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| 題名: | 緬甸帕奧禪林復甦「入出息念」禪定 ――「禪修行動」調查研究
Reviving of The Mindfulness-of-Breathing Samādhi at Pa-Auk Monastery in Myanmar: A Field Work Study of Meditation-in-Action |
| 作者: | 陳法菱
Chen, Fa-Ling |
| 貢獻者: | 蔡源林
越建東
Tsai, Yuan-Lin
Yue, Jian-Tung
陳法菱
Chen, Fa-Ling |
| 關鍵詞: | 安那般那念
緬甸佛教
帕奧禪師
禪定
觀禪
敍事
田野調查
Mindfulness-of-Breathing
Myanmar Buddhism
Pa-Auk Sayādaw
Concentration
Insight Meditation
Narrative
Filed Work |
| 日期: | 2022 |
| 上傳時間: | 2022-08-01 17:45:20 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 緬甸上座部的「止觀之諍」是學術界極為關注的修行議題，本研究新設「禪修行動調查研究」考察依於禪定基礎而導向涅槃的佛教實踐事實。在禪修實踐場域裡，透過教禪者與學禪者雙重視角、多重情境、多元媒材，構成四大研究素材探究「入出息念禪法」（AnApAnasati，音譯安那般那念），從最前端的古代經論文本如何跨越轉移至最終端當代學禪者內心證悟體驗（簡稱：「禪修行動轉移」）。循此研究脈絡確立「止乘行者」與「純觀行者」是教禪者根據個別初學者而分為「禪定功能最大化」與「禪定功能邊緣化」的二類解脫路徑，實非緬甸大禪師之間存在對立性的見解。
本研究以全球唯一實踐「入出息念禪定功能最大化」的國際禪修社群作為個案研究，於緬甸帕奧禪林二大國際禪修中心與海外的密集禪修營中，八年來記錄入出息念禪修行動。文中，除了沉浸式禪修體驗的自我敍説與觀察他者的停滯期實例，也列舉一佰則小參師生對話和「止觀見法者」的殊勝經驗敍事，依時間順序貫穿培育入出息念定力/慧力頂峰經驗的準備期與正修期。包括漸進式身心經驗、修習歷程與正負影響因子，最後經由身心實證的描述性證據聯結至經論文句所述的心識原理運作，確立「入出息念禪定功能最大化」的具體原因與禪修實踐效力。
帕奧禪林復甦入出息念「先止後觀」的教禪系統，其集體禪修行動顯示「心清淨」是直觀意門與究竟名色法的起點，同時亦是觀禪階段中教禪者的「外部禪修語意指示」與學禪者的「內在禪修語意指示」二者高度相符的主因。依循帕奧禪師已設定334個朝向現世涅槃的淨化階梯，禪修行動者的實踐動能朝向「禪定功能最大化」的實修路徑，由於具備定力頂峰經驗而形成解脫道的種種實質作用與功能。在本研究「當代禪修行動轉移模型」之「三軸心論」與「四大要素」的分析下，顯示該寺院的入出息念「教禪文本」促成該禪法逐漸朝向系統次第性以及固化的傳播途徑。
Samathayantika and Vipasanāyantika of Theravada in Myanmar are viewed as two opposing camps in the academia. Their opposition has been shaped into inflamed assumption among those Myanmar Sayadawgyis’ opposing views in two kinds of Buddhist meditation traditions. However, according to my four source materials in the field of meditation practice, the beginners’various levels are the consequential reason for those Sayadawgyis’ customized individual training courses by Samatha or Vipasanā. In other words, they represent two kinds of meditation methods lead into or two separate paths to liberation: “marginalizing the samādhi function” and “maximizing the samādhi function”.
This research establishes the “Investigation on Meditation-in-Action”, a new method, to examine the fact, Buddhist practice leading to Nibbana based on the foundation of samādhi. Through the dual perspectives, multiple situations, and multi-media materials of the teachers and the learners, the study analyze the four research materials of Mindfulness-of-Breathing (Anāpānasati) on referring with “Transferable Meditation Actions”. That is to say, how modern practitioners can employ the meditative methods in ancient scriptures to achieve inner realization.
