| Reference: | DOCUMENTS:
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. An Agenda for Peace UN Doc. A/47/277-S/24111 17 June 1992.
______________________. Report of the Secretary General on Liberia, UN Security Council Doc. S/26422, 9 September 1993.
Department of Information of ECOWAS. “The Community at a Glance”, reprinted in West Africa, (19 October –1 November 1998).
ECOWAS Decision A/Dec./8/90, Lagos. See also Ghana’s People’s Daily Graphic (Accra), August 3 1990.
_________. Decision A/Dec.18/90, Article II.
_________. Final Report of the ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee Ministerial Meeting, Freetown, 5-20 July 1990, ECW/SMC/FM/90/3/ Rev. 1, 1990.
The ECOWAS Charter, Article 2, Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States, May 28 1975. Article 2, 14 I.L.M. 1200.
Malu, Victor. ECOMOG Force Commander, a report given at the IPA Seminar on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, Addis Ababa, December 1996.
Note by the President of the Security Council. UN Doc. S/22133 (1991).
Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance on Defense. A/SP3/5/81. Reprinted in Journal of ECOWAS (1981).
Protocol on Non-Aggression. reprinted in West Africa, (May 25 1981), p.1153.
United Nations. ‘Supplement to An Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations’, UN Doc. A/50/60, S/1995/1 (January 1995).
BOOKS:
Agetua, Nkem. Operation Liberty: The Story of Major General Joshua Nimyel Dogonyaro. Lagos: Hona Communications, 1992.
Armon, Jeremy. and Andy Carl, eds. “The Liberian Peace Process, 1990 – 1996,” Accord : an International Review of Peace Initiatives, 1 (1996). Conciliation Resources, London.
Craig, Gordon A. and George L. Alexander. Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of our time, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Ellis, Stephen. The Mask of Anarchy : The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War. London: Hurst and Company, 1999.
George, L. Alexander. Forceful Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace,1993.
Huband, Mark. The Liberian Civil War. London: Frank Cass, 1998.
International Peace Academy. Peacekeeper’s Handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, 1984.
Pelcovits, Nathan, “Peacekeeping: The African Experience” in Henry Wiseman ed., peacekeeping: appraisals & proposals. New York: International Peace Academy, 1983.
Ramazani, R.K. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Record and Analysis. Charlottesville. N.C.: University of North Carolina Press,1998.
PERIODICALS
Abdullah, Ibrahim. “Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/ Sierra Leone.” Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1998), pp.203-235.
Adekeye, Adebayo. “Richman’s War, Poor Man’s War.” The World Today, Vol. 52, Nos 8-9 (August- September 1996), pp.222-225.
Adeleke, Ademola. “The Politics and Diplomacy of Peacekeeping in West Africa: Ecowas Operation in Liberia.” Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 4 (December 1995): pp.569-593.
Adibe, E. Clement. “The Liberian Conflict and the ECOWAS-UN Partnership.” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3 (June 1997), pp. 471-488.
Alagappa, Muthiah. “Regional Institutions, the UN and International Security: a framework for analysis.” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3. (June 1997), pp. 421-441.
Dobbie, Charles. “ A Concept for Post-Cold War Peacekeeping.” Survival, Vol. 36, No.3 (Autumn 1994), pp.121-148.
Fisher, David. “The Ethics of Intervention.” Survival, Vol. 36, No.1 (Spring 1994), pp. 51-59.
Goulding, Marrack. “The United Nations and Conflict in Africa Since the Cold War,” African Affairs, Vol.98, No.391 (April 1999), pp.155-166.
Guicherd, Catherine. “International Law and the War in Kosovo.” Survival, Vol.41, No.2 (Summer 1999), pp. 19-34.
Hoffman, Stanley. “The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention.” Survival, Vol.37, No.4 (Winter 1995-96), pp.29-51.
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 37, No.6 (1995), p.39548.
Keesing’s Record of World Events. “Liberia: 1991 Overview.” Volume 38, Reference Supplement, p. R14.
