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| Title: | 國際氣候法及國際人權法在氣候訴訟中之適用－以荷法德比案例為核心
The Application of International Climate Law and International Human Rights Law on Climate Litigation: Focusing on Dutch, French, German and Belgian Cases |
| Authors: | 李宜靜
LI, Yi-Ching |
| Contributors: | 許耀明
Hsu, Yao-Ming
李宜靜
LI, Yi-Ching |
| Keywords: | 氣候變遷訴訟
氣候訴訟
氣候變遷
溫室氣體減排
國際法在內國法院之適用
司法救濟有效性
氣候變遷與人權
國際氣候法
國際人權法
Climate Change Litigation
Climate Litigation
Climate Change
Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Application of International Law in Domestic Courts,
Effectiveness of Judicial Remedies,
Climate Change and Human Rights
International Climate Law
International Human Rights Law |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-04-06 18:05:42 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 氣候變遷下權利保障所須仰賴之司法救濟，近年來因為指標個案決定之作成而受到關注。各界以氣候訴訟一詞泛指此概念，然而其定義和指涉範圍則因為學門、研究方法、觀點等因素而產生差異。本論文核心問題在於，當人民意識到其權利可能或已經因為氣候變遷而受到不利影響，且立法部門和行政部門怠於採取積極行動應對時，能否透過司法部門之救濟，釐清人民權利之內涵與國家義務之範疇，並強制使國家或政府落實其法定義務，如採取具體措施以應對氣候變遷帶來之不利影響，且使人民於損害發生時獲得賠償。
當氣候變遷作為新興問題，但各國法律對於氣候變遷與人民權利之關係與內涵規範尚不完足，此時國際社會共同之法規範，即國際法，是否對國家和政府具有法律拘束力，以及其規範內容是否能夠解決內國法律中人民權利規範不足之問題，自然成為國際社會各界關注之重點。本論文將針對與氣候變遷相關之國際氣候法與國際人權法，在氣候訴訟中之適用及救濟有效性進行探討，以嘗試回應氣候訴訟當前面臨之法律爭議－即可司法性、權力分立與當事人適格問題。
本論文嘗試透過現有案例研析，觀察各國法院對於氣候訴訟之態度，以及其中關於國際法適用、救濟有效性及法律爭點認定之論述，以回應本論文欲探討之核心問題。由於本論文不僅限於人民權利之探討，亦包含國家義務之界定，故在案例選擇上，本論文僅選擇人民對於國家或政府提起訴訟，且爭訟主要議題為氣候變遷之案例，並將地理範圍限縮在近年具有突破性發展，以及在國際社會中積極適用國際法之歐盟，最終選擇荷蘭、法國、德國、比利時之個案進行分析。經過規範檢視與案例分析，本論文認為國際氣候法與國際人權法之適用，在氣候訴訟中確實扮演重要角色，影響氣候變遷下人民權利司法救濟之有效性。
The judicial remedy for the protection of rights under climate change has received much attention in recent years due to the developments of the landmark cases. The term "climate litigation" has been used to refer to this concept in general, but its definition and scope vary depending on the discipline, the research method, and the perspective. In addition, the core issue of this paper is whether the people`s rights can be ensured through relief by the judiciary when they are aware that their rights may be or have been adversely affected by climate change and the legislature and the executive branch are not taking positive actions to cope with it.
As climate change is an emerging issue, the relationship between climate change and people`s rights is not yet fully regulated by the laws of various countries. In this situation, whether the common legal regulation of the international community, as known as international law, is legally binding on countries and governments, and whether the content of its regulation can solve the problem of the insufficiency of people`s rights regulation in domestic laws, naturally becomes the focus of attention of the international community. This paper will explore the application and effectiveness of international climate law and international human rights law in climate litigation, in an attempt to respond to the legal controversies facing climate litigation, i.e., justiciability, separation of powers, and standing.
This paper intends to examine the attitude of domestic courts toward climate litigation, and their discussions on the application of international law, the effectiveness of relief, and the recognition of legal disputes through the analysis of existing case practice, in order to respond to the core issues that this paper sets out to explore. Since this paper is not only limited to the study in people`s rights, but also includes the clarification of state obligations, this paper only selects cases in which people have filed lawsuits against the state or government and the main issue of the lawsuit is climate change, and limits the geographical scope of the case selection to European Union, which has made a breakthrough in recent years and has actively applied international law in the international community. In the End, the cases in the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Belgium were selected for analysis.
