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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/107002


    Title: 論人工智慧創作與發明之法律保護－以著作權與專利權權利主體為中心
    Legal Protection of Artificial Intelligence Generated Works－Centering on Authorship and Inventorship
    Authors: 陳昭妤
    Chen, Chao Yu
    Contributors: 馮震宇
    陳昭妤
    Chen, Chao Yu
    Keywords: 人工智慧
    人工智慧創作力
    電腦產生之著作
    著作權
    專利權
    A.I.
    Artificial Creativity
    Computer Generated Works
    Copyright
    Patent
    Date: 2017
    Issue Date: 2017-03-01 17:37:29 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在機器學習與深度學習技術帶動第三次人工智慧熱潮，特別是與機器人、大數據、3D列印等結合，「人工智慧」成為各大科技企業重點發展技術，無論是透過成立研究小組或是併購的方式，在2016年即有40多家人工智慧技術公司被併購，同時這些技術也被應用在各式產品與服務中。此外不同產業中也陸續引進人工智慧，從事需要耗時費力的基礎工作，節省成本，也引發人類被取代的恐慌。世界各國除著力投資發展人工智慧之外，也重視人工智慧為社會及經濟產生的影響與現行法制的衝擊。
    人工智慧技術也應用於創作與發明過程中，且在機器學習技術下，人類僅需輸入指示與限制，人工智慧完成內容創作所產出作品，與人類創作成果並無二致。或是像是神燈精靈一般，人類只要以人工智慧可理解的方式定義問題、要件分析、功能設計，人工智慧即能完成最重要的物理設計，解決人類之問題，其產出物可能是符合產業利用性、新穎性與進步性等專利要件。這些人工智慧創作與發明物是否符合我國現行著作權法與專利法之規定而受到保護，將是本文探討重點，本文將以文獻研究以及比較法的方式深入研究。
    智慧財產權制度設立的主旨是為保護人類精神活動成果，以人類為創作主體為前提，人工智慧參與創作之成果對於現行制度而言自然有所扞格。然而人工智慧創作力對於未來創作與發明而言，都是有所助益，可豐富文化的多樣性並加快技術的發展。而日本知識產權戰略本部也於2016年四月時也將針對人工智慧創作物之法律保護，擬修訂智慧財產權法。如我國未來亦研擬將人工智慧創作物納入法律保護，本文參考日本立法相關討論以及美國學者之見解，提出立法時應考量的權利歸屬以及衍生的相關問題。
    Machine Learning and Deep Learning are leading the new artificial intelligence era, especially when integrated with technologies of robot, big data, and 3D printing. As A.I. gradually became the one of the most popular technologies, corporate giants, such as Google, IBM, Facebook, and Apple, have been setting up research labs and acquiring A.I. startups to improve the quality of their services and products. Meanwhile, through using their service and products, our daily life is filled with A.I. Moreover, in many different industries, companies are using A.I. to reduce their cost by replacing labors from time-consuming jobs. Governments not only invest in the development of A.I. technology, but also response to the impact A.I. brings to the society, economic and Law.
    Artificial creativity is a new way for creation and invention. With machine learning, human only need to input the indication and limitation for A.I. to generate the outcome which is almost the same as what human can do. A.I. is also being described as a “genie in the machine”. Human input the description of their problems, functional analysis, and functional design, then A.I. will do the physical design to solve the problems and generate inventions which are useful, novelty and un-obviousness. Whether these creations and inventions are copyrightable and patentable is the core of this essay.
    Intellectual property system is aimed to protect the result from human’s mind activity, so the author or inventor must be human beings. When A.I. is not just a creation tool, but a creative subject, that’s where a conflict occurs. However, A.I. creativity is beneficial to human creative and inventing activity, because it can quicken the progress of technologies and improve culture diversity. Legislators in Japan are planning to protect A.I. creation through modification of intellectual property law. If we also expect to protect A.I. creation and invention in Taiwan in the future, with Japan legislative discussion and America scholars’ theories, this essay might offer some useful indications on the right attribution and other derivation problems.