Keesing’s Record of World Events. “Liberia: 1992 Overview.” Volume 39, Reference Supplement , p.R14.
Keesing’s Record of World Events. “Liberia: 1993 Overview.” Volume 40, Reference Supplement, p.R16.
Keesing’s Record of World Events. “Liberia: 1994 Key Events.” Volume 41, Reference Supplement, p. R19.
Keohane, O. Robert. and Lisa Martin. “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory.” International Security, Vol. 20, No.1 ( Summer 1995), pp.35-51.
Khosla, Deepa. “Third World states as Intervenors in Ethnic Conflicts: implications for regional and international security.” Third World Quarterly, Vol.20, No.6 (December 1999), pp.1143-1156.
Kodjoe, Ofuatey. W. “Regional Organizations and the Resolution of Internal Conflicts: the ECOWAS intervention in Liberia.” International Peacekeeping, Vol.1, No.3 (May-June 1994), pp.261-302.
Lyons, Terrence. “Liberia’s Path From Anarchy To Elections.” Current History, Vol. 97, No.619 (May 1998), pp.231-232.
Mortimer, Robert A. “Senegal’s Role in ECOMOG : The Francophone Dimension in the Liberian Crisis.” Journal Modern African Studies , Vol. 34, No.2 (1996), pp.293-306.
New Democrat. “Will ECOMOG Leave?,” Vol. 1 No. 29 (16-22 June 1994), p.1.
Ofodile, Anthony Chukwukah. “Recent Development: The Legality of ECOWAS intervention in Liberia.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.32, No.2 (1994), pp.381-418.
Omach, Paul. “The African Crisis Response Initiative: Domestic Politics and Convergence of National Interests.” African Affairs, Vol.99, No.394 (January 2000), pp.73-95.
Peterson, Dave. “Liberia: Crying for Freedom.” Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.2 (April 1996), pp. 148-158.
Pruit, Dean G. “Ethnic Conflicts : The Tactics of Third Party Intervention.” Orbis, Vol. 44, No.2 (Spring 2000), pp.245-254.
Reno, William. “Reinvention of an African Patrimonial State: Charles Taylor’s Liberia.” Third World Quarterly, Vol.16, No.1 (February 1995), pp.109-120.
Riley, Stephen. “Liberia and Sierra Leone: Anarchy or Peace in West Africa?” Conflict Studies, No.287 (February 1996), pp.1-28.
Rudolph Jr, Joseph R. “Intervention in Communal Conflicts.” Orbis, Vol. 36, No.2 (Spring 1995), pp.259-273.
Seroo, Didier. interview with Samuel Kofi Woods in International Samenwerking, reprinted in African Affairs, Vol. 99, No.394 (January 2000) , pp. 97-111.
Tai, Wan-Chin. “US Intervention in March 1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis: Interpretation from the Model of Coercive Diplomacy.” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 2, No.1 (March 1998), pp.1-15.
Tarr, S. Byron. “The ECOMOG Initiative in Liberia: A Liberian Perspective.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 21, Nos.1-2 (1993), pp. 79-80.
Tharoor, Shashi. “Should UN Peacekeeping Go ‘Back to Basics?” Survival, Vol. 37, No.4 ( Winter 1995-95), p.52-64.
Zartman, I. William. “Ethnic Conflicts: Mediating Conflicts of Need, Greed and Creed.” Orbis, Vol. 44, No.2 (Spring 2000), pp.255-266.
MAGAZINES:
Adekeye, Adebayo. “Farewell To Arms?” West Africa (25-31 December 1995 & 1-7 January 1996), pp. 1993-1994.
Adekeye, Adebayo. “Two Weddings and a Funeral.” West Africa (6-12 January 1997), pp.22-23.
Adeniji, Olu. interview in West Africa (13-19 March 2000), pp. 13-15.
Ajulo, Sunday Babalola. “From Berlin To Lagos I.” West Africa (August 5-11 1996), pp.1247-1248.