After the regulatory review and the case analysis, this paper concludes that the application of international climate law and international human rights law does play an important role in climate litigation and affects the effectiveness of judicial remedies for people`s rights under climate change. |
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Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104.
The Convention on the Rights of Children, Nov. 10, 1989, 1557 U.N.T.S. 3.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, S. Treaty Doc. No. 102-38.
（八）國際組織決議或文書
1. 國際環境法決議與文書
Stockholm Declaration, in environmental law guidelines and principles, See U.N. General Assembly Resolutions 2994/XXVII, 2995/UVII and 2996/XXII (1972).
Rio Declaration, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (vol. I), 31 ILM 874 (1992).
2. 國際氣候法決議與文書
COP15, Decision 2/CP.15, Copenhagen Accord, FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 (2009).
COP16, Decision 1/CP.16, The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention, FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1 (2010).
COP17, Decision 1/CP.17, Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add (2011).
COP18, Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, available at: https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/the-doha-amendment (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2003)
COP19, Decision 2/CP.19, Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1 (2013).
COP20, Decision 1/CP.20, Lima Call for Climate Action, FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1 (2014).
COP26, Decision 1/CP.26, Glasgow Climate Pact, Nov. 13, 2021.
COP 27, Draft decision -/CP.27 -/CMA.4, FCCC/CP/2022/L.18–FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/L.20, Funding arrangements for responding to loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including a focus on addressing loss and damage, available at: https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27?item=8%20f (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022).
COP 27, Draft decision -/CP.27, FCCC/CP/2022/L.5/Rev.1, Santiago network for averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, available at: https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27?item=7 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)
Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, available at: https://unfccc.int/documents/310510 (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).
3. 國際人權法決議與文書
(1) 區域人權法體系文書
Petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Seeking Relief from Violations Resulting from Global Warming Caused by Acts and Omissions of the United States, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/petition-to-the-inter-american-commission-on-human-rights-seeking-relief-from-violations-resulting-from-global-warming-caused-by-acts-and-omissions-of-the-united-states/ (last visited: Nov. 6th, 2022)
(2) 聯合國大會決議與文書
UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html [accessed 7 January 2023].
UN General Assembly, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 2 October 2007, A/RES/61/295, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/471355a82.html (last visited: Jan. 7th, 2023)
(3) 聯合國核心人權公約一般性意見及其他文書
UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 6: Article 6 (Right to Life), 30 April 1982, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (Vol. I).
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 23: Rights of Minorities (Article 27 of the Covenant), 8 April 1994, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5.
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 25: Participation in Public Affairs and the Right to Vote (Article 25 of the Covenant), 12 July 1996, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7.
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), General comment no. 36, Article 6 (Right to Life), 3 September 2019, CCPR/C/GC/36.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 4: The Right to Adequate Housing (Article 11 (1) of the Covenant), 13 December 1991, E/1992/23.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 7: The right to adequate housing (Article11.1): forced evictions, 20 May 1997, E/1998/22.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Article 11 of the Covenant), E/C.12/1999/5.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Article 12 of the Covenant), 11 August 2000, E/C.12/2000/4.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), 20 January 2003, E/C.12/2002/11.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 18: The Right to Work (Article 6 of the Covenant), 6 February 2006, E/C.12/GC/18.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 21: Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (Article 15, para.1(a) of the Covenant), 21 December 2009, E/C.12/GC/21.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), Substantive Issues Arising in The Implementation of The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. E/C.12/2002/11.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 5: General Measures of Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Arts. 4, 42 and 42, para. 6), UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/5.
(4) 聯合國人權高級專員辦公室文書
UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR`s response to the UNFCCC Secretariat request for submissions on the Nairobi Work Programme on the questions of impact, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: health impacts, including occupational health, safety and social protection, August 29, 2016, FCCC/SBSTA/2016/2.
