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    Title: 我國政府採購常見犯罪行為態樣之研究: 以美國為比較對象
    A Comparative Study of crime pattern against Government Procurement Act between Taiwan and United States of America
    Authors: 林子靖
    Contributors: 顏玉明
    林子靖
    Keywords: 政府採購
    圍標
    綁標
    美國聯邦採購規則
    採購官制度
    Government Procurement Act
    Unlawful rigging
    Unlawful restrictions
    Federal Acquisition Regulation
    Contracting Officers
    Date: 2016
    Issue Date: 2016-08-22 11:30:49 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文係以政府採購法所建立的採購程序作為中心,同時觀察招標機關及投標廠商在政府採購之角色定位,以釐清招標機關與投標廠商在政府採購程序中常見之犯罪模式及特徵。本文之研究方法,係採實證研究取向及文獻研究法,整理民國95年至104年最高法院之實務判決,並先以描述性統計說明最常見之犯罪案件後,再進一步就判決具體個案較常見之犯罪行為態樣加以分析、歸納。

      此外,我國對於圍標、綁標行為係由政府採購法之專法加以規範,而美國法上對於圍標行為多係依照競爭法加以規範,綁標行為則依其所涉行為態樣適用不同之法令,此與我國法制上略有不同,本文即以美國法作為比較研究之對象,以作為我國採購法刑事責任修正之借鏡。

      在內容部分,本文第一章為緒論,說明本研究之動機、目的、方法及架構,並回顧過往我國有關採購犯罪之研究及實務現況之統計分析,並以此作為後續章節編排之架構。第二章、第三章則分別依照前述統計分析之判決作為樣本,分析、歸納投標廠商及招標機關常見之採購犯罪行為態樣。第四章就美國聯邦採購規則中常見之犯罪行為態樣加以說明,第五章先就我國與美國常見之採購犯罪行為態樣加以比較後,再以兩個我國較具爭議之實務判決加以評析,並輔以美國法之操作加以說明。最後,第六章則係將前述章節予以統整,以為本文結論,並據此提出相關建議。

      本文研究結論認為,在投標廠商之部分,考量到圍標合意之舉證困難,圍標合意證明應予標準化;公司負責人具親屬關係之關係企業得否參與同一標案應明文禁止。在招標機關之部分,應將廠商間之收取回扣刑罰化,並將採購法第89條洩密罪之刑度予以降低。且應將綁標行為除罪化,回歸民事爭議處理之方式。另考量政府採購之專業性及複雜性,應增設採購官制度,使採購法第6條第2項之裁量判斷具體化,以降低現行辦理採購業務承辦人之法律風險,同時作為綁標除罪化之配套措施。
    This dissertation focuses on procurement procedures under the Government Procurement Act. Through observing the roles of tendering authorities and tenderers play in government procurement ,the crime patterns and features which the bidding authorities and tenderers commonly share in government procurement procedures are observed.

      In terms of research methods, empirical research and literature research are adopted. The research began by analyzing Supreme Court judgments during the period from 2006 to 2015. The descriptive statistical analysis method is used to describe the most common criminal cases. Finally, several symbolic crime patterns are further analyzed and summarized.

      In Taiwan, Unlawful Rigging and Unlawful Restrictions are specifically regulated by Government Procurement Act. On the other hand, in USA, Unlawful Rigging and Unlawful Restrictions are regulated by Competition in Contract Act of 1984 and Antitrust Law with which Sherman Act, Clayton Act and Federal Trade Commission Act may be applied according to behavior patterns. Therefore this dissertation conducts comparative study between the laws of Taiwan and USA. The conclusion of the comparative study are as follows:

    For tenderer, as the difficulty of providing evidence to proof the consensus of the rigging is extremely high, the dissertation suggests that the level of the proof of evidence shall be standardized. Moreover, the dissertation proposes that the affiliated company which the representatives share kinship shall be prohibited to participate in the same tender.

    For tender authority, it is suggested that the kickbacking between manufacturers shall be penalized and the penalty of Government Procurement Act Article 89 shall be reduced. Regarding to Unlawful Retrictions, it is propsed to be handled via civil disputes resolution. In addition, considering the professionalism and complexity of government procurement, professional contracting officer shall be considered to be setup in the system.

