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| Title: | 華語口語中反對意見表達之語步分析：母語者與日籍學習者之比較
Move analysis of disagreement in oral Mandarin Chinese : a comparative study between native speakers and Japanese learners` data |
| Authors: | 栗原祐美
Kurihara, Yumi |
| Contributors: | 尤雪瑛
Yu, Hsueh Ying
栗原祐美
Kurihara, Yumi |
| Keywords: | 反對意見表達
語步
語言形式
華語教學
日籍學習者
Disagreement
Move
Language Form
TCSL
Japanese Learner |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-02-08 16:40:19 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文透過口語語料的分析探討華語反對意見(disagreement)的表達方式。這二十年來有關反對意見表達的相關研究越來越多，然而探討華語語步結構(move)和語言形式(language form)的文獻不多，但其實對學習者來說從語步結構、語言形式等具體的因素著手學習比較有幫助，因此本研究從這兩方面進行研究。本文提出兩個研究問題：第一個問題為語步方面，華語母語者和學習華語的日籍學習者提出反對意見時用什麼樣的語步結構？兩組之間是否有異同？第二個問題為語言形式，華語母語者和日籍學習者表達反對意見時，常用哪些預告標記、情態語、語氣詞等語言形式，兩組之間是否有異同？
本文透過誘發會話法(elicited conversation)收集參與者的語料，分別為華語母語者和日籍學習者，每組各有十六篇語料，共三十二篇。參與者討論核能發電以及體罰的兩個議題，由一位參與者簡短發表其意見，誘發另一位參與者提出反對意見。
語步的分析結果發現，母語者的語步結構為「開始語步：直接反駁或間接反訴→ 中間語步：假同意、陳述理由與舉例說明、提案→ 結束語步：總結或話輪轉讓」的結構；日籍學習者則為「開始語步：直接反駁或間接反訴→ 中間語步：假同意、陳述理由與舉例說明、提案」的結構。兩組的結束語步不同，母語者有明顯的結束語步，然而學習者沒有很明顯的結束語步。為了回答第二個問題，本文分析語步中的語言形式，結果發現兩組之間有相同處，兩組都是預告標記的使用次數最多，其次情態語、語氣詞。此外，兩組都常用的預告標記為「就是」「因為」；情態語為「應該」「(我)覺得」「可能」「那」等；語氣詞為「嗯」「呃」「啊」。但也有相異之處，華語母語者和日籍學習者的用法不同，母語者的「然後」「我們」「嗯」的用法比學習者多，但「那」「啊」的用法母語者比學習者少。語言形式的用法分析中發現，語言形式和功能並非一對一的關係，一個語言形式有數個功能，一個功能可以數個語言形式來達成。除此之外，母語者的預告標記在各副語步中有特定偏向，「雖然」「可是」「因為」「然後」「所以」分別集中在假同意、間接反訴、陳述理由與舉例說明、提案、總結的副語步，他們善用這些預告標記導入副語步，但日籍學習者的特定偏向比較少，只有「雖然」「所以」集中在假同意和總結的兩項副語步。
根據以上的結果，最後提出針對華語教學的一些建議：教學步驟可按照三個步驟進行：教師介紹學習重點、演練、進一步練習與產出。最後讓學習者進一步練習自己所要表達的反對意見，此時教師可以提醒學習者按照開始語步、中間語步、結束語步的順序展開語步，開始語步不妨馬上提出核心意見，中間語步可以陳述理由或提出替代的方案等，在結束語步可以簡單一、兩句總結自己主張的重點，這樣的語步結構可以讓母語者更容易了解反對者的主張。另外，在反對意見中可以搭配預告標記、情態語、語氣詞等語言形式，可以導入反對意見、緩和或強化語氣和填補詞的功能。
This study investigates how the Mandarin native speakers and Japanese learners express disagreement in oral data. Many scholars have devoted their studies into disagreement for decades, however, few studies are used in the expressions of disagreement about the move structure and language forms. The researcher believes that the analysis of move structure and language forms would be helpful in explaining the components of a disagreement discourse and in offering pedagogical implications. This study has two main research questions. First, what are the move structures of disagreement in Mandarin? Do the move structures differ between the data of native speakers and Japanese learners? Second, what kinds of language forms do the speakers of the two groups use the most? Are there differences between the two groups?
The data were collected using the elicited conversation. It includes 32 oral data, with 16 units from each group. Two participants in one group discuss one of the issues: the establishing of nuclear power plant and the application physical punishment. One subject initiates the conversation briefly to elicit and the opposing opinions for the other subject.
The findings of this study were following. First, the move structures of the native speakers, data shows the pattern as follows: “Starting move: Direct disagreement or indirect agreement→ Middle move: showing token agreements, account and announcing examples, offering suggestions → Concluding move: summary or returning turns” : the pattern of the Japanese learners on the other hand is “Starting move: direct disagreement or indirect agreement → Middle move: showing token agreements, account and announcing examples, offering suggestions”. The difference between the two groups is that the native speakers used concluding moves in the end of discussion while the Japanese learners didn’t. Second, the result of linguistic forms showed that there were similarities between the two groups. Pre-announcement markers were used in the most, followed by modals and final particles. Beside, “Jiushi” and “Yinwei” were used in the most in pre-announcement markers both in native speakers and the learners; “Na” “Yinggai” “(Wo)juede” “Keneng” in modals; and “En” “E” “A” were the most in final particles respectively. On the other hand, there were also some differences between them in usages, for example, native speakers had more kinds of usages of “Ranhou” “Women” “En” than Japanese learners; although Japanese learner used more usages in “Na” “A” than Native speakers. Moreover, native speakers had particular correration between language forms and submoves, they had “Suiran” in showing token agreement, “Keshi” in indirect agreement, “Yinwei” in giving account or examples, “Ranhou” in offering suggestions and “Suoyi” in summary. Japanese learners although had few correlation, just “Suiran” in showing token agreement and “Suoyi” in summary.