    Reference: 一、 中文文獻
    （一） 書籍
    1.江裕真譯，松尾豐著，（2016）。了解人工智慧的第一本書：機器人和人工智慧能否取代人類？。台北市：經濟新潮社。
    2.李聯旺、廖珗洲、謝政勳譯，Michael Negnevitsky著，（2012）。 人工智慧：智慧型系統導論（第三版）。全華圖書。
    3.殷建平、祝恩、劉越、陳躍新、王挺譯，Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig著，（2013）。 人工智慧：一種現代的方法（第三版）。中國：清華大學出版社。
    4.張正苓、胡玉城譯，Pedro Domingos著，（2016）。大數據。台北市：三采文化股份有限公司。
    5.賀德芬，（2012）。著作權法論文集：著作權的實務個案。新北市：Airiti Press Inc.。
    6.楊智傑，（2014）。專利法。台北市：新學林出版股份有限公司。
    7.楊崇森，（2014）。專利法理論與應用。台北市：三民書局。
    8.蕭雄淋，（1989）。論著作權客體之原創性，載：著作權法研究(一)。蕭雄淋。
    9.蕭雄淋，（1993）。作者權與版權法系的爭執，載：著作權法漫談（ㄧ）。蕭雄淋。
    10.蕭雄淋，（1993）。談新著作權法的法人著作，載：著作權法漫談（二）。蕭雄淋。
    11.謝銘洋，（2012）。智慧財產權法。台北市：元照出版公司。

    （二） 期刊論文
    1.王怡蘋，（2016）。契約自然與著作人格權之保護。輔仁法學，第51期，頁1-52。
    2.林守德，（2015）。深度學習的深度。科學人，155期，24。
    3.沈宗倫，（2015）。著作權法之基本用語與法律體系概述。月旦法學教室，第150期，68-78。
    4.周昌樂、游維、丁曉君，（2010）。一種宋詞自然生產的遺傳算法及其機器實現。軟件學報，21卷3期，427-437。
    5.章忠信，（1998）。著作權法真品平行輸入之研究。資訊法務透析，第十卷第七期，58-74。
    6.張郁齡，（2011）。論資訊科技對著作人格權理論的影響。科學法學評論，八卷一期，57-102。
    7.馮達發，（2011）。先前技術要件論。專利師，第六期，20-30。
    8.楊崇森，（2010）。美國民事訴訟之特色與對我國之啟示。軍法專刊，第56卷第5期，頁1-40。
    9.黃銘傑，（2006）。日本著作權法制發展特色及對我國著作權法未來發展之啟示。智慧財產權月刊，第88期，頁5-25。
    10.盧海君，（2009）。從原創性的案例法發展看原創性之內容。西南政法大學學報，第11卷第1期，58-65。
    11.鍾樹人翻譯，John R. Koza, Martin A.Keane, and Matthew J. Streeter著，（2003）。演化，AI的第三條路！。科學人，三月號，頁86-94。
    12.羅明通，（1999）。著作權法「原創性」概念之解析。智慧財產權，11，35-45。

    （三） 法院判決
    1.最高法院93年度台上字第5206號判決。
    2.最高法院97年度台上字第1587號判決。
    3.最高法院97年度台上字第1214號判決。
    4.最高法院98年度台上字第868號判決。
    5.最高行政法院99年度判字第366號判決。
    6.智慧財產法院98年度民著上字第16號判決
    7.智慧財產法院98年度民著上字第16號判決。
    8.智慧財產法院104年度民著上字第12號判決。

    （四） 函示
    內政部77年10月11日台（77）內著字第637635號函。
    （五） 網路資源
    1.丁于珊，機器人革命席捲日本，CTIMES，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.ctimes.com.tw/DispArt-tw.asp?O=HK04876DHF2ARASTDP。
    2.上原翔大，AI技術可以取代HR嗎？，日經中文網，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://zh.cn.nikkei.com/career/humanresource/20109-20160623.html 。
    3.日經新聞網中文版，日本50家企業要用人工智慧研發新藥，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/industry/scienceatechnology/22368-20161116.html。
    4.日經新聞網中文版，人工智慧創作作品該不該有著作權，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/politicsaeconomy/economic-policy/19161-20160418.html。
    5.百度識圖，百度識圖技術全面升級：可實現拍照購物、人臉交友，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://idl.baidu.com/IDL-news-21.html。
    6.周士雄，人工智慧將取代白領？，MIC 產業情報研究所，上網日期2017年1月6日https://mic.iii.org.tw/micnew/Industryobservation_MIC02views.aspx?sqno=204。
    7.周秉誼，淺談Deep Learning原理及應用，國立台灣大學計算機及資訊網路中心電子報，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://www.cc.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/epaper/0038/20160920_3805.html。