_________. “From Berlin To Lagos II.” West Africa (August 12-18 1996), pp. 1272-1273.
Ankomah, Baffour. “With Taylor Inside Liberia.” New African (October 1999), pp.12-13.
_________. “The Liberian Challenge.” New African (November 1990), p.13.
_________. “UN Taking Sides in Liberia.” New African (November 1993), pp.16-17.
_________. “Liberia: The First 100 Days.” New African Special Report (December 1997), pp.6-9.
Asante, Ben. “The ECOMOG Miracle.” West Africa (March 24-30 1997), pp. 462-469.
_________. “Faction Leaders Promise Peace.” West Africa ( 27 January- 2 February 1997), pp.139-141.
_________. “Shifting To Top Gear.” West Africa (24 February – 2 March 1997), p.305.
Barret, Lindsay. “Nigeria’s Pivotal Role.” West Africa (24-30 March 1997), pp. 467-469.
Bundu, Abass. a Letter to the Editor. New African (September 1997), p.4.
_________. “Beyond Peacekeeping.” West Africa (6-12 December 1999), pp. 14-17.
Butty, James. “Is Peace Finally Here?” West Africa (2-8 September 1996), pp. 1393-1394.
_________. “From Bullet To Ballot.” West Africa (21 –27 April 1997), pp. 630-633.
_________. “Waiting For The Alliance.” West Africa (21-27 April 1997), p. 633-635.
Essy, Amara. “Nigeria, A Veritable Giant.” West Africa (19 October – 1 November 1998), p.758.
Gbeho, James Victor. “Nigeria- The Vision and Sacrifice.” West Africa (19 October – 1 November 1998 ), p.758.
Kamara, Tom. “Charles Taylor – The True Story.” New African (July 1991), p. 22-23.
Ohene, Elizabeth. “Chosen By God.” Focus on Africa, 8,4 (1997), p.221-24.
Sesay, John. “Sierra Leone’s Future.” West Africa (31 January – 6 March 2000), p.8.
Special Correspondent. “The Moment of Truth.” West Africa (9-15 December 1996), pp.1921-1923.
Quainoo, Arnold. Interview in West Africa (20-26 March 2000), pp. 10-15.
Yankah, Kwesi and Lazarus D. Mayang. “Charles Taylor: Dark Days in Ghana.” Uhuru 3 (1990), pp. 39-42.
NEWSPAPERS:
Asamoah, Obed. Peoples Daily Graphic (Accra, Ghana), August 23 1990, p.1.
Johnson, Yormie. Interview with Vanguard (Lagos, Nigeria), http://www.Vanguardngr.com/A111040.htm.
Lynch, Colum. “UN Plans To Give Condoms To Troops.” The Washington Post (March 18 2000), p.A13.
Taylor, Charles. Interview in The Ghanaian Chronicle (Accra), 12-18 October 1992, p.6.
INTERNET SOURCES:
BACKGROUND OF UNOMIL. Prepared by the Department of Public Information, United Nations. Not an official document of the UN. Last updated on July 14 1997. www.un.org/Depts/DPKO pp.1-23.
Drozdiak, William. “At UN., a Clash Over Keeping the Peace,” (washingtonpost.corwyswig://114/http://washingtonpost…worl/africa/A28122-2000 May 29.htm
Eyal, Jonathan. “Africa’s Peacekeeping Problems,” http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/hi/engli…/1d/africa/newssid_743000/743249.stm
Fifty Years of UN Peacekeeping. Prepared by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations. Not an official document of the UN. Last updated on May 1 1998. www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/p.k.50 w.htm
International Peace Academy. Seminar on Peacekeeping and Peacemaking, Addis Ababa, (December 1996). http://www.ipacademy/addisrep.htm.
Tuck, Christopher. (2000). “Every Car Or Movable Object Gone.” The ECOMOG Intervention in Liberia. 4(1). [online] URL: http://web.africa.efl.edu/asq/v4i1a1.htm
OTHERS:
Anonymous Diplomatic Sources contacted by the writer. |