This study also proposes some pedagogical implication based on the results above. The three teaching steps was proposed as follows: the teacher presents the key points, practice and further practice. In the final step, the teacher can make learners aware of the order of moves when they disagree with others: they can show their main claim first in the starting move. In the middle move, account and giving examples, suggestion can be used to elaborate in the claim. They can summarize their main idea briefly in the concluding move to make the hearer understood their opinion clearer. They can also combine language forms like pre-announcement markers, modals and final particles to introduce, mitigate or strengthen the opinion or to make verbal fillers. |
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Willis, J., & Willis, D. (1996). Challenge and Change in Language Teaching. Oxford: Heinemann.
Yamada, H. (1990). Topic management and turn distribution in business meetings: American versus Japanese strategies. Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 10(3), 271-295.
Yang, H.-X. (2011). An Intercultural and Cross-Gender Study on Disagreement Realization Patterns of Chinese and American College Students (中美大學生反對語實施模式跨文化性別對比研究 ). (Unpublished master`s thesis), Xibei Normal University.
Yang, Y.-T. (2010). Strategies in the Disagreement Speech Act Used by Learners in Taiwan: a Sociolinguistic Analysis(台灣英語學習者異議語的使用策略: 從社會語言學的角度分析). (Unpublished PhD. thesis), National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Yoshimi, D. R. (2001). Explicit instruction and JFL learner‟ s use of interactional discourse markers. In G. Kasper & K. R. Rose (Eds.), Pragmatics in Language Teaching (pp. 223-244). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yu, H.-Y. (1990). Connectives in Chinese Narrative Discourse. (Unpublished master`s thesis), National Chengchi University.
Yuan, Y. (2001). An inquiry into empirical pragmatics data-gathering methods: Written DCTs, oral DCTs, field notes, and natural conversations. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(2), 271-292.
三、日文部分
Kunpattaranirun, W. (2012). 日本語とタイ語における提案に対する反対意見の対照研究(泰日反對意見表達之對比研究). (博士論文。未出版), 大阪大學.
大塚淳子. (2005). 不同意の表明: 日本人大学生の場合(不同意意見表達: 以日本大學生為中心). 日本語日本文化 大阪外国語大学日本語日本文化センター, 31, 81-91.
木山幸子. (2005). 日本語の雑談における不同意の様相 : 会話教育への示唆(日語日常會話中的不同意研究: 會話教學應用). 言語情報学研究報告, 6, 165-182.
王萌. (2013). 日本人と中国人の不同意表明―ポライトネスの観点から― (日本人和中國人的不同意表達：從禮貌原則的觀點). 福岡: 花書院.
杉本明子. (2002). 職場における相互理解のコミュニケーション構造 : 否定・反論に対応する言動行動の分析(職場的語言相互溝通結構:對應否定和反對意見的言語行為分析), 日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集.
李吉鎔. (2001). 日・韓両言語における反対意見表明行動の対照研究 : 談話構造とスキーマを中心として(韓日反對意見表達的對照分析：談話結構構思圖示為中心). 阪大日本語研究, 13, 19-32.
李善雅. (2001). 議論の場における言語行動-日本語母語話者と韓国人学習者の相違(爭論中的言語行為研究-日語母語者和韓籍學習者的相異). 日本語教育, 111, 36-45.
村田和代. (1996). 同意・不同意表現の語用論的研究 PARTII (同意與不同意的語用研究 II). TOMMORROW 大阪女子大学大学院英米文学研究会, 1５, 63-80.
施信余. (2007). 「待遇コミュニケーション」 における 「依頼」 に対する 「断り」 の研究: 日台の言語行動の比較を中心に (拒絕請求之言語行為研究:以台日的對比分析為中心). (博士論文。未出版), 早稻田大學.
重光由加. (2005). 何を心地よいと感じるか―会話のスタイルと異文化間コミュニケーション(哪些因素讓說話者感到舒適?:會話語體與異文化溝通) 講座社会言語科学 (Vol. 1, pp. 216-237). 東京: 羊書房.
倉田芳彌, & 楊虹. (2010). 討論における中国人学習者と日本語母語話者の不同意表明の仕方 : 構成要素の観点から(爭論中的中籍日語學習者和日語母語者的不同意表達方式：從結構要素的觀點). お茶の水女子大学日本言語文化学研究会 言語文化と日本語教育, 39, 158 -161.
宮内敬太郎. (2006). ドイツ語・日本語政治討論と論証様式(德語和日語的政治討論和論證方式). 立教大学コミュニティ福祉学部紀要, 8, 155-171.
梶原綾乃. (2003). 留学生と日本人学生との交流促進を目的としたコミュニケーション教育の実践 (為了促進留學生和日本學生之交流的溝通教育實施). 日本語教育, 117, 93-102.
椙本總子. (1999). 会話者の力関係の調整--不同意から同意に至る連鎖を対象にして(對話者的社會地位調整--從不同意到同意的過程為中心). 日本語日本文化 大阪外国語大学日本語日本文化センター(9), 71-84.
薄井良子. (2007). 日本語反論表現の諸相(日語反對意見表達研究). (博士論文。未出版), 神戶 |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
華語文教學博士學位學程
98160504 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098160504 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [華語文教學博／碩士學位學程] 學位論文
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