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| Title: | 英國脫歐後的歐盟共同防務—英、德、法之新戰略動態
Post-Brexit EU Common Defence — New Strategic Dynamics among the UK, Germany and France |
| Authors: | 洪聖彥
Hong, Sheng-Yan |
| Contributors: | 蘇卓馨
Su, Cho-Hsin
洪聖彥
Hong, Sheng-Yan |
| Keywords: | 歐盟防衛
英國脫歐
歐盟戰略指南
德-法軸心
EU defence
Brexit
EU Strategic Compass
Franco-German axis |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-01-05 15:17:12 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 2016年以來一連串的國際環境動盪使得歐盟面臨諸多安全挑戰，除了俄羅斯近年愈趨獨斷的行為、美國總統川普上台後受損的跨大西洋關係之外，英國脫歐公投也無疑為歐盟帶來一記沉重的打擊，特別是歐盟共同防務的未來發展，不僅關乎歐洲整體安全，也考驗歐盟整合能否拓展至高階政治層面，使其於國際舞台上扮演更具影響力的角色。
有鑑於此，本研究嘗試運用多層次治理作為分析框架。一方面超國家層次雖囿於防衛政策的高度政府間主義而使得影響有限，但透過歐盟執委會、《歐盟戰略指南》的內涵，仍可以觀察歐盟藉由構築歐盟防衛科技與工業基礎（European Defence Technological and Industrial Base, EDTIB）以及共同戰略文化，期望透過整合防衛能力與激勵成員國意願，彌補歐盟因英國離開而造成的巨大防衛實力空缺，同時也把握英國脫歐給予歐盟防衛整合深化的機遇之窗。另一方面，政府間層次聚焦歐洲重要的三大軍事力量－英國、德國和法國於2016年後的戰略動態，包括英國由全球化英國（Global Britain）展示的戰略野心、德國因國際責任上升顯現的戰略轉變以及法國藉歐盟政治重心推崇的戰略自主，這些戰略動向除了體現於他們各具合作與分歧的雙邊防衛關係，也在俄烏戰爭的檢視中得到進一步的印證，因而更具指標性地反映出歐盟共同防務的未來發展。儘管英國脫歐公投至今英－歐防衛關係顯得不甚熱絡，但針對歐洲安全合作仍對雙方具有共同利益；以及，德－法軸心對於歐盟共同安全暨防衛政策（Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP）的領導，雖然兩國展現出政治合作默契，但戰略願景的根本性分歧與戰略自主的認知差異仍將是未來德、法，乃至於歐盟全體發展歐盟共同防務所需面臨的考驗。
EU has been faced with security challenges since 2016 due to a series of changes and unrest in the international environment, including Russia’s growing assertiveness in recent years, shaky transatlantic alliance after President Trump’s inauguration, and the Brexit referendum, which undoubtedly struck EU a heavy blow, especially to the future EU CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy), or more broladly, EU Common Defence. This topic not only concerns the overall security in Europe but also observes the spillover effect of defence integration towards high politics, where it grants EU an even more influential role on the international stage.
In view of the importance of EU common defence, this thesis employs multilevel governance as the main approach. On the one hand, the supranational level, though confined because the defence policy competence tends to be highly intergovernmental, the European Commission and Strategic Compass manages to build EDTIB (European Defence Technological and Industrial Base) and construct a common strategic culture among the member states in order to integrate defence capabilities and encourage member states to develop common defence for EU in post-Brexit era. On the other hand, the intergovernmental level focuses on the new strategic dynamics of the UK, Germany and France, the major military powers in Europe. Ranging from the UK’s strategic ambition from “Global Britain,” Germany’s strategic shift due to the rising international responsibility to France’s strategic autonomy out of building its political centre in the Union, they are not only embodied in their bilateral defence relations after Brexit but also reflected in their responses towards Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Accordingly, this study argues that UK-EU defence relations has been not at all close or optimistic ever since the 2016 Brexit referendum, but cooperation in terms of European security stills brings both sides the mutual interest. Besides, although the political leadership of Franco-German axis is self-evident, the divergences of the strategic visions as well as the different recognition of Strategic Autonomy between the two, or even the EU as a whole, remain unsolved for the EU common defence. |
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NATO. (2022, October 18). NATO`s response to Russia`s invasion of Ukraine.
Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_192648.htm
The White House. (2021, September 15). Remarks by President Biden, Prime
Minister Morrison of Australia, and Prime Minister Johnson of the United Kingdom Announcing the Creation of AUKUS. Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/09/15/remarks-by-president-biden-prime-minister-morrison-of-australia-and-prime-minister-johnson-of-the-united-kingdom-announcing-the-creation-of-aukus/
UK Ministry of Defence. (2016, December 16). UK Strengthens Defence Partnership
with France. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-strengthens-defence-partnership-with-france
UK Ministry of Defence. (2018a, September 30). UK to maintain military presence in
Germany. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-maintain-military-presence-in-germany#:~:text=Around%20185%20British%20Army%20personnel,of%20presence%20across%20the%20world
UK Ministry of Defence. (2018b, October 5). UK deepens defence cooperation with
Germany. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-deepens-defence-cooperation-with-germany
UK Ministry of Defence. (2019, February 28). RAF Brize Norton hosts inaugural UK-
Germany Defence Ministerial Council. Retrieved from October 8, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/raf-brize-norton-hosts-inaugural-uk-germany-defence-ministerial-council#:~:text=and%20armed%20forces-,RAF%20Brize%20Norton%20hosts%20inaugural%20UK%2DGermany%20Defence%20Ministerial%20Council,to%20countering%20nefarious%20cyber%20activity
World Bank. (n.d.). Military Expenditure (% of GDP) – European Union. Retrieved
October 26, 2022 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=EU
(二) 一般
Aboulafia, R. (2022, February 16). Why a franco-german fighter jet is a bad idea.
Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/15/france-germany-fighter-jet-aviation-industry-europe-middle-east-sales/
Amos, J. (2021, January 14). UK industry bids farewell to EU`s Galileo System.
Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55665537
Antezza, A., Bushnell, K., Frank, A., Frank, P., Franz, L., Kharitonov, I., . . . Trebesch,
C. (n.d.). Ukraine support Tracker Data Set. Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/data-sets/ukraine-support-tracker-data-17410/
Britain blocks proposal for permanent EU Security HQ. (2011, July 18). Retrieved
September 16, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-britain-defence-idAFLDE76H0RY20110718
Busby M. (2020, February 22). British army hands back last headquarters in
Germany. Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/22/british-army-hands-back-last-headquarters-germany#:~:text=Catterick%20Barracks%20has%20been%20the,forces%20in%20Germany%20since%202013
David Cameron promises in/out referendum on EU. (2013, January 23). Retrieved
September 12, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21148282
DW. (n.d.). France, Germany, Spain push ahead with fighter jet project. Retrieved
October 11, 2022, from https://www.dw.com/en/france-germany-spain-push-ahead-with-fighter-jet-project/a-57562320
Emmott R. & Rose M. (2019, November 8). NATO experiencing `brain death`,
France`s Macron says. Retrieved from December 26, 2022 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-nato-idUSKBN1XH2KA
Eurocorps. (n.d.). History. Retrieved October 12, 2022 from
https://www.eurocorps.org/about-us/history/
Franco-British Council. (n.d.). About. Retrieved from October 11, 2022 from
https://francobritish.org/en/about/
Herszenhorn, D. (2021, December 2). Charles Michel declares 2022 ‘year of
European defense’. Retrieved October 25, 2022 from https://www.politico.eu/article/charles-michel-declares-2022-year-of-european-defense/
Lawrenson T. (2022, October 21). Russia`s war and the accelerating pace of EU
defence initiatives. Retrieved December 27, 2022 from https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2022/10/russias-war-and-the-accelerating-pace-of-eu-defence-initiatives
NATO. (n.d.). FRANCO-GERMAN BRIGADE. Retrieved October 12, 2022 from
https://shape.nato.int/brilliant-jump/media-centre/fact-sheets/francogerman-brigade
Rfi. (2022, July 21). UK`s Tempest Fighter Project Soars as European rival remains in
limbo. Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://www.rfi.fr/en/business-and-tech/20220721-uk-s-tempest-fighter-project-soars-as-european-rival-remains-in-limbo
Russian spy: What happened to Sergei and Yulia Skripal? (2018, September 27).
Retrieved September 16, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43643025
Tania L. & Eleni L. (2021, October 7). Where will the EU`s Strategic Compass point?
Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2021)698057
Therrien, A. (2021, September 20). Aukus: France pulls out of UK defence talks amid
row. Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58620220
Thisdell, D. (2018, March 8). Brexit throws Anglo-French FCAS programme into
doubt. Retrieved October 11, 2022, from https://www.flightglobal.com/brexit-throws-anglo-french-fcas-programme-into-doubt/127329.article
Tran, P. (2019, March 19). MBDA and FCAS: The Brexit Challenge. Retrieved
October 11, 2022, from https://defense.info/multi-domain-dynamics/2019/03/mbda-and-fcas-the-brexit-challenge/
Vincenti, D. (2017, March 7). EU takes first steps towards military HQ. Retrieved
May 20, 2022, from https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/eu-takes-first-steps-towards-military-hq/
Whineray, D. (2020, January 23). The Pros and Cons of a European Security Council.
Retrieved October 13, 2022, from https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/80869
參、 法文部分
一、 官方文件
Élysée. (2019). Traité entre La République Française et la République Fédérale
D’Allemagne sur la Coopération et L’Intégration Franco-Allemandes. Retrieved from https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2019/01/22/signature-du-traite-franco-allemand-d-aix-la-chapelle
Ministère des Armées. (2017). Revue Stratégique de Défense et de Sécurité Nationale
2017. Retrieved from https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2017-rs-def1018_cle0b6ef5-1.pdf
Ministère des Armées. (2021). Actualisation Stratégique 2021. Retrieved from
https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/dgris/REVUE%20STRAT%202021%2004%2002%202021%20FR.pdf
二、 期刊論文
Alcantara, M., & Clamadieu, S. (2018). Brexit: impacts sur le partenariat franco-
britannique et la coopération européenne en matière de défense. Revue Defense Nationale, 808(3), 107-112.
Bihan, B. (2014). La défense de la France sur la corde raide. DSI (Défense et Sécurité
Internationale), (101), 74-83.
Borzillo, L. (2018). La France peut-elle compter sur l’Allemagne en cas de besoin de
projection de force?. Les Champs de Mars, (1), 19-26.
Deschaux-Dutard, D. (2019c). La France, l’Allemagne et la défense européenne: une
locomotive symbolique plus qu’opérationnelle?. Revue Défense Nationale, 821(6), 37-42.
Desportes, V. (2013). Il faut une défense à la France. DSI (Défense et Sécurité
Internationale), (92), 36-39.
Drain, M. (2018). L’Allemagne et les Opérations militaires extérieures (Opex), quelle
coopération avec la France?. Allemagne d`aujourd`hui, 226(4), 85-99.
Giegerich, B., & Frey, C. (2019). Coopération franco-allemande de sécurité et de
défense et autonomie stratégique européenne. Revue Défense nationale, 821(6), 43-49.
Lefebvre, M. (2016). La France et l’Allemagne. Diplomatie, (82), 45-48.
Maulny, J.-P. (2010). Nicolas Sarkozy et la politique de défense de la France. Revue
internationale et stratégique(1), 109-114.
Maulny, J. P. (2022). Avenir incertain de la coopération franco-britannique en matière
de défense. Apres-demain, 62(2), 34-36.
Trouille, J. M. (2018). L’impact du Brexit sur la relation franco-allemande. Allemagne
d`aujourd`hui, 226(4), 74-84.
三、 報告
Baille, L. M. (2019). Les relations de défense nucléaires franco-britanniques après
le Brexit. In Centre Thucydide, Université Panthéon Assas (dir.), Annuaire
Français de Relations Internationales (AFRI 2019).
Deschaux-Dutard, D., Deschaux-Beaume. (2018). La France et l’Allemagne face à la
relance de la PSDC après le Brexit: Le retour du moteur franco-allemand ?. hal-01924981
Deschaux-Dutard, D. (2019b). Le Traité d’Aix-la-Chapelle et la coopération
franco-allemande en matière de sécurité et de défense. Paix et sécurité
européenne et internationale(12).
Howorth, J. (2018). Brexit et défense européenne : vers un deal ambigu ? Politique
étrangère, Hiver(4), 49-60. doi:10.3917/pe.184.0049
Stark, H. (2019). La France et l’Allemagne face à l’Union européenne. pp. 403-418.
In Centre Thucydide, Université Panthéon Assas (dir.), Annuaire Français de Relations Internationales (AFRI 2019).
四、 報紙
Bauer, A. (2016). La défense, sujet de partenariat difficile entre les deux pays. Echos
(Paris, France).
五、 網路資源
Ministère des Armées. (2022, September 30). SCAF – Un chantier en cours, une
ambition intacte. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/scaf-chantier-cours-ambition-intacte |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
108253007 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108253007 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202201768 |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
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