(5) 聯合國人權理事會決議
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 10/4, A/HRC/RES/10/4, Mar. 25th , 2009.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 18/22, A/HRC/RES/18/22, Oct. 17th, 2011.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 29/15, A/HRC/RES/29/15, Jul. 3rd, 2015.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 32/33, A/HRC/RES/32/33, Jul. 1st, 2016.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 35/20, A/HRC/RES/35/20, Jun. 22th, 2017.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 38/4, A/HRC/RES/38/4, Jul. 5th, 2018.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 41/21, A/HRC/RES/41/21, 23 July 2019.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 43/14, A/HRC/RES/43/14, 6 Jul. 2020.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 44/7, A/HRC/RES/44/7, Jul. 16th, 2020.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 47/24, A/HRC/RES/47/24, Jul. 14th, 2021.
UN Human Rights Council, Resolution 50/9, A/HRC/RES/50/9, Jul. 14th , 2022.
（九）網路資料
Brief Juridique sur la Requete Deposee au Tribunal Administratif De Paris Le 14 Mars 2019, L’Affaire du Siècle, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2019/20190314_NA_complaint.pdf (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).
Case Summary, Neubauer et al. v. Germany, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/neubauer-et-al-v-germany/ (last visited: Dec. 20th, 2022).
Case Summary, Notre Affaire à Tous and Others v. France, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/notre-affaire-a-tous-and-others-v-france/ (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).
Case Summary, VZW Klimaatzaak v. Kingdom of Belgium & Others, Climate Change Litigation Database, available at: http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/vzw-klimaatzaak-v-kingdom-of-belgium-et-al/ (last visited: Dec. 21th, 2022).
COP19, Official Website, Warsaw Climate Change Conference－November 2013, available at: https://unfccc.int/conference/warsaw-climate-change-conference-november-2013 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)
COP27, Official Website, Government Ministers at COP27 Call for More Ambitious Climate Action, available at: https://unfccc.int/news/government-ministers-at-cop27-call-for-more-ambitious-climate-action (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)
Ehsan Masood et al., COP27 climate talks: what succeeded, what failed and what’s next, Nature, available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03807-0 (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)
General Overview, Constitutional Council, available at: https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/general-overview (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Official Website, About the IPCC, available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Official Website, AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2022, available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/ (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022)
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Press 328, 16 December 2022. The Tribunal Invites States Parties to the Convention, The Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law and Other Intergovernmental Organizations to Present Written Statements by 16 May 2023, available at: https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/press_releases_english/PR_328_EN.pdf (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)
The Case of the Century: The French state is found guilty of failing to meet its commitments to combat global warming, English Press Release available at: http://paris.tribunal-administratif.fr/content/download/179704/1761585/version/2/file/CP%20 affaire%20du%20si%C3%A8cle_EN.pdf (last visited: Dec. 16th, 2022).
UN Climate, Press Release, COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh to Focus on Delivering on the Promises of Paris, available at: https://unfccc.int/news/cop27-in-sharm-el-sheikh-to-focus-on-delivering-on-the-promises-of-paris (last visited: Nov. 27th, 2022)
UN Environment Programme, Official Website, About UN Environment Programme, available at: https://www.unep.org/about-un-environment (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).
UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Official Website, The Core International Human Rights Instruments and their monitoring bodies, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/core-international-human-rights-instruments-and-their-monitoring-bodies (last visited: Feb. 2rd, 2023)
UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Official Website, Climate change and the right to housing, Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-housing/climate-change-and-right-housing (last visites: Feb. 6th, 2023)
UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Official Website, The impact of climate change on the enjoyment of the right to health, OHCHR and climate change, How does climate change affect health? , available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/climate-change/impact-climate-change-enjoyment-right-health (last visited: Feb. 6th, 2023)
United Nations, Official Website, From Stockholm to Kyoto: A Brief History of Climate Change, available at: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/stockholm-kyoto-brief-history-climate-change (last visited: Nov. 5th, 20 22).
United Nations Climate Change, Official Website, What is the Kyoto Protocol?, available at: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol (last visited: Nov. 5th, 2022).
World Health Organization, Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s’, available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241507691 (last visited 10th August 2022) |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
108651045 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651045 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
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| 104501.pdf | | 3369Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 133 | View/Open |
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