English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 111316/142225 (78%)
Visitors : 48379200      Online Users : 977
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124260


    Title: 消費者資源消耗程度對限時特賣購買影響之研究
    The effect of consumer ego depletion on buying behaviors in time-limited-promotional situation
    Authors: 吳幸儀
    Wu, Hsing-Yi
    Contributors: 張愛華
    吳幸儀
    Wu, Hsing-Yi
    Keywords: 限時特賣
    資源耗竭
    購買意願
    時間壓力
    Time-limited promotion
    Ego depletion
    Purchase intention
    Time pressure
    Date: 2019
    Issue Date: 2019-07-01 11:12:47 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在競爭的電子商務市場中,每家幾乎都看得到限時特賣的身影,限時特賣以折扣機會流逝的壓力,讓消費者產生機不可失的感覺,加強消費者購買慾望的發生,在本身克制衝動購買的能力不足之情況下,消費者衝動購買的行為便會發生。

    本研究之目的主要探討消費者於心理資源耗竭的情況下,對限時特賣購買 之影響,並加入限時所引發的時間壓力感進行討論。本研究採用 Pocheptsova, Amir, Dhar, and Baumeister(2009)所提出消費者於資源消耗下的決策模式,並加 入時間壓力形成研究模型。研究對象為近期(以問卷發放的一星期為基準)使用 過限時特賣的消費者,並以網路問卷的方式蒐集資料,發放時間為 2019 年 5 月 12 日至 19 日,共蒐集到 254 份有效問卷。本研究變數包含「資源耗竭」、「直 覺反應」、「購買意願」及「時間壓力」,並以驗證性因素分析檢驗潛在變項與觀 察變項之關係,並以路徑分析檢驗潛在變項之關係。

    研究結果發現消費者資源耗竭的程度愈高,愈會使其在限時特賣的使用中以直觀的反應模式處理,而在直覺反應的模式下,愈會提高其購買限時特賣的意願。亦發現限時特賣所形成的時間壓力並不會促使其以直覺反應的模式,處理其在限時特賣的使用行為,且時間壓力並不會提高消費者的購買意圖。
    In the era of competitive e-commerce market, timed-limited promotions exist in almost every e-commerce platform. MOMO launches five timed-limited promotions every day, while SHOPEE has four. Even book e-commerce platform, book.com launches the time-limited promotions. All these cases indicate that time-limited promotion becomes a key issue in the e-commerce market. By using the sales countdown timer, time-limited promotion causes time pressure on consumers’ perception of the sales. Consumers tend to feel they could never lose the chance, which enhance their purchasing desire. Under consumers’ inability to self-control their urge to buy impulsively, an impulsive purchase may occur.

    This study aims to discuss the effect of consumer ego depletion on their buying behaviors in time-limited promotions. Meanwhile, the discussion of time pressure is also included in this study. The research applies the model of Ego Depletion presented in Pocheptsova, Amir, Dhar, and Baumeister(2009) thesis. The method to carry out this study was using an online survey. The subjects were the recent participants in time- limited promotions. 254 valid questionnaires were collected from 2019/5/12 to 5/19. The variables in this study includes “Ego Depletion”, “Intuitive Reaction”, “Purchasing Intention” and “Time Pressure”. The study used a Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Path Analysis to examine discuss the relations among the variables.

    The result shows that the higher the degree of ego depletion, the higher tendency the consumers would apply intuitive reaction and hence, raises their purchase intention. The study also finds out that time pressure would make no differences on either consumers’ intuitive reaction and or their purchase intention.
    Reference: 一、中文部分 (一) 書籍及文獻
    參考文獻
    李城忠(2016)。應用統計學。新北市:新文京開發出版公司。五南。

    李茂能(2006)。結構方程模式軟體 Amos 之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用。台北:心理。

    姜楠(2013)。電子商務環境下的促銷手段與實施方法研究。商刊,23, P.277

    張偉豪(2011)。論文寫作-SEM 不求人。台北:鼎茂。

    陳寬裕、王正華(2011)。論文統計分析實務:SPSS 與 AMOS 的運用。台北市: 66。

    (二) 網路資料
    《行動購物消費者調查》行動購物族三大特色:經常買、低消費、買更多(2016 年 3 月)。資策會產業情報研究所(MIC)。取自 https://mic.iii.org.tw/IndustryObservations_PressRelease02.aspx?sqno=429

    二、英文部分
    (一) 書籍文獻
    Efraim Turban, Jae Lee, David King, and H. Michael Chung.(2002), Electronic Commerce 2002: A Managerial Perspective, 2nd Edition, London:Pearson

    Hair, J. F., R.E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham & W.C. Black(1998), Multivariate Data Analysis(5), New Jersey:Prentice Hall.