    8.章忠信，智慧財產權基本思維，著作權筆記，上網日期103年7月19日，檢自：http://www.copyrightnote.org/ArticleContent.aspx?ID=1&aid=40。
    9.章忠信，獼猴自拍，誰有著作權？，著作權筆記， 上網日期105年1月8日，檢自：http://www.copyrightnote.org/ArticleContent.aspx?ID=2&aid=2750。
    10.章忠信，美國著作權登記制度研究，著作權筆記，上網日期2012年10月12日，檢自：http://www.copyrightnote.org/ArticleContent.aspx?ID=54&aid=2288。
    11.郭和杰，電腦首次通過圖靈測試，人工智慧大突破？，iThome，上網日期2014年6月10日，檢自：http://www.ithome.com.tw/news/88507。
    12.雷鋒網，從馬文．閔斯基到AlaphGo，人工智慧走過了怎樣的70年？，TechNews科技新報，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://technews.tw/2016/02/11/ai-history/。
    13.張宇凱，先申請主義、先發明主義、以及發明人先申請主義，北美智權報，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Laws/US-105.htm#1。
    14.張庭瑜，Facebook的AI入門課！用三段動畫講解人工智慧如何運作，數位時代，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/42204/facebook-artificial-intelligence-video。
    15.經濟部智慧財產局，日本特許法，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.tipo.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=544582&ctNode=6685&mp=1。
    16.經濟部智慧財產局，第一篇程序審查及專利權管理，2013年版，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.tipo.gov.tw/public/Attachment/681710434382.pdf。
    17.經濟部智慧財產局，第二篇發明專利實體審查，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.tipo.gov.tw/public/Attachment/571616293018.pdf。
    18.經濟部智慧財產局，第三章專利申請人，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.tipo.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=422907&ctNode=6680&mp=1。
    19.Amazon Web Service， Amazon Machine Learning，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://aws.amazon.com/tw/machine-learning/?hp=tile。
    20.Cloem，產品特點，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.cloem.com/flat/features/。
    21.Dreamwriter，8月CPI同比上漲2.0% 創12個月新高，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://finance.qq.com/a/20150910/019573.htm。
    22.Kyle，科技巨頭併購人工智慧公司，科技產業資訊室，上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=12689。
    23.Linli，記者你要失業了！騰訊新聞機器人Dreamwriter開工，1分鐘成稿，TechNews， 上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：http://technews.tw/2015/09/11/news-robot/。
    24.Rainbowchild， 這部音樂劇是由人工智慧寫的…， earworm， 上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自： http://earworm.biz/%E9%80%99%E9%83%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8A%87%E6%98%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%AF%AB%E7%9A%84/。
    25.Sid Weng，美聯社引進機器寫財報新聞稿 記者負責深度報導，The News Lens 關鍵評論網上網日期2017年1月6日，檢自：https://www.thenewslens.com/article/5121。


    二、 英文文獻
    （一） 書籍
    1. Arthur B. Miller, (1991). Computer and Authorship-The Copyrightability of Computer-Generated Works, in Wipo Worldwide Symposium On The Intellectual Property Aspects Of Artificial Intellige, Satandford California: Standford University.