    In summary, the finding above serves as references to the amendment of criminal responsibility in Government Procurement Act in Taiwan. Based on the conclusion above, it is hoped that the Paragraph 2 of Article 6 could be functioning, also is able to reduce the existing legal risks of the procurement participants.
    Reference: 一、中文
    (一)專書
    1.王澤鑑編,英美法導論,1版,民國99年。
    2.林山田、林東茂、林燦璋,犯罪學,4版,民國99年。
    3.許春金,犯罪學,7版,民國102年。
    4.黃鈺華、蔡佩芳合著,政府採購法解讀-逐條釋義,5版,民國103年。
    (二)學位論文
    1.李淑珺,政府採購未得標者因機關違法請求賠償之研究:以比較我國、美國、歐盟、英國司法實務為中心,國立政治大學法律暨科際整合研究所碩士論文,民國103年6月。
    2.吳權原,政府採購貪瀆犯罪防制之研究,逢甲大學交通工程與管理學系在職專班碩士論文,民國95年8月。
    3.吳滄俯,政府採購弊案之犯罪模式與特徵,國立臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文,民國96年11月。
    4.林鳳宜,公共工程綁標犯罪初步探討,國立高雄第一科技大學營建工程系碩士論文,民國104年2月。
    5.林勇麒,從保護法益論政府採購法之刑事責任--國家法益假象下的競爭秩序守護者--,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學研究所碩士論文,民國103年10月。
    6.張志堅,公務員採購犯罪原因類型及其防制對策之研究,銘傳大學公共事務學系兩岸關係與安全管理碩士在職專班,民國103年6月。
    7.張尤仁,基層經辦採購公務員對違反政府採購法規圖利案件認知之研究-以嘉義縣鄉鎮市公所為例,國立中正大學犯罪防治學系暨研究所碩士論文,民國99年6月。
    8.陳有政,我國公務採購犯罪模式之研究,逢甲大學公共政策研究所碩士論文,民國99年7月。
    9.曹志仁,從美國聯邦採購規則論我國政府採購法之爭議處理制度,國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,民國101年7月。
    10.黃鈴晏,聯合行為之成立及法律效果-以美國、歐盟及我國規範為中心,國立成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文,民國101年7月。
    11.黃榆楹,競爭法與政府採購法對於圍標、綁標行為規範之比較研究,國立臺北大學碩士論文,民國93年6月。
    12.楊明人,建築公用工程浮報價額、數量或有其他舞弊情事—以貪污治罪條例第四條第一項第三款之實務探討為中心,國立高雄大學高階法律暨管理碩士在職專班碩士論文,民國100年1月。
    13.鄧媛,從聯合行為之合意證明論寬恕政策之實踐,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班科技法律組碩士論文,民國104年8月。
    14.廖傳賀,圍標犯罪之研究-以政府採購法第八十七條規定為中心,國立中正大學法律學研究所碩士論文,民國101年6月。
    15.劉倩妏,政府採購之救濟制度-以政府採購之法律性質為中心,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文,民國96年6月。
    (三)期刊文章
    1.許恆達,綁標刑事責任之研究-以行為主體的身分關係為中心,2014東吳工程法學論叢,頁1-26,民國103年8月。
    2.陳志民,美國及歐盟反托拉斯法對國際卡特爾行為之規範,貿易政策論叢,第14期,頁37-63,民國99年12月。
    3.蕭宏宜,政府採購犯罪之相關問題─近年實務判決的整理與分析,2014東吳工程法學論叢,頁205-234,民國103年8月。
    二、英文
    (一)外文專著
    1.Mark Furse, (1th ed 2012) The criminal law of competittion in the UK and in the US.
    2.RICHARD A. POSNER, (1th ed 2001). ANTITRUST LAW. U.S.A: University Of Chicago Press.
    (二)外文期刊論文
    1.Ania Thiemann, FIGHTING CORRUPTION AND PROMOTING COMPETITION, Global Forum on Competition,1-4(2014)(民國103年)
    2.Kate M. Manuel, Competition in Federal Contracting:An Overview of the Legal Requirements, Congressional Research Service 1-29,2011(民國100年)
    3.Maira Martini,CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT.
    Anti-corruption help desk providing on-demand research to help fight corruption,1-8, 2013(民國102年)
    4.Tomas A. Piraion, Jr., Making Sence of the Rule of Reason:A New Standard for Section 1 of Sherman Act, 47 VANDERBILT LAW REVIEW,1753-1805(1994)(民國93年)
    5.Thomas S. McConville, THE PROCUREMENT INTEGRITY ACT: A LITTLE-USED BUT EFFECTIVE STATUTE IN CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS, Procurement Lawyer, 1-6 ,Fall (2007)(民國96年)
    6.Timothy M. Cox, IS THE PROCUREMENT INTEGRITY ACT “IMPORTANT” ENOUGH FOR THE MANDATORY DISCLOSURE RULE? A CASE FOR INCLUSION, 40 Pubilc Contract Law Journal 348-391 Winter (2011) (民國100年)
    三、網路資源
    1.自由時報(2015)。雲豹甲車用中國劣貨 網媒:國防部疑袒護涉弊廠商。檢自:http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/1436442
    2.呂志明(2016)。【更新】立法院電腦採購弊案 今首次提訊林錫山。檢自:http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20160203/789179/
    3.許俊澤(2013)。美國聯邦政府採購制度之研究。檢自:http://www.audit.gov.tw/files/15-1000-1429,c99-1.php
    4.THE UNITED STATED DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE (2015). Price Fixing, Bid Rigging, and Market Allocation Schemes: What They Are and What to Look For. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/atr/price-fixing-bid-rigging-and-market-allocation-schemes
    5.Deparement of Justice. PRICE FIXING, BID RIGGING, AND MARKET ALLOCATION SCHEMES: WHAT THEY ARE AND WHAT TO LOOK FOR. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2007/10/24/211578.pdf
    6.Joel M. Androphy , Rachel Grier, Sarah M. Frazier. Government Procurement Fraud and the False Claims Act. Retrieved from https://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=20227
    7.OFFICE of THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS. 927. Anti-Kickback Act of 1986. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual-927-anti-kickback-act-1986
    8.WTO,GovernmentProcurement,Statistics https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2015_e/its15_toc_e.htm
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律科際整合研究所
    101652001
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101652001
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[法律科際整合研究所] 學位論文

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