Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/122252
|
| Title: | 論能源安全措施是否可透過WTO協定國家安全例外條款正當化
On the Legitimacy of Relying on the National Security Exception Clauses in the WTO Agreements to Justify Energy Security Measures |
| Authors: | 郝晏緯
Hao, Yen-Wei |
| Contributors: | 施文真
Shih, Wen-Chen
郝晏緯
Hao, Yen-Wei |
| Keywords: | 能源安全
能源安全措施
WTO協定國家安全例外
WTO
Energy security
Energy security measures
the WTO’s national security exception clauses
WTO |
| Date: | 2018 |
| Issue Date: | 2019-02-12 15:40:18 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 各國往往須透過政府管制或國營事業介入市場之方式，保障其能源安全。然能源安全措施之實施可能因限制能源產品或能源服務之自由貿易，而涉及WTO之法律原則。由於能源安全可能被各國視為國家安全政策中非常重要的一環，故本文旨在探討若能源安全措施遭認定違反WTO之法律原則，實施措施之WTO會員可否透過WTO協定之國家安全例外條款正當化。
經本文分析後發現，國家安全例外條款之適用限縮於軍事、戰爭或國防等若干極為特殊之情況下，多數能源安全措施實施之對象或背景未必能與該等條件相吻合，因此本文以為能源安全措施於國家安全例外條款取得正當性之可行性不高。本文建議，會員於擬定可能涉及WTO法律原則之能源安全措施時，應於其法律文件或相關立法資料中闡明若干與GATT第21條（b）款或GATS第14條之1（b）款相關之事由，使會員在未來欲依該條款提出抗辯時，得以出具有利之事證，以示其符合國家安全例外條款之法律要件。
It is common that every country across the globe needs to protect its energy security by either establishing governmental control or intervening in its market systems through state-owned enterprises. Yet, when implementing control measures for energy security, a country may tread into the realm of WTO legal principles as a result of its control measures restricting free trade of energy products or services. Given that some governments would uphold energy security as an indispensable part of its national security policy, the present paper seeks to answer the question: can a WTO member, whose energy security measures allegedly violated WTO rules, legitimize such violation by citing the national security exception clauses in the WTO agreements?
Analysis of the results showed that the exception clauses were only applicable under certain circumstances such as for military needs, wars, or national defense. As such, given the subject or contexts of the respective measures, most currently-applied measures for energy security would be deemed inconsistent with the aforementioned conditions. Accordingly, this paper concluded that the national security exception clauses can hardly be used to buttress energy security measures. Instead, this paper proposes that WTO members, when articulating energy policies that might violate WTO principles, should specify the prescribed circumstances mentioned within Paragraph (b), Article XXI of GATT or Paragraph (b), Article XIV bis of GATS when stipulating their legal instruments and pertinent documents. By doing so, the member would be able to predicate its counter-argument upon the suggested-provision. This would be regarded as advantageous legal evidence and helpful for proving its consistency with the requirements of the national security exception clauses. |
| Reference: | 中文部分
書籍
林彩瑜，WTO制度與實務 — 世界貿易組織法律研究（三），二版（2013年）。
期刊論文
呂嘉容，澳洲確保能源供給，將管制液化天然氣出口，台灣經濟研究院（2017年4月30日）。
李貴英，國際貿易與國家安全 — GATT第XXI條安全例外條款之研析，臺大法學論叢，34期，頁229-282頁（2005年）。
施文真，能源安全、GATT/WTO與區域/自由貿易協定，政大法學評論，99期，頁241-319（2007年）。
博碩士學位論文
陳伶嘉，論 WTO 下出口稅之合法性爭議及規範模式，國立政治大學國際經營與貿易研究所碩士論文（2017年）。
英文部分
書籍
Danae Azaria, Treaties on Transit of Energy via Pipelines and Countermeasures (2015).
Daniel H. Joyner, International Law and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (2009).
Douglas R. Bohi & Milton Russell, Limiting Oil Imports: An Economic History and Analysis (2013).
Ilaria Espa, Export Restrictions on Critical Minerals and Metals: Testing the Adequacy of WTO Disciplines (2015).