    2. David Levy, (2005). Robots Unlimited Life in a Virtual Age, Wellesley Massachusetts: A K Peters/CRC Press.
    3. Ela Kumar, (2008). Artificial Intelligence, New Delhi: I. K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
    4. Gerald Dworkin and Richard D. Taylor, (2002). Blackstone`s Guide to the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Blackstone Press.
    5. Melville B. Nimmer and David Nimmer, (1963). Nimmer on Copyright, Newark, N.J. : Matthew Bender/LexisNexis
    6. R. Thiagarajan, (1992). Fifth Generation Computers and Beyond, India: Thematic Cartography and Remote Sensing, 187-190.
    7. Robert Plotkin, (2009). The Genie in The Machine: How Computer-Automated Inventing is Revolutionizing Law and Business, Satandford California: Standford University Press.
    （二） 論文
    Tuomas Sorjamaa (2016). I, Author—Authorship and Copyright in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Hanken school of economics, Accounting and Commerical Law, Helsinki.
    （三） 期刊
    1. Andrew J. Wu, (1997). From Video Games to Artificial Intelligence: Assigning Copyright Ownership to Works Generated by Increasingly Sophisticated Computer Programs, AIPLA Q.J., 25, 131-178.
    2. Annemarie Bridy, (2012). Coding Creativity: Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent Author, 2012 Stan. Tech. L. Rev , 5, 1-28.
    3. Annemarie Bridy, (2016). The Evolution of Authorship: Work Made by Code, Colum. J. L. &Arts, 39, 395-401.
    4. Ben Hattenbach and Joshua Glucoft, (2015). Patents in an Era of Infinite Monkeys and Artificial Intelligence, STAN.TECH. L.REV., 19, 32-51.
    5. Evan H. Farr, (1989). Copyrightability of Computer-generated Works, Rutgers Computer & Tech. L.J., 15, 63-80.
    6. Grimmelman, (2016). Copyright for Literate Robots, Iowa L, Rev., 101, 675-681 (2016).
    7. James Grimmelmann, (2016). There’s No Such Thing as a Computer-Authored Work—And It’s a Good Thing, Too, COLUM. J.L. & ARTS , 39, 403-416.
    8. John R. Koza, (2010). Human-competitive result produced by genetic programming, Genetic Program and Evolvable Mach, 11, 251-284.
    9. John Searle, (1980). Minds, Brains, and Programs, The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417-457.
    10. Jonathan Siderits, (2016). The Case for Copyrighting Monkey Selfies, U. Cin. L. Rev., 84, 327- 348.
    11. Kevin William ET AL., (2015). Cheaper faster drug developmentvalidated by the repositioning of drugsagainst neglected tropical diseases, J.R. Soc.Interface, 12,1-9.
    12. Mark Perry and Thomas Margoni, (2010). From Music Tracks to Google Maps: Who Owns Computer-generated Works?, Computer Law & Security Review Vol. 26 Iss. 6, 621-629.
    13. Pamela Samuelson, (1989). Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer-Generated Works, U.Pitt.L. Rev., 47, 1185-1228.
    14. Ralph D. Clifford, (1997). Intellectual Property in the Era of the Creative Computer Program: Will the True Creator Please Stand Up?, Tulane Law Review, 71, 1675-1703.
    15. Ryan Abbott, (2016). I Think, Therefore I Invent: Creative Computers and the Future of Patent Law, B.C.L. Rev., 57,1079-1126.
    16. （1994）The "Flash of Genius" Standard of Patentable Invention,Fordham L. Rev., 17, 84-91.
    17. Timothy l. Butler,(1982). Can a Computer be an author? Copyright Aspects of Artificial Intelligence, CommEnt L.S., 4, 707-747.
    18. Ruli Manurung, Graeme Ritchie, and Henry Thompson, (2012). Using Genetic Algorithms to Create Meaningful Poetic Text, Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 24, 43-64.