Firstly, this research inspects a case study of the members at the two major international meditation centers in Pa-Auk Monastery in Myanmar and temporary retreats in Taiwan, international meditation group who practice the path of maximizing the samādhi function by means of Mindfulness-of-Breathing. The investigation results of their eight-year were recorded actions of Mindfulness-of-Breathing. In the dissertation article, the interview of 100 dialogues were listed by chronological order. In addition, there are my self-narratives of immersive meditation experiences, the cases of observing the-others in stagnant periods, and one practitioner’s extraordinary experience of contemplating the Dhamma. Those their narratives were recounted in their preparatory and methodical periods and penetrated until the narrator’s reached concentration or experienced wisdom peak. They described the whole practice process including physical and mental experience and positive, and negative influencing factors. Next, the dissertation links their description of physical and mental evidence with the essential mind manipulation described in the passages of the scriptures and specifies the reasons for and the practice effectiveness were been classified into maximizing the samAdhi function of Mindfulness-of-Breathing.
Pa-Auk Monastery has revived the samādhi function of Mindfulness-of-Breathing. The collective meditation actions obviously affirms that Purification of Consciousness is the starting point for discerning “Mind Door”and“Mentality and Materiality”. Purification of Consciousness is also the result of two determinate factors. One is teachers’ instructive sentences, as the external semantic indication of meditation; the other is learners’“Wise Attention”, as the inner semantic indication of meditation. Master Pa-Auk has established 334 steps on spiritual purity for leading to Nibbana in present life so that the practitioners can follow the instructions and devote their energy into maximizing the function of samādhi in liberation path. Due to the experience of the peak of concentration, the practitioners equip themselves with the Peak concentration paves the way for the practitioners toward the path of liberation are formed. In the conclusion, under the analysis factors of the “Three Axes” and “Four Elements” of my newly-built “Model of Modern Transferable Meditation Actions”, Pa-Auk Monastery`s “Meditation teaching texts”of Mindfulness-of-Breathing are contributed to the systematic practice and the format of transmission method gradually moving towards systematic order and solidified linage of transmission. |
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Kaw, E. Buddhism and Education in Burma: Varying Conditions for a Social Ethos in the Path to “Nibbana,” doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 2005. UMI No. 3169805.
King, Winston L. A Thousand Lives Away: Buddhism in Contemporary Burma. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Kuan, Tse-fu. Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese, and Sanskrit Sources. London: Routledge, 2008.
Kornfield, Jack. Modern Buddhist Masters, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 2007. (First edition 1988)
Ledī Sayādaw, ‘AnApAna-DIpanI’, pp. 651-696, U Sein Nyo Tun trs., The Manuals of Buddhism, Myanmar Yangon, Ayeyarwaddy Publishing House, 2004.
Lau, Ngar-Sze. Modernsing Buddhism: Emergence of Theravāda Meditation Communities in Contemporary China. Lancaster: Lancaster University, 2018.
Moneyya, Bhikkhu. Teaching and Training: Pa-Auk Forest Monastery. Choong Kwai Fatt & Tan Lee Mey, 2006
Narada, Maha Thera. A Manual of Abhidhamma Being Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Bhadanta Anuruddhacariya. Malaysia: Buddhist Missionary Society, 1987. (First edition 1956)
Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu. Mindfulness of Breathing (Ānāpānasti). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 2010. (First published 1952)
Nyanaponika, Thera. Protection Through Satipatthana. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1990.
Nyanasatta, Thera, tr. Foundations of Mindfulness: Satipatthana Sutta. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993.
Pagis, M. Cultivating Selves: Vipassana Meditation and the Microsociology of Experience. Doctoral Thesis. Illinois: University of Chicago, 2008.
Pillai, Sabina. An exploration of adverse experiences in mindfulness meditation, Toronto: University of Toronto, 2016.
Revata U, Bhikkhu.《修入出息念的體驗》, Bhikkhu Dhmmadasi譯。
Pradhan, Ayodya Prasad. The Buddha`s System of Meditation, Phase VIII: On Supramundane Meditation and Its Potentialities. Stosius Inc, 1986.
