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    Title: 零工經濟勞動者勞動保護規範之探討 -以應用程式執行按需工作為例
    Study on labor protection for gig workers: an example of work on-demand via apps
    Authors: 高慧珠
    Kao, Hui-Chu
    Contributors: 劉梅君
    高慧珠
    Kao, Hui-Chu
    Keywords: 零工經濟
    平台經濟
    分享經濟
    零工
    gig economy
    platform economy
    sharing economy
    gig workers
    Date: 2020
    Issue Date: 2020-09-02 12:36:38 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 數位經濟崛起,當以完成差事為主的零工大軍崛起,原有的全職工作漸漸地被企業進行自動化或委外,透過平台來派發工作,根據國內外相關調查均顯示,未來此類從業人員的數量將大幅提升,然而在這波零工經濟浪潮下,一些屬於勞動市場中較為弱勢、沒有議價能力、技術門檻較低的清潔服務、外送服務勞動者,在這個終身僱用制式微的年代,這些零工經濟勞動者連最基本的職災權益保障,都沒有跟上零工經濟規模的快速擴張,淪為名符其實的危境勞工,國內去年發生兩起外送員死亡車禍事件,社會才驚覺原來外送員不屬於僱傭制,沒有保勞保,沒有後續職災保障,凸顯此類勞動者所處的高風險、低保障現況。

    為深入探討我國零工經濟勞動者相關議題,本研究蒐集國內外文獻資料,檢視我國及德國、英國、美國及澳洲現行針對零工經濟勞動者相關的勞動權益及職災保護機制,加以評估分析;並藉由個案訪談,瞭解因應零工經濟就業型態興起,對相關勞動者所產生的影響,發掘能兼顧零工經濟勞動者之勞動權益及職災保護的模式,進而如何利用該模式來支援未來勞動政策與法規的調整,以及在此模式下政府應如何致力於使勞資雙方權益更為調和,提出具體政策建議。

    研究發現,在僱傭關係認定方面,英美法系國家由法院實質審定廣泛控制力,大陸法系國家則以現有法令擴大解釋僱傭關係。在最低勞動與職業安全保障方面,澳洲建立勞務執照條例制度、紐約市保障接案司機最低工資等措施值得我國借鏡。國內外平台企業多以規避僱傭制讓受雇者自擔風險,面對層出不窮的新興企業和僱傭結構,針對新創產業制定專法或專章與周延相關連動法規(條)已是刻不容緩。此外,零工經濟勞動者易陷入不穩定勞動陷阱,亟需政府予以正視是類人員勞動保障規範。

    研究建議包括:一、建立全職種職業災害保護機制。二、利用新科技加強對零工經濟勞動者就業狀況之掌握。三、鼓勵工會利用或開發新型應用程式以保護勞權。四、擴大平台業者/勞務需求者之責任。五、擴大界定勞動樣態光譜,現階段推動平台企業為其所屬委外承包人員投保「彈性全時段保險」。六、加強對平台業者管理,建立平台業者執照管理制度。七、透過輔導獎勵零工經濟勞動者自行建立「平台勞動合作社」。八、加速推動勞動教育促進法專法施行。
    With the rapid development of gig economy,more and more companies hire workers without offering them formal employment status by way of misclassifying them as independent contractors. However, nearly all traditional workplace protections apply only to“employers” and “employees,” to the exclusion of workers who perform work through platforms. Gig workers are vulnerable at risk of precariat. For example, the death accident of Uber Eats and Foodpanda driver occurred in 2019 has aroused public concern about the lack of social protection for gig worker.

    In order to improve the situation as above,the study reviewed domestic and overseas literature, including Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia concerning labor protection for gig workers. In addition, this study employed in-depth interview to understand the participants’s experience of gig work and their attitude toward current protection for digital platforms workers.