Inc. IBP, Ukraine Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws (2015).
Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Petros Mavroidis & Michael Hahn, The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, and Policy (3d ed. 2015).
Peter Van den Bossche, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed. 2017).
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andrew Filis & Ehab S. Abu Gosh, International Energy Governance: Selected Legal Issues (2014).
Rüdiger Wolfrum, Peter-Tobias Stoll & Holger P. Hestermeyer, WTO: Trade in Goods (2011).
Sanam S Haghighi, Energy Security: The External Legal Relations of the European Union with Major Oil- and Gas-Supplying Countries (2007).
Tilman Michael Dralle, Ownership Unbundling and Related Measures in the EU Energy Sector (2018).
專書論文
Alan Yanovich, WTO Rules and the Energy Sector, in Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: WTO, NAFTA and Energy Charter 1-47 (Yulia Selivanova ed., 2012).
Lothar Ehring & Gian Franco Chianale, Export Restrictions in the Field of Energy, in Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: WTO, NAFTA and Energy Charter 109-147 (Yulia Selivanova ed., 2012).
Niall Moran, The First Twenty Cases under GATT Article XX: Tuna or Shrimp Dear?, in International Economic Law: Contemporary Issues 3-21 (Adinolfi, G. et al eds., 2017).
Robert Bamberger, Bernard A. Gelb, Lawrence Kumins, Salvatore Lazzari, Vladimir Pregelj & Jeanne J. Grimmett, Domestic Oil and Gas Producers: Public Policy When Oil Prices are Volatile, in Oil and Natural Gas: Issues and Policies 65-90 (V. C. Mtsiva ed., 2003).
Sajal Mathur & Preeti Mann, GATT/WTO Accessions and Energy Security, in Trade, the WTO and Energy Security: Mapping the Linkages for India 73-94 (Sajal Mathur ed., 2014).
Vitaliy Pogoretskyy, Energy Dual Pricing in International Trade: Subsidies and Anti-dumping Perspectives, in Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: WTO, NAFTA and Energy Charter 181-228 (Yulia Selivanova ed., 2012).
Yulia Selivanova, Interconnections in Energy Transportation: Implications for International Trade Law, in International Trade in Sustainable Electricity: Regulatory Challenges in International Economic Law 193-222 (Thomas Cottier, Ilaria Espa eds., 2017).
期刊
Abdelrahman Azzuni & Christian Breyer, Definitions and Dimensions of Energy Security: A Literature Review, 7(1) WIREs Energy Environment 1-34 (2017).
Dapo Akande & Sope Williams, International Adjudication on National Security Issues: What Role for the WTO?, 43 Virginia Journal of International Law 365-404 (2003).
Dennis J. Hough Jr., World Trade Organization Agreements and Principles as a Vehicle for the Attainment of Energy Security, 9 Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business 199-228 (2010).
Donald N. Zillman, Energy Trade and the National Security Exception to the GATT, 12 Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 117-127 (1994).
Eric Pickett & Michael Lux, Embargo As a Trade Defense against an Embargo: The WTO Compatibility of the Russian Ban on Imports from the EU, 10(1) Global Trade and Customs Journal 2-41 (2015).
Jason P. Theriot, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975–2005 (review), 49 (4) Technology and Culture 1103-1104 (2008).
Jeffrey P. Bialos, Oil Imports and National Security: The Legal and Policy Framework for Ensuring United States Access to Strategic Resources, 11 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 235-300 (1989).
Ji Yeong Yoo & Dukgeun Ahn, Security Exceptions in the WTO System: Bridge or Bottle-Neck for Trade and Security?, 19(2) Journal of International Economic Law 417-444 (2016).
Klemen Grošelj, Energy Security in Russia — EU partnership, 5(1) Politics in Central Europe 5-19 (2009).
Michael J. Hahn, Vital Interests and the Law of GATT: An Analysis of GATT’s Security Exception, 12 Michigan Journal of International Law 558-620 (1991).
Phillip E. Cornell, Energy Security as National Security: Defining Problems Ahead of Solutions, Journal of Energy Security 1-6 (Feb. 19, 2009).