Pradhan, Ayodya Prasad. The Buddha`s System of Meditation, Phase III: the Supernormal Powers. Oriental University Press, 1986.
PaJJānanda, Bhikkhu, Anāpānasati, Buddhist DAna, 2011.
Shaw, Sarah. The Spirit of Buddhist Meditation, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014.
Shankman, Richard. The Experience of Samādhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation. Canada: Shambhala, 2008.
Shulman, Eviatar. Rethinking the Buddha: Early Buddhist Philosophy as Meditative Perception. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Soma, Thera. The Way of Mindfulness: The Satipatthana Sutta and Its Commentary. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1988.
Snyder, Stephen & Rasmussen, Tina. Jhānas Advice from Two Spiritual Friends. New York: Kalyana Mitta, 2008.
Turner, Alicia Marie. Buddhism, Colonialism and the Boundaries of Religion: Theravada Buddhism in Burma, 1885–1920, Volume One. Chicago: the University of Chicago, 2009.
Vimala, Venerable. Meditation in Myanmar: The Theory and Practice, Management, and Key Successes. Bangkok: Mahahulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, 2018.
Vimalaramsi, U., Ven. The Anāpānasati Sutta：A Practical Guide to Mindfulness of Breathing and Tranguil Wisdom Mediation. 台北：佛陀教育基金會印贈, 2002.
三、期刊論文
王常蒞，〈巴漢《入出息念相應》經群比較〉，中華佛學學報，第20期，2007，頁1-39。
王常蒞，〈巴漢《入出息念相應》之研究〉，台北：中華佛學研究所，2006。
何粵東，〈敍說研究方法論初探〉，《應用心理研究》，第25期，2005，頁55-72。
何星亮，〈關於田野調查的選題與設計的若干問題〉，《宗教信仰與民族文化》，北京：社會科學文獻，2016，頁265-273。
周柔含，〈安那般那念——十六勝行「身行」——之探究〉，《中華佛學研究》，第五期，2001，頁75-103。
烏多拉，〈南傳佛教禪法中的觀呼吸法〉，《宗教學研究》，2007年第一期，2007，頁187-189。
陳法菱，〈緬甸短期出家之研究〉，《臺灣宗教研究》，第15卷第2期，頁157-188。
陳家倫，〈南傳佛教在台灣的發展與影響:全球化的分析觀點〉，《台灣社會學》，第24期，2012，頁155-206。
無著比丘，〈上座部觀禪的原動力〉，法鼓佛學學報，臺北：法鼓佛教學院，第七期，2010，頁1-22。
越建東，
—〈巴利經典文獻中定型文句的一些特徵〉，《台大佛學研究》，Vol.14，2007，頁37-76。
—〈早期佛教的修行道次第〉，頁137-154。收錄於蔡奇林主編，《從修行到解脫――巴利佛典選集》，新北中和：南山佛教文化出版社，2012。
溫宗堃譯，
—〈內觀修行的起源〉，《正觀雜誌》，第30期，2004，頁5-9。譯自Cousins, Lance. “The Origins of Insight Meditation,” The Buddhist Forum, Vol.4, 1996, pp. 35-58.