    （三）判決
    1. Nottage v. Jackson, 11 Q. B. D. 627 (1883).
    2. Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53 (1884).
    3. The Trade-Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879).
    4. Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Company, 188 U.S. 239 (1903).
    5. Townsend v. Smith, 36 F.2d 292, 295(CCPA 1930).
    6. Cuno Enginering Corp. v. Automatic Devices Corp. 314 U.S. 84, 91(1941).
    7. Alfred Bell & Co. Ltd. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc. et al, 191 F.2d 99 (2d Cir. 1951).
    8. Mergenthaler v. Scudder, 11 App.D.C. 264, 275(D.C Cir.1980).
    9. Williams Electronics v. Artic International, 685 F.2d 870((3d Cir. 1982).
    10. Baltimore Orioles, Inc. v. Major League Baseball Players Ass`n, 805 F.2d 663 (7th Cir. 1986).
    11. New Idea Farm Equipment Corporation v. Sperry Corporation and New Holland Inc., 916 F.2d 1561, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1990).
    12. Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)
    13. Cetacean Community v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2004).
    14. Nova Productions Ltd v. Mazooma Games Ltd, [2006] EWHC (Ch) 24, [105], available at http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2006/24.html.
    15. Naruto v. David John Slater, No. 15-cv-04324 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 28,2016).
    （四） 報告或官方文件
    1. Amendments 1-75, EUR.PARL.DOC. PE587.701v01-00 (2016). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2f%2fEP%2f%2fNONSGML%2bCOMPARL%2bPE-587.701%2b01%2bDOC%2bPDF%2bV0%2f%2Fen.
    2. Brandon Tearse ET AL, (2012). Lessons Learned from a Rational Reconstruction of Minstrel, Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI12/paper/view/5161/5146.
    3. Commission of the European Communities, (1988). Green Paper On Copyright and The Challenge of Technology-Copyright Issues Requiring Immediately Action.
    4. Draft Report, EUR.PARL.DOC. PE 582.443v01-00 (2016).http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2f%2fEP%2f%2fNONSGML%2bCOMPARL%2bPE-582.443%2b01%2bDOC%2bPDF%2bV0%2f%2Fen.
    5. Executive Office of the President, (2016). Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Economy. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/documents/Artificial-Intelligence-Automation-Economy.PDF.
    6. National Common New Technological Uses Of Copyrighted Works (CONTU), (1979). Final Report Of The National Commission On New Technological Uses Of Copyrighted Works. http://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/US_LOC/L780731N.pdf.
    7. Patrício da Silva, (2003). David Cope and Experiments in Musical Intelligence. from: http://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MUSIC124/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82/da-silva-david-cope-and-emi.pdf.
    8. Selmer Bringsjord and David Ferrucci, (2000). Artificial Intelligence and Literary Creativity pxxiv. http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/brutus.preface.pdf.
    9. U.S. Office Tech. Assessment, (1986). Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics and Information.
    10. U.S Copyright Office, (2014). Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practice, Third Edition.
    11. U.S Copyright Office (1965), Sixty-Eighth Annual Report of the Register of Copyrights.
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    （五） 網際網路
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    23. Experiment in Musical Intelligence, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/experiments.htm.
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    25. Frederic Py, Answer to How can artificial intelligence be applied in manufacturing?, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: https://www.quora.com/How-can-artificial-intelligence-be-applied-in-manufacturing.
    26. Heather Wang, Meet China’s AI robot reporting on the Rio Olympics, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://www.allchinatech.com/meet-chinas-ai-robot-reporting-on-the-rio-olympics/.
    27. Ian Sample and Alex Hern, Scientists dispute whether computer ‘Eugene Goostman’ passed Turing test, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/09/scientists-disagree-over-whether-turing-test-has-been-passed
    28. IBM, IBM Watson Cognitive Cooking Fact Sheet, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://www.research.ibm.com/software/IBMResearch/multimedia/Cognitive-Cooking-Fact-Sheet.pdf.