    Four findings are worth summarizing: Firstly, different countries have already attempted to create forms of employment that are somewhere between ‘regular’ employment and self-employment, for instance the ‘employee-like person’ in Germany. Secondly, it was a positive example as to the Labor Hire License in Australia and the minimum wage guarantee for Uber driver in New York City .Thirdly, the biggest challenge is to find a single response to the myriad of newly arising business and employment structures. Fourthly, gig workers being easy to fall into the precarity trap deserve more policy attention.
    Reference: 一、中文文獻
    (一)書籍
    丹.萊昂斯著,吳國卿譯,(2017)。獨角獸與牠的產地。台北市:時報出版。
    莎拉.柯斯勒著,林錦慧譯,(2018)。終結失業,還是窮忙一場。台北市:寶鼎。
    詹姆士‧布拉德渥斯著,楊璧謙譯,(2019)。沒人僱用的一代。台北市:遠流。
    鄭津津,(2018)。職場與法律。台北市:五南。
    黛安.穆卡伊著,羅耀宗譯,(2018)。零工經濟來了。台北市:天下雜誌。

    (二)期刊論文
    李健鴻,(2018)。就業機會的新途徑或是勞動保護的新挑戰。台灣勞工季刊,第53期,P9-10。
    李健鴻,(2019)。零工經濟的因應途徑:德國、義大利、西班牙的「中間類型勞動者」制度分析。台灣勞工季刊,第59期,P14-27。
    焦興鎧,(2018)。平台或零工經濟勞動者之保障-美國之經驗。台灣勞工季刊,第53期,P36-47。
    劉士豪,(2017)。數位科技化對勞動關係和勞動市場的影響與因應。台灣勞工季刊,第52期,P34-39。

    (三) 博碩士學位論文
    賴崇全(1996)。我國勞工職災補償制度調整之研究。政治大學勞工研究所碩士論文。

    (四)網路資料
    2018年零工經濟族與非典就業風險調查,上網日期109年1月23日,檢自:https://m.yes123.com.tw/member/white_paper/article.asp?id=20180911161847
    什麼是按需經濟,上網日期2019年11月25日,檢自:https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E6%8C%89%E9%9C%80%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E
    伍芬婕,「斜槓」還是「窮忙」?你要知道的零工經濟真相,上網日期2020年2月2日,檢自:https://futurecity.cw.com.tw/article/608-%E3%80%8C%E6%96%9C%E6%A7%93%E3%80%8D%E9%82%84%E6%98%AF%E3%80%8C%E7%AA%AE%E5%BF%99%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9F%E4%BD%A0%E8%A6%81%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8
    李修慧,勞動部公布「承攬、僱傭檢查表」,未來還將要平台幫外送員保險,上網日期108年12月27日,檢自:https://www.thenewslens.com/article/126765
    坎坷”的执政路上梅姨将为零工经济从业者撑腰!央视國際新聞,上網日期2020年1月5日,檢自:http://news.cctv.com/2017/07/12/ARTIn0bN9cKu79OMQgMpzmkh170712.shtml
    英國法院:Uber司機不算承攬人勞工該有的權利都得給,上網日期109年3月29日,檢自:https://dq.yam.com/post.php?id=8435
    莊志剛,另闢蹊徑的新型勞務者權益保障機制,上網日期108年12月27日,檢自:http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SPMF201909016.htm
    零工經濟興起 4400萬人兼職掙外快,星島日報,上網日期2019年12月25日,檢自:https://www.singtaousa.com/ny/15-%E8%B2%A1%E7%B6%93/197905-%E9%9B%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%88%88%E8%B5%B7++4400%E8%90%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%BC%E8%81%B7%E6%8E%99%E5%A4%96%E5%BF%AB/?fromG=1
    零工經濟用「快錢」當誘因,可能造成更大的集體貧窮問題,上網日期2020年2月2日,檢自:https://www.thenewslens.com/article/129779
    楊孝文,點餐平台是否需要幫外送員投保?發生事故誰負責賠償?,上網日期108年12月27日,檢自:https://www.thenewslens.com/article/121175
    葉冠妤,勞部認5業者為雇傭業者:扼殺數萬名美食外送員工作,上網日期2019年11月27日,檢自:https://udn.com/news/story/7238/4135245
    鄭閔聲,零工經濟來了!開創多職人生的新時代,上網日期2019年12月25日,檢自:https://web.cheers.com.tw/issue/2018/work/article.php
    鄭閔聲,比正職薪水還多!未來兩年,將有四成工作者靠零工經濟吃飯,上網日期2019年12月25日,檢自:https://web.cheers.com.tw/issue/2018/work/article_2.php
    徽徽,英國法院:Uber司機不算承攬人勞工該有的權利都得給,上網日期2020年1月5日,檢自:https://dq.yam.com/post.php?id=8435
    戴雅真,英國零工經濟夯失業率40年最低,上網日期109年1月23日,檢自:https://www.cna.com.tw/topic/newsworld/111/201803310006.aspx
    羅方妤,十分之一工作人口都在打零工!英國勞工為何被「用完即丟」,上網日期2019年12月25日,檢自:https://theme.udn.com/theme/story/6775/3914242

    二、英文文獻
    (一) 專書著作
    Jeff Howe(2016). Crowdsourcing: why the power of the crowd is driving the future of business, Random House, Inc., New York.