—〈巴利《念處經》的「外觀」：當代緬甸毗婆舍那修行傳統之間的一個諍論〉，《新世紀宗教研究》，第6卷第2 期，2007，頁43-79。
—〈當代緬甸毗婆舍那修行傳統之間的一個諍論――觀察過去、未來的名色〉，福嚴佛學研究，第2期，2007，頁1-50。
瑪欣德尊者，
〈緬甸帕奧禪林總院〉，2008。
《阿毗達摩講要（上）（中）（下）》，臺南巿：臺灣南傳上座部佛教學院，2013。
瑪欣德尊者譯，〈帕奧著作「遭禁」始末〉，《南傳阿毗達摩與禪修次第研討會刊》，台灣：國立成功大學，2013。（U ÑaNacAra Bhante著，Why Pa-Auk SayAdaw’s masterpiece ‘NibbAnagAminIpaTipadA’ Was Published in Taiwan in 1998?）
蔡彥仁，〈臺灣地區宗教經驗比較研究—簡介一個跨學科研究的案例〉，《人文與社會科學簡訊》，第13卷第3期，2012，頁175-183。
蔡奇林，〈巴利尼柯耶與漢譯阿含經〉，《香光莊嚴》，第98期，2009，頁170-178。
蔡奇林譯，〈信仰、權威與真理――早期佛教的信仰觀〉，頁3-54。收錄於蔡奇林主編，《從修行到解脫――巴利佛典選集》，新北中和：南山佛教文化出版社，2012。
劉怡寧，〈關懷自身：禪修在當代西方世界浮現的社會學意涵〉，《臺灣宗教研究》，第16 卷第1 期，2017，頁113-146 。
關則富，
―〈從經到論：管窺印度佛教史上的重大變遷〉，《成大歷史學報》，Vol. 53，2017，頁135-177。
―〈從佛教對經驗世界的分析探討念身與四念處的理論基礎及一致性〉，《正觀雜誌》，第41期，2007頁5–32。
關則富譯，〈早期佛教的止觀〉，頁203-236。收錄於蔡奇林主編，《從修行到解脫――巴利佛典選集》，新北中和：南山佛教文化出版社，2012。
釋惠敏，〈美國禪定與教育博士論文之簡析〉，《中華佛學學報》，第8期，1995，頁405-437。
釋自鼐，〈從文獻學到人類學：論初期佛教、南傳上座部佛教及錫蘭佛教〉，《佛教圖書館館刊》，第41 期，2005，頁38-55。
釋自鼐，〈佛典中修習禪定過程的詮釋－以《清淨道論》「觀呼吸」禪定過程為例〉，《成大中文學報》，Vol. 19，2007，頁87-124。
釋大荷，《《清淨道論》「安那般那念」之古今詮釋－以南傳上座部佛使尊者與帕奧禪師為例》，宜蘭：佛光大學碩士論文，2008。
Anānayo, Bhikkhu. “A Brief Criticism of the ‘Two Paths to Liberation’ Theory,” Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, Vol. 11, 2016, pp. 38–51.
Anālayo, Bhikkhu. “Mindfulness in Early Buddhism,” Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol. XI, 2013, pp. 147-174.
Anānayo, Bhikkhu. “Mindfulness of Breathing in the Saṃyukta-āgama,” Buddhist Studies Review, vol. 24 no. 2, 2007 pp. 137–150.
Arbel, Keren. “The Liberative Role of Jhānic Joy (Pīti) and (Sukha) in the Early Buddhist Path to Awakening,” Buddhist Studies Review, Vol. 32.2, 2016, pp. 179-203.
Anālayo, Bhikkhu. “On the Supposedly Liberating Function of the First Absorption”, Buddhist Studies Review, Vol.33.2, 2019, pp. 271-280.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu tr. “118 Anāpānasati Sutta: Mindfulness of Breathing,” from Bhikkhu Ñānamoli and Bhikkhu Bodhi tr., the Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha : A translation of the Majjhima Nikāya, (Oxford: Pali Text Society, 2001), pp. 941-948.
Braun, Erik. Many Lives of Insight: the Abhidhamma and Transformations in TheravAda Ｍeditation. Harvard Divinity School, 2016. 下載自：https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/the-many-lives-of-insight/, 2022.3.15.
Carbine, Jason A. “Shwegyin SAsana：Continuity, Rupture, and Traditionalism in a Buddhist Tradition,”Historicizing “Tradition” in the Study of Religion, Steven Engler and Gregory Price Grieve ed., Berlin : De Gruyter,1st 2005, Reprint 2011, p.145-174.
Cousins, L.S. “Scholar Monks and Meditator Monks Revisited,” in the John Powers and Charles S. Prebish (eds.), Destroying Māra forever: Buddhist ethics essays in honor of Damien Keown, (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications, 2009), pp. 31-46.
Carbonnel, Laure. “On the Ambivalence of Female Monasticism in Theravāda Buddhism: A Contribution to the Study of the Monastic System in Myanmar,” Asian Ethnology, Vol. 68, no. 2, 2009, pp.265-282.