    29. IBM, Watson cooks up computational creativity, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/innovation_explanations/article/florian_pinel.html.
    30. Jacob Arber, Machine Learning and Intellectual Property, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://stlr.org/2016/04/10/machine-learning-and-intellectual-property/.
    31. James Vincent, Google uses DeepMind AI to cut data center energy bills, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://www.theverge.com/2016/7/21/12246258/google-deepmind-ai-data-center-cooling.
    32. Jelor Gallego, The Future of Writing? China’s AI Reporter Published 450 Articles During Rio Olympics, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://futurism.com/the-future-of-writing-chinas-ai-reporter-published-450-articles-during-rio-olympics/.
    33. Jill Neimark , Facing their Maker, Science & Spirit Magazine, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/mrossano/cognitive/facing_their_maker.html.
    34. Joab Jackson, IBM`s new business unit aims to make Watson a moneymaker，Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2486493/computer-hardware/ibm-s-new-business-unit-aims-to-make-watson-a-moneymaker.html
    35. John Markoff, How Many Computers to Identify a Cat? 16,000, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/in-a-big-network-of-computers-evidence-of-machine-learning.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
    36. Josh Constine, NYU “Deep Learning” Professor LeCun Will Head Facebook’s New Artificial Intelligence Lab, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/09/facebook-artificial-intelligence-lab-lecun/.
    37. Josh Dzieza, The strange world of computer-generated novels, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://www.theverge.com/2014/11/25/7276157/nanogenmo-robot-author-novel.
    38. Joshua Barrie, Computer Are Writing Novels, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:, http://uk.businessinsider.com/novels-written-by-computers-2014-11.
    39. Lora Kolodny, AP Sports is using “robot” reporters to cover Minor League Baseball, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/03/ap-sports-is-using-robot-reporters-to-cover-minor-league-baseball/.
    40. Mark Hachman, Google`s Magenta Project Just Wrote Its First Piece Of Music, And Thankfully It`s Not Great, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://www.pcworld.com/article/3077977/data-center-cloud/googles-magenta-project-just-wrote-its-first-piece-of-music-and-thankfully-its-not-great.html.
    41. Matt McFarland, Google `Paintbrush` Raises Some of Art`s Oldest Questions, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/03/10/googles-psychedelic-paint-brush-raises-the-oldest-question-in-art/.
    42. Matthew Sparkes, Computer passes the Turing Test? I’m not convinced, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10886389/Computer-passes-the-Turing-Test-Im-not-convinced.html .
    43. MEPE, 2137.01 Invertorship [R-07.2015] II III, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2137.html#d0e206713.
    44. Mike Butcher, Goodbye accountants! Startup builds AI to automate all your accounting, TechCrunch, Retrieved January 6 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/28/goodbye-accountants-startup-builds-ai-to-automate-all-your-accounting/.
    45. Mike Masnick, No, A `Supercomputer` Did NOT Pass The Turing Test For The First Time And Everyone Should Know Better, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140609/07284327524/no-computer-did-not-pass-turing-test-first-time-everyone-should-know-better.shtml.
    46. Mike Orcutt, Meet the Health-Care Company IBM Needed to Make Watson More Insightful, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/536751/meet-the-health-care-company-ibm-needed-to-make-watson-more-insightful/.
    47. Mike Orcutt, Why IBM Just Bought Billions of Medical Images for Watson to Look At, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://www.technologyreview.com/s/540141/why-ibm-just-bought-billions-of-medical-images-for-watson-to-look-at/.
    48. Natasha Lomas, Read The Sonnet Co-Authored By Shakespeare, An MIT PhD Student & A Machine-Learning Algorithm, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/26/swift-speare/.
    49. Narrative Science, 62% of Organizations Will Be Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies by 2018, Retrieved January 6 2017, https://www.narrativescience.com/press-release-outlook-on-ai-2016.
    50. Nonprovisional (Utility) Patent Application Filing Guide, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://www.uspto.gov/patents-getting-started/patent-basics/types-patent-applications/nonprovisional-utility-patent#heading-21.