R. O. Kellam, Regulation of Oil Import, 1961(2) Duke Law Journal 175-215 (1961).
Shin-yi Peng, Cybersecurity Threats and the WTO National Security Exceptions,18 Journal of International Economic Law 449-478 (2015).
Simon Pirani, Jonathan Stern & Katja Yafimava, The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Assessment, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2-66 (Feb, 2009).
Tsai-fang Chen, To Judge the `Self-Judging` Security Exception Under the GATT 1994 — A Systematic Approach, 12(2) Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy 311-356 (2017).
網際網路
Frances Hadfield & Yun Gao, President Imposes Section 232 Steel and Aluminum Duties on Imports from the European Union, Canada, and Mexico, Crowell & Moring (June 22, 2018), https://www.cmtradelaw.com/2018/06/section-232-investigation-on-imports-of-autos-and-auto-parts-comment-period-extended/.
Gazprom Cuts off Ukraine`s Gas Supply, CNN (Jan. 1, 2009), http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/01/01/russia.ukraine.gas/.
James Henderson & Patrick Heather, Lessons from the February 2012 European Gas “Crisis”, Oxford Energy Comment, https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Lessons-from-the-February-2012-gas-crisis.pdf (Apr. 2012).
Jon Henley, Is Europe`s Gas Supply Threatened by the Ukraine Crisis?, The Guardian (Mar. 3, 2014), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/03/europes-gas-supply-ukraine-crisis-russsia-pipelines.
Michael Joyce, Paul Greening, Kitty Y.C. Ng, Tatman R. Savio & Stephen S. Kho, Everything You Need to Know About the Australian Domestic Gas Security Mechanism — What Does This Mean for Australian LNG Exporters and Corporations Importing from Them?, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld (June 28. 2017), https://www.akingump.com/en/experience/industries/energy/speaking-energy/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-australian-domestic-gas.html.
Olga Shumylo-Tapiola, Ukraine and Russia: Another Gas War?, Carnegie Europe (Feb. 21, 2012), https://carnegieeurope.eu/2012/02/21/ukraine-and-russia-another-gas-war-pub-47240.
Russia, Ukraine Sign Gas Transit Deal, Euractiv (Jan. 20, 2009), https://www.euractiv.com/section/med-south/news/russia-ukraine-sign-gas-transit-deal/.
Spencer Toubia, Cherie Walterman & Edward Goetz, President Imposes Section 232 Steel and Aluminum Duties on Imports from the European Union, Canada, and Mexico, Crowell & Moring (June 4, 2018), https://www.cmtradelaw.com/2018/06/president-imposes-section-232-steel-and-aluminum-duties-on-imports-from-the-european-union-canada-and-mexico/.
The terms “essential”, Oxford Dictionaries, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/essential.
Tom Parfitt, Ukraine Accused of Stealing Russian Gas as Fuel Flow Declines, The Guardian (Jan. 3, 2009), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/03/russia-ukraine-gas-supplies-gazprom.
Ukraine`s Parliament Adopts Law Allowing Sanctions against Russia, RT (Aug. 14, 2014), https://www.rt.com/business/180284-ukraine-russia-sanctions-law/.
WTO爭端解決案例相關文件
Appellate Body Report, Brazil — Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R (adopted Dec. 17, 2007).
Appellate Body Report, Indonesia — Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS477/AB/R; WT/DS478/AB/R (adopted Nov. 22, 2017).
Appellate Body Report, Korea — Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WTO Doc. WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R (adopted Jan. 10, 2001).
Appellate Body Report, United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS58/AB/R (adopted Nov. 6, 1998).
Appellate Body Report, United States — Measure Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India, WTO Doc. WT/DS33/AB/R (adopted May 23, 1997).
Appellate Body Report, United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO Doc. WT/DS2/AB/R (adopted May 20, 1996).
First Written Submission by the European Union, European Union and Its Member States — Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, WT/DS476 (May 8, 2014).
Panel Report, China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum, WTO Doc. WT/DS431/R; WT/DS432/R; WT/DS433/R (adopted Aug. 29, 2014).