Cousins, L. S. “Samathayāna and Vipassanayāna,” Buddhist Studies: in Honour of Hammalava Saddhātissa, edited by Gatare Dhammapala, Richard Gombrich and K. R. Norman, pp. 56-68. Sri Lanka: University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 1984.
Gethin, Rupert. “On the Practice of Buddhist Meditation: According to Pali Nikāyas and Exegetical Sources,”Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart 9, 2004, pp.201-221.
Harvey, Peter. “Signless” Meditations in Pali Buddhism,” The Journal of The International Association Of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1986, pp.25-52.
Hufford, David J. “The Scholarly Voice and the Personal Voice: Reflexivity in Belief Studies,” in IOP, ch. 20, pp. 294-310.
Hujimoto, Akiro. “How to Enter the First Jhana,” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, Vol. 54, No.3, 2006, pp. 1171-1175.
Houtman, Gustaaf.“Vipassanā in Burma: Self-government and the Ledi Anāpāna Tradition,”in Halvor Eifring ed., Hindu, Buddhist and Daoist Meditation, 2014.
Kawamoto, Kanae, “Pragmatic Benefits and Concentration through Ānāpānasati Meditation,” Volume of The 2nd IABU (International Association of Buddhist Universities) Conference, Jun 2012, pp. 98-103.
Kawanami, Hiroko. “Charisma, Power(s), and the Arahant Ideal in Burmese-Myanmar Buddhism,” Asian Ethnology, Vol. 68, no. 2, 2009, pp. 211-237.
Kuan, Tse-Fu. “Clarification on Feelings in Buddhist Dhyana/ Jhāna Meditation,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 33, 2005, pp. 285-319.
Ledi, Sayadaw. “Anāpāna-Dīpanī: The Manual of Mindfulness of Breathing,” The Manuals of Buddhism. Yongon: Mother Ayeyarwaddy Publishing House, 2004, pp. 651-696.
Lammerts, D. Christian. “Narratives of Buddhist Legislation: Textual Authority and Legal Heterodoxy in Seventeenth Through Nineteenth-Century Burma,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Volume 44, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 118-144.
Shih, ZiZhuo. “An Examination of Vipassanā (Insight) Meditation from a Theravāda of Perspective,” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Studies, No. 7, 2003, pp. 385-417.
Somaratne, G. A. “Are Jhānas Required to End Suffering? A Study on the Role of Jhānas in the Buddhist Path to Liberation,” Journal of Buddhist Studies, Vol.16, 2019, pp. 93-116.
Sharf, Robert H. “Buddhist Modernism and The Rhetoric of Meditative Experience,” Numen, Vol. 42, 1995, pp. 228-283.
Sun, Jessie.“Mindfulness in Context: A Historical Discourse Analysis,” Contemporary Buddhism, Vol. 15, 2014, pp. 394-415.
Tan, Piya, tr. “Ānāpānasati Sutta: The Discourse on the Mindfulness of the In-and-out-breathing (M 118),” 2013, from: https://www.themindingcentre.org/dharmafarer/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/7.13-Anapanasati-S-m118-piya.pdf.
Yamane, David, “ Narrative and Religious Experience”, Sociology of Religion, 61, 2, pp. 171-189.
Vieten C, Wahbeh H, Cahn BR, MacLean K, Estrada M, Mills P, et al. “Future Directions in Meditation Research: Recommendations for Expanding the Field of Contemplative Science,” Italy: PLoS One, 2018, pp. 1-30.
四、工具書與網址
《中文大辭典》，臺北巿：中國文化大學出版部，1973。
PCED巴漢電子辭典（巴利三藏、義注、複注——辭典助讀版本1.9.2.0），2010。
http://www.mahana.org.mm/en/the-samgha-organization-of-different-levels/the-structure-of-the-samgha-organization。2021年12月下載。
http://mtccinfo.blogspot.com/2016/03/blog-post.html。2021年12月下載。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88maQRiKBZk。下載日：2021年11月1日。 |
| 描述: | 博士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
101156504 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101156504 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202201068 |
| 顯示於類別: | [宗教研究所] 學位論文
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