    Kalakota, R., and Winston, A.(1997), Electronic Commerce: a Manager`s Guide, Addison-Wesley:Reading, Masschusetts.

    Kotler, p.(2012). Marketing management(2nd ed). Harlow, England; New York: Pearson.

    (二) 期刊文獻
    Aggarwal, P., & Vaidyanathan, R. (2003). Use it or lose it: Purchase acceleration
    effects of time‐limited promotions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 2(4), 393-403.

    Akram, U., Hui, P., Khan, M.K.; Saduzai, S.K., Akram, Z.& Bhati, M.H. (2017), The
    plight of humanity: Online impulse shopping in China. Hum. Syst. Manag. 36, 73–90.

    Applegate, L.M., Holsapple, C.W., Kalakota, R, Radermacher, F.J. and Whinston, A.B. Electronic Commerce: Building blocks of new business opportunity. J. Organza. Comput. Electr. Comm._ 6, (1996), 1-10.

    Aydinli, A., Bertini, M. and Lambrecht, A. (2014) ‘Price promotion for emotional impact’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp.80–96.

    Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P.W., Engel, J.F. (2006) Consumer behavior Thomson/South-Western, Mason, OH

    Bagozzi, R. P., & Burnkrant, R. E. (1979). Attitude organization and attitude-behavior relationship, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 913-929.Epstein S, Pacini R, Denes-Raj V, Heier H.(1996). Individual differences in intuitive- experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 7-31

    Banerjee Sonali, Saha Sunetra (2012). Impulse Buying Behavior in Retail Stores- Triggering The Sense. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Management Review, 2(1), , pp. 1-21.

    Baumeister R. F., Alquist J. L. (2009). Self-regulation as a limited resource: strength model of control and depletion, in Psychology of Self-Regulation: Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Processes, eds Forgas J. P., Baumeister R. F., Tice D. M., editors. (New York, NY: Taylor and Francis; ), 21–33.

    Baumeister, R. (2002). Yielding to Temptation: Self‐Control Failure, Impulsive Purchasing, and Consumer Behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(4), 670-676.

    Beatty, Sharon E., and M. Elizabeth Ferrell (1998), “Impulse Buying: Modeling Its Precursors,” Journal of Retailing, 74, 2 (Summer), 169-191.

    Bellman, S., Lohse, G., and Johnson, E. (1999). Predictors of online buying behavior. Communications of the ACM, 42(12), 32-38.

    Ben Zur, Hasida and Shlomo J. Breznitz (1981), ‘‘The Effect of Time Pressure on Risky Choice Behavior,’’ Acta Psychologica, 47 (February), 89–104.

    Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of –fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.

    Bentler, P. M. (1983). Comfirmatory factor analysis via noniterative estimation: A fast, inexpensive method. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 417-424.

    Bettman, James R., Mary F. Luce, and John W. Payne (1998), “Constructive Consumer Choice Processes,” Journal of Consumer Research, 25 (3), 187–217.
    Brehm, J.W. (1966), A Theory of Psychological Reactance, Academic, New York, NY.

    Brehm, J.W. (1972), Responses to Loss of Freedom: A Theory of Psychological Reactance, General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ.

    Brehm, S.S. and Brehm, J.W (1981), Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA

    Brock, T.C. (1968), “Implications of commodity theory for value change”, in Greenwald, A.G., Brock, T.C. and Ostrom, T.M. (Eds), Psychological Foundations of Attitudes, Academic, New York, NY, pp. 243-75.

    Bronner, Rolf (1982), Decision Making Under Time Pressure: An Experimental Study of Stress Behavior in Business Management. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Browne, M. W. & Arminger, G. (1995). Specification and estimation of mean- and covariance-structure models. In G. Arminger, C. C. Clogg, & M. E. Sobel (Eds.), Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences (pp.185-249). New York: Plenum Press.