Panel Report, China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WTO Doc. WT/DS394/R; WT/DS395/R; WT/DS398/R (adopted Feb. 22, 2012).
Panel Report, European Union and its Member States — Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, WTO Doc. WT/DS476/R (Circulated Aug. 10, 2018).
Request for Consultation by Russian Federation, EU — Energy Package, WTO Doc. G/L/1067; G/SCM/D102/1; G/TRIMS/D/40; S/L/409; WT/DS476/1 (May 8, 2014).
Request for Establishment of a Panel by the Russian Federation, European Union and Its Member States — Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, WTO Doc. WT/DS476/2 (May 28, 2015).
Third Party Executive Summary of the United States of America, Russia — Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit, WT/DS512 (Feb. 27, 2018).
Third Party Written Submission by the European Union, Russia — Traffic in Transit.
國際組織相關文件
Communication from Egypt and Turkey, Discussion Paper on the Inclusion of the Goods Moved via Fixed Infrastructure into the Definition of Traffic in Transit, WTO Doc. TN/TF/W/179 (June 4, 2012).
Council for Trade in Services, Background Note by the Secretariat: Energy Services, WTO Doc. S/C/W/52 (Sept. 9, 1998).
Department of State, Proposals for Expansion of World Trade and Employment, http://www.worldtradelaw.net/misc/ProposalsForExpansionOfWorldTradeAndEmployment.pdf.download (Nov. 1945).
European Commission Press Release MEMO/11/125, The Commission, Questions and Answers on the third legislative package for an internal EU gas and electricity market (Mar. 2, 2011).
Int’l Energy Agency [IEA], Energy Supply Security: Emergency Response of IEA Countries 2014 (June 25, 2014).
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Energy Services Toolkit, UNCTAD Doc. UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2017/1 (July 19, 2017).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Draft of September 10 and 13, 1947, E/PC/T/196 (Sept. 14, 1947).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Drafting Committee of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, E/PC/T/34 (Mar. 5, 1947).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, E/PC/T/186 (Aug. 22, 1947).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, E/PC/T/W/23 (May 6, 1947).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, (Draft) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. E/ PC/T/189 (Aug. 30 1947).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, E/PC/T/W/23 (May 6, 1947).
United Nations Economic and Social Council, Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, E/PC/T/A/PV/33 (July 24, 1947).
United States Tariff Commission, World Oil Development and U.S. Oil Import Policies: A Report Prepared for the Committee on Finance, United States Senate (Oct. 1973).
United States Tariff Commission, World Oil Development and U.S. Oil Import Policies: A Report Prepared for the Committee on Finance, United States Senate (Oct. 1973).
United States Tariff Commission, World Oil Development and U.S. Oil Import Policies: A Report Prepared for the Committee on Finance, United States Senate (Oct. 1973).
WTO, World Trade Report 2010: Trade in Natural Resources (2010).
其他研究報告
Gas Statement of Opportunities: For Eastern and South Eastern Australia, The Australian Energy Market Operator (Mar. 2017).
Kateryna Holzer, Regulatory Aspects and Public International Law Issues of the Construction of Cross Border Electricity Networks, Paper Presentation at 10th Annual Trade Conference, Trade Policy Training Center in Africa (Nov. 2015).
Merin Yu, Liberalization of the European Natural Gas Market and Achieving Energy Security: An Internal Solution to an External Problem, Dickinson College Honors Theses, Paper 178 (2011).
Mireille Cossy, Energy Transport and Transit in the WTO, Paper Presentation at Conference on Global Challenges at the Intersection of Trade, Energy and the Environment, Centre for Trade and Economic Integration at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Oct. 23, 2009).
Shahrzad Fazeli, Restrictions on Trade for Security Reasons: A Legal Analysis of the Scope of Article XXI of the GATT in light of the Ukraine Crisis and the EU Sanctions on the Export of Dual-Use Goods to Russia 55, Master’s Thesis in WTO Law at Department of Law at Uppsala University (2015). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
105351052 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1053510521 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/THE.NCCU.IB.001.2019.F06 |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 052101.pdf | 1681Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 125 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