    (二) 期刊論文
    Blanaid ni Bhraonain,”Empowerment or Exploitation? Legal Responses to the “Gig Economy’ The King’s Student Law Reviews,Vol 9 Issue,3-18,2019
    Julie Mills & Clayton S Jan (2017), The Gig Economy Structure, Measurements & Opportunities, APSCo Australia Discussion Paper
    Keith Cunningham-Parmeter(2016),From Amazon to Uber: Defining Employment in the Modern Economy,Boston University Law Review, Vol. 96, p. 1673-1727
    Kim, C, Cho, Y(2017): Does Unstable Employment Have an Association with Suicide Rates among the Young? International journal of environmental research and public health
    Matthias Schäfer & Natascha Schwarzkopf(2019),Gig Economy: Opportunity or Risk for the Labour Market?,Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
    Paula McDonald(2019), Digital Platform Work in Australia Preliminary findings from a national survey, Queensland University of Technology
    Rogers, Brishen(2016), Employment Rights in the Platform Economy: Getting Back to Basics. Harvard Law and Policy Review. 10.
    Sarah Leberstein & Catherine Ruckelshaus(2016) ,” Independent Contractor vs. Employee: Why independent contractor misclassification matters and what we can do to stop it”,NELP
    Standing, G(2011): The precariat : the new dangerous class ,London, Bloomsbury Academic
    Ursula Huw & Simon Joyce , Size of the Germany’s “Gig Economy”revealed for the first time, University of Hertfordshire
    Ursula Huw & Simon Joyce , Size of the UK’s “Gig Economy”revealed for the first time, University of Hertfordshire

    (三) 網路資料
    Aaron Smith, Gig Work,Online Selling and Home Sharing ,PEW RESEARCH CENTER,Retrieved from : https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/11/17/gig-work-online-selling-and-home-sharing/
    Digital labour platforms and the future of work Towards decent work in the online world,ILO(2018) Retrieved from : https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_645337.pdf
    Gig economy in Britain doubles, accounting for 4.7 million workers,Retrieved Jan.10 2020 from : https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jun/28/gig-economy-in-britain-doubles-accounting-for-47-million-workers
    Gig economy report : Employment status,pwc legal,2019/5 from:https://www.pwclegal.be/en/documents/may-2019-gig-economy-report.pdf
    Heather Somerville,Former Uber driver was an employee, rules California department, Sep.9,2015, Retrieved Dec.4 2019,from: https://www.reuters.com/article/uber-tech-california-ruling/former-uber-driver-was-an-employee-rules-california-department-idUSL1N11G0OU20150910
    Luke Bowery,Employment status: Supreme Court confirms that‘self-employed’ plumber was a worker,Burges Salmon,Retrieved Dec.25 2019from : https://www.burges-salmon.com/news-and-insight/legal-updates/supreme-court-confirms-that-self-employed-plumber-was-a-worker/
    Milja Milenkovic, The Future of Employment – 30 Telling Gig Economy Statistics, RetrievedDec.25 2019 from : https://www.smallbizgenius.net/by-the-numbers/gig-economy-statistics/#gref
    Partner Protection Insurance with AXA XL in the UK,RetrievedJune.30 2020 from :
    https://www.uber.com/gb/en/drive/insurance/
    Types of employees ,Retrieved Dec.25 2019, from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/types-of-employees
    Victoria’s Labour Hire Licence: What Is It and How Will It Affect Me?,people2people,Retrieved Dec.26 2019, from:https://www.people2people.com.au/blog/2019/11/victorias-labour-hire-licence-what-is-it-and-how-will-it-affect-me

    三、德文文獻
    Wann dürfen private Fahrer gegen Geld chauffieren? In: Deutsche Anwaltauskunft. Deutscher Anwaltverein, 27. April 2014, abgerufen am 12. September 2014
    Taxi vs. Uber: Taxi Deutschland will Rechtsverstöße ahnden lassen,heise online,Retrieved Jan.25 2020, from:https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Taxi-vs-Uber-Taxi-Deutschland-will-Rechtsverstoesse-ahnden-lassen-4639102.html
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    勞工研究所
    106262007
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106262007
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001188
    Appears in Collections:[勞工研究所] 學位論文

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