    Bruyneel, Sabrina, Siegfried Dewitte, Kathleen D. Vohs, and Luk Warlop (2006), “Repeated Choosing Increases Susceptibility to Affective Product Features,” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23 (2), 215–25.

    Fornell.C, and Larcker. D.F. (1981), Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res, 18 (1), pp. 39-50
    Chandon, P., Wansink, B., and Laurent, G. (2000). A benefit congruency framework of sales promotions effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 64, 65-81.

    Chandrashekaran, R. and Grewal, D. (2003), “Assimilation of advertised reference prices: the moderating role of involvement”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 79 No. 1, pp. 53-62.

    Cialdini, R.B. (1985), Influence: Science and Practice, Scott Foresman, Glenview, IL.

    Devlin, J., Ennew, C., McKechnie, S. and Smith, A. (2007), “A study of comparison price advertising incorporating a time-limited offer”, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 280-5.

    Dhar, Itamar Simonson (2003), “The Effect of Forced Choice on Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research, 40 (May), 146–60.

    Ellen Bratslavsky, Mark Muraven, and Dianne M. Tice (1998), “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (5), 1252–65.

    Engel, J., & Blackwell, Roger D. (1982). Consumer behavior. Dryden Press.

    Epstein S, Pacini R, Denes-Raj V, Heier H.(1996). Individual differences in intuitive- experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 7-31

    Eroglu, S. A., K. A. Machleit, L. M. Davis.(2001), Atmospheric qual- ities of online retailing: A conceptual model and implications. J. Bus. Res. 54(5) 177–184.

    Foster, A. and Ford, N. (.(2003), Serendipity and information seeking: An empirical study. J. Doc., 59, 321–340.

    Grewal, Ailawadi, Gauri, Hall, Kopalle, & Robertson. (2011). Innovations in Retail Pricing and Promotions. Journal of Retailing, 87(S1), S43-S52.

    Grewal, D., Monroe, K., & Krishnan, R. (1998). The Effects of Price-Comparison Advertising on Buyers` Perceptions of Acquisition Value, Transaction Value, and Behavioral Intentions. Journal of Marketing, 62(2), 46-59.

    Grewal, D., Monroe, K.B. and Krishnan, R. (1998), “The effects of price-comparison advertising on buyers’ perceptions of acquisition value, transaction value and behavioral intentions”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62 No. 2, pp. 46-59.

    Herrington, J. D., & Capella, L. M. (1995). Shopper reactions to perceived time pressure. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 23(12), 13–20.

    Hoch, S., & Loewenstein, G. (1991). Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Consumer Self-Control. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 492-507.

    Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.

    Huang, W., Schrank, H., & Dubinsky, A. (2004). Effect of brand name on consumers` risk perceptions of online shopping. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(1), 40-50.

    Huber, Joel, John W. Payne, and Christopher Puto (1982), “Adding Asymmetrically Dominated Alternatives: Violations of Regularity and the Similarity Hypothesis,” Journal of Con- sumer Research, 9 (1), 90–98.

    Inman, J.J., Peter, A.C. and Raghubir, P. (1997), “Framing the deal: the role of restrictions in accentuating deal value”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 68-79.

    J. Ridley Stroop(1935), Study of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions, Journal of Experimental Psychology,18, 643-662

    Kahneman, Daniel (2003), “Maps of Bounder Rationality: Psy- chology for Behavioral Economics,” The American Economic Review, 93 (5), 1449–75.

    Keinan, G., Friedland, N., and Ben-Porath, Y. (1987), Decision making under stress: scanning of alternatives under physical threat. Acta Psychologica, 64, 219-228

    Kim, H. (2005). Developing an index of online customer satisfaction. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 10(1), 49-64.

    Konus, U., Verhoef, P. C., & Neslin, S. A. (2008). Multichannel shopper segments and their covariates. Journal of Retailing, 84(4), 398–413.

    Koufaris, M.(2002), Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online consumer behavior. Inform. Systems Res. 13(2) 205–223.

    Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984), Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Lessne, G.J. and Notarantonio, E.M. (1988), “The effects of limits in retail advertisements: a reactance theory perspective”, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 33-44.

