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| Title: | 論基因編輯食品管理之國際貿易障礙問題與可能解決方法
A Study on International Trade Barriers and Potential Solutions Regarding the Regulation of Genome-Edited Foods |
| Authors: | 蘇意晴
Su, Yi-Ching |
| Contributors: | 楊培侃
Yang, Pei-Kan
蘇意晴
Su, Yi-Ching |
| Keywords: | 基因編輯
基因編輯食品管理
基因編輯食品國際貿易障礙
Genome edit
Management of genome-edited foods
International trade barriers of genome-edited foods |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-08-02 13:14:22 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 基因編輯技術近年來發展蓬勃，使用此技術製造之食品數量成長迅速，然而其因對人類、動植物以及環境安全性產生之風險而需受管制。目前各國對基因編輯食品之管理方式有所不同，主要可分為四類：以基因改造食品待之、逐案分類、早期諮詢流程以及未將基因編輯食品納管。其中導致主要基因編輯食品貿易障礙之管理方式為「以基因改造食品待之」以及「未將基因編輯食品納管」，本文接下來之分析與討論便以前開兩種管理方式為主要對象。
本文首先討論多邊貿易架構——世界貿易組織之貿易規範對基因編輯食品管理措施之適用性，列舉出可能適用之條文以及因編輯食品國際標準之研議與發展現況。接著本文探討當前基因編輯食品管理主要貿易障礙與世界貿易組織貿易規範之合致性，發現目前世界貿易組織可能鑑於基因編輯食品有關國際標準之缺乏以及科學證據之不充足，難以認定前開兩種管理措施違反其條文義務。而本文提出三條世界貿易組織處理基因編輯食品貿易障礙之可能途徑，分別為儘速建立國際標準、透過SPS委員會討論，以及透過現行爭端解決解釋處理。
接下來本文探討區域貿易協定對基因編輯食品貿易之規範與影響，以《美國—墨西哥—加拿大協定》為例，討論其第三章農業協定與第九章食品安全檢驗與動植物防疫檢疫措施協定對前開造成基因編輯食品主要貿易障礙之管理方式之影響，發現彼等可部分解決貿易障礙之問題，然亦有侷限性。最後，本文比較多邊貿易架構及區域貿易協定於處理基因編輯食品管理之國際貿易障礙問題之優點與限制，發現區域貿易協定較多邊貿易架構擁有較佳之意見反應機制，而多邊貿易架構擁有較大之影響力。
The genome edit technology has been flourishing in recent years, leading to a rapid increase in the production of genome-edited foods. However, due to the risks they pose to human health, animals, plants, and the environment, the regulation of these foods is necessary. Currently, different countries have different approaches to the management of genome-edited foods, which can be mainly categorized into four types: treating them as genetically modified foods, categorical case-by-case, early consultation procedures, and non-regulation of genome-edited foods. Among these approaches, the ones that mainly cause trade barriers for genome-edited foods are “treating them as genetically modified foods” and “non-regulation of genome-edited foods”. The analysis and discussion in this article focus on these two main management approaches.
Firstly, this article discusses the applicability of the trade regulations of the multilateral trading framework, particularly the World Trade Organization, to the management measures of genome-edited foods. It lists the relevant provisions that may apply and examine the current status of international standards for genome-edited foods. The article then explores the legality between the two above-mentioned management approach that cause trade barriers for genome-edited foods and the trade regulations of the World Trade Organization. It finds that the World Trade Organization has difficulty determining a violation of its provisions regarding