal Job Advancement.” Policy Studies Review13：3/4 pp.249-272.
Nieva, V. F. & Gutek, B. A.
1981 Women and Work: A Psychological Perspective. New York：Praeger Publishers.
Nock, Steven L.
1979 “The Family Life Cycle：The Empirical or Conceptual Tool?”Journal of Marriage and the Family (41)：15-26.
Noe, R. A.
1988 “Women and Mentoring: A Review and Research Agenda.”Academy of Management Review13(1)：65-78.
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincade
1974 “The Sex Labeling of Jobs.”in Martha T. S. Mednick, Sandra S. Tangri, and Lois W. Hoffman eds. Women and Achievement: Social and Motivational Analysis. New York: Wiley.
Ramsay, Karen & Martin Parker
1992 “Gender, Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture.” in Gender and Bureaucracy. Blackwell Publisher.
Scanzoni, J. & G. L. Fox
1979 “Sex Roles, Family and Society：The Seventies and Beyond.”Journal of Marriage and the Family. 42(4)：743-756.
Sorensen, Annemette
1983 “Women`s Employment Patterns After Marriage.”Journal of Marriage and the Family45：311-321.
Spanier, Graham B., William Sauer and Robert Larzelere
1979 “An Empirical Evaluation of Family Life Cycle.” Journal of Marriage and the Family41：27-38.
Taylar, Steven J. & Robert Bogdan
1984 Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods. A wiley-interscience publication, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Waite, Linda J.
1976 “Working Wives：1940-1960.”American Sociological Review 41(February)：65-80.
1980 “Working Wives and the Family Life Cycle.”American Journal of Sociology 86(2)：272-294.
Witz, Anne & Mike Savage
1992 “The Gender of Organizations” in Gender and Bureaucracy. Blackwell Publisher.
Yamagata, Yen, Stewman, & Dodge
1997 “Sex Segregation and Glass Ceilings: A Comparative Statics Model of Women’s Career Opportunities in Federal Government over a Quarter Century. ” American Journal of Sociology 103(3)：566-632.
Young, Christable M.
1978 “Work Sequences of Women During the Family Life Cycle.”Journal of Marriage and the Family40：401-411.
Zellner, Harriet
1975 “The Differentiation of Life-Styles.”Annual Review of Sociology 2：269-298. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學系 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001859 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [社會學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 458 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