    Li, H., C. Kuo, M. G. Russell. 2000. The impact of perceived channel utilities, shopping orientations, and demographics on the con- sumer’s on-line buying behavior. J. Comput.-Mediated Commerce 5(2).

    Lin, C.-H., & Wu, P.-H. (2005). How to deal with conflicts? The effect of consumers` subjective time pressure on product attitude judgment and choice. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 6(1), 219-225.

    Lin, Y. H., & Chen, C. F. (2013). Passengers’ shopping motivations and commercial activities at airports: The moderating effects of time pressure and impulse buying tendency. Tourism Management, 36, 426–434.

    Lo, Lin, & Hsu. (2016). Motivation for online impulse buying: A two-factor theory perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 759-772.

    Lynn, M. (1991), “Scarcity effects on value: a quantitative review of commodity theory literature”, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 43-57.

    MacCallum, R. C., & Hong, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 193-210.

    Madhavaram, S. R., & Laverie, D. A. (2004). Exploring impulse purchasing on the internet. Advances in Consumer Research, 31(1), 59–66.

    Madu, Christian N., and Madu, Assumpta A. (2002). Dimensions of e-quality. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(2 3), 246-258.

    Mathai Sagini Thomas, Haridas R. ( (2014) ). Personality – Its Impact on Impulse Buying Behavior Among The Retail Consumers in Kochin city. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), Vol.16 Issue 14 Ver. IV, pp. 48-55

    Mulpuru, S., Boutan, V., Johnson, C., Wu, S., & Naparstek, L. (2015). Forrester research eCommerce forecast, 2014 to 2019 (US). Forrester Research, Inc

    Muraven, Mark R. And Roy F. Baumeister (2000), “Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources: Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?” Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247-59.

    Nes, L., Ehlers, S., Whipple, M., & Vincent, A. (2013). Self-regulatory fatigue in chronic multisymptom illnesses: Scale development, fatigue, and self-control. Journal of Pain Research, 6, 181-188.

    Norman, D.A. & Bobrow, D.G. (1975) `On Data-Limited and Resource-Limited Processes," Cognitive Psychology, 7, 44-64.

    Nunnally, J. C.,(1978), Psychometric Theory(2), New York:McGraw-Hill.

    Ordonez, Lisa and Lehman Benson III ( 1997) , "Decisions under Time Pressure: How Time Constraint Affect Risky Decision Making," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71(2), 121-140.

    Parboteeah, D. V., Valacich, J. S., & Wells, J. D. (2009), The influence of website characteristics on a consumer`s urge to buy impulsively. Information Systems Research, 20(1), 60-78,156-157.

    Pocheptsova, A., Amir, O., Dhar, R., & Baumeister, R. (2009), Deciding without Resources: Resource Depletion and Choice in Context. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(3), 344-355.

    Quaddus, Mohammed and Achjari, Didi.(2005). A model for electronic commerce success. Telecommunications Policy, Vol.29(2-3), pp.127-152

    Rice, S.; Keller, D.( 2009), Automation reliance under time pressure. Int. J. Cogn. Technol., 14, 36–45.

    Rook, D. (1987). The buying impulse. Journal of Consumer Research : JCR ; an Interdisciplinary Bimonthly, 14(2), 189-199.

    Rook, D. W., S. J. Hoch. 1985. Consuming impulses. Adv. Consumer Res. 12 23-27.
    Sanjay Putrevu and Brian T.Ratchford.(1997), A model of search behavior with an application to grocery shopping. Journal of Retailing, 73(4), 463-486

    Schmeichel, Brandon. J.(2007), “Attention Control, Memory Updating, and Emotion Regulation Temporarily Reduce the Capacity for Executive Control,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 241-55.

    Shimamura, Arthur P. (2000), “The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Dynamic Filtering,” Psychobiology, 28 (2), 207–218.

    Simonson, I. (1992), “The influence of anticipating regret and responsibility on purchase decisions”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 105-18.

    Simonson, Itamar (1989), “Choice Based on Reasons: The Case of Attraction and Compromise Effects,” Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (2), 158–74.

    Stern, H. (1962). The significance of impulse buying today. Journal of Marketing, 26(2), 59-62.

    Sun, H., P. Zhang.(2006), The role of affect in IS research: A crit- ical survey and a research model. P. Zhang, D. Galleta, eds. Human-Computer Interaction and Management Information Systems—Foundations I. M. E. Sharpe, Inc., Armonk, NY, 295–329.