    51. Partnership on AI, https://www.partnershiponai.org/.
    52. Patrick Caughill, The Washington Post is Using AI to Write Stories During the Rio Olympics, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://futurism.com/the-washington-post-is-using-ai-to-write-stories-during-the-rio-olympics/.
    53. Reenita Das, Five Technologies That Will Disrupt Healthcare By 2020, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:, http://www.forbes.com/sites/reenitadas/2016/03/30/top-5-technologies-disrupting-healthcare-by-2020/#40c856b26252.
    54. Richard Moss, Creative AI: The Robots That Would Be Painters, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://newatlas.com/creative-ai-algorithmic-art-painting-fool-aaron/36106/.
    55. Rip Empson, Google Scoops Up Neural Networks Startup DNNresearch To Boost Its Voice And Image Search Tech, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/12/google-scoops-up-neural-networks-startup-dnnresearch-to-boost-its-voice-and-image-search-tech/.
    56. Rochelle Bilow, How IBM’s Chef Actually Works, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/trends-news/article/how-ibm-chef-watson-works.
    57. Ron Miler, IBM Acquiring Truven Health Analytics For $2.6 Billion And Adding It To Watson Health, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/18/ibm-acquiring-truven-health-analytics-for-2-6-billion-and-adding-it-to-watson-health/.
    58. Sam Shead, Google`s £400 million acquisition of London AI startup DeepMind just got very interesting, Retrieved January 6 2017, from:http://uk.businessinsider.com/googles-400-million-acquisition-of-deepmind-is-looking-good-2016-7.
    59. Samuel Gibbs, Google buys UK artificial intelligence startup Deepmind for £400m, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jan/27/google-acquires-uk-artificial-intelligence-startup-deepmind.
    60. Shelley Podolny, If an Algorithm Wrote This, How Would You Even Know?, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20150313/c13robowriter/dual/.
    61. SOUTH WALES Argus, The Gwent Photographer Who Won A Legal Battle Over A ‘Monkey Selfie’ Is To Sue Wikipedia, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/14191777.Gwent__monkey_selfie__photographer_to_sue_Wikipedia/.
    62. Steve Smith, 5 Ways The IBM Watson Is Changing Health Care, From Diagnosing Disease To Treating It, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: http://www.medicaldaily.com/5-ways-ibm-watson-changing-health-care-diagnosing-disease-treating-it-364394.
    63. Tariq Ali, “Structure” in Computer-Generated Novels, Retrieved January 6 2017, from: https://dev.to/tra/structure-in-computer-generated-novels.
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    三、 日文文獻
    （一） 書籍
    1.中山信弘，（2007）。著作権法，初版。日本東京都：有斐閣。
    2.仙元隆一郎，（2003）。特許法講義，四版。日本東京都：悠々社。

    （二） 報告
    1.知的財産戦略推進事務局，（2016）。ＡＩによって生み出される創作物の取扱い（論点整理）。
    2.知的財産戦略推進事務局，（2016）。ＡＩによって生み出される創作物の取扱い（討議用）。
    3.知的財産戦略本部，（2016）。知的財産推進計画２０１６。
    4.文化廳，（1993）。著作権審議会第9小委員会（コンピュータ創作物関係）報告書。 http://www.cric.or.jp/db/report/h5_11_2/h5_11_2_main.html.

    （三） 網路資料
    ＡＩ作家が賞応募、１次審査通過　人の関与減らすのが課題，産経新聞，上網日期2017年1月6 日，http://www.sankei.com/life/news/160321/lif1603210034-n1.html?google_editors_picks=true。

    四、 韓文文獻
    김윤명，（2016）。인공지능과 법적 쟁점- AI가 만들어낸 결과물의 법률 문제를 중심으로,，SPRi。 https://spri.kr/post/17485。
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    科技管理與智慧財產研究所
    103364203
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1033642031
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[科技管理與智慧財產研究所] 學位論文

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