    Svenson, O.; Edland, A.; and Slovic, P. Choices and judgments of incompletely described decision alternatives under time pressure. Acta Psychologica, 75 (1990), 153-169. 34.

    T. Adelaar, S. Chang, K.M. Lancendorfer, B. Lee, M. Morimoto(2003), Effects of media formats in emotions and impulse buying intent, Journal of Information Technology 18 (4), pp. 247–266.

    Tse, D.K., Wilton, P.C. (1988), Models of Consumer Satisfaction: An Extension," Journal of Marketing Research, 25 (May, pp. 204-212.

    Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman (1991), “Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (4), 1039–1061.

    Umair Akram, Peng Hui, Muhammad Kaleem Khan, Chen Yan, & Zubair Akram. (2018). Factors Affecting Online Impulse Buying: Evidence from Chinese Social Commerce Environment. Sustainability, 10(2), 352.

    Umair Akram, Peng Hui, Muhammad Kaleem Khan, Chen Yan, & Zubair Akram. (2018). Factors Affecting Online Impulse Buying: Evidence from Chinese Social Commerce Environment. Sustainability, 10(2), 352.

    Verhagen, & Van Dolen. (2011). The influence of online store beliefs on consumer online impulse buying: A model and empirical application. Information & Management, 48(8), 320-327.

    Vohs, K., Faber, R., & Dawn Iacobucci served as editor and Gita V. Johar served as associate editor for this article. (2007). Spent Resources: Self‐Regulatory Resource Availability Affects Impulse Buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(4), 537-547.

    Vohs, Kathleen D., and Todd F. Heatherton (2000), “Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach,” Psychological Science, 11 (3), 249–54.

    Vohs, Kathleen D., Roy F. Baumeister, Brandon J. Schmeichel, Jean M. Twenge, Noelle M. Nelson, and Dianne M. Tice (2008), “Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control Regulation, and Active Initiatives, “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 883-98

    Weinberg, P., & Gottwald, W. (1982). Impulsive Consumer Buying as a Result of Emotions. Journal of Business Research, 10, 43-57.

    Wilson Readinger, and Klein Associates Inc.(2006), Intuition in Consumer Decision Making. Advances in Consumer Research, 33, 315

    Wright, Peter ( 1974 ) , ‘‘The Harassed Decision Maker: Time Pressures, Distractions, and the Use of Evidence,’’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 59 (October), 555–561.

    Zita, Z. P.(2006). Analysis and intuition in strategic decision making: The case of California.Corvinus University of Budapest Department of Decision Sciences, 3-11

    (三) 網路資料
    Case Study Marketingsociety.com (2012) Retrieved
    from https://www.marketingsociety.com/the-library/2012-winner-john-lewis-e- commerce-case-study

    Evigo.com (2014) Retrieved from http://evigo.com/10287-case-study-american- apparel-makes-50000-onehour-twitter.

    Liraz Margalit(2014, Dec.), Boost online purchase by triggering an intuitive response. Clicktale. Retrieved from https://www.clicktale.com/resources/blog/boost-online- purchase-by-triggering-an-intuitive-response/

    Matzler, K., Ballom, F. and Mooradlan, T. (2007, Fall). Intuitive Decision Making. MIT Sloan Management Review. Retrieved April 6, 2010, from http://sloanreview.mit.edu/the-magazine/files/pdfs/49108SxW.pdf
    Retail Ecommerce Sales Worldwide, 2016-2021.(2018, Jan). e-Marketer. Retrieved from https://www.emarketer.com/Chart/Retail-Ecommerce-Sales-Worldwide-2016- 2021-trillions-change-of-total-retail-sales/215138

    Stanley Chen.(2018, Aug). 台灣電商如何在高度競爭的電商混戰中站穩腳步? Think with Google. Retrieved from https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/zh- tw/consumer-insights/perspective/tw-ec-strategy/

    User Interface Engineering. (2001). What causes consumers to buy on impulse? [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.uie.com/ publications/whitepapers/ImpulseBuying.pdf
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)
    106363078
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106363078
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU201900117
    Appears in Collections:[企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    307801.pdf1234KbAdobe PDF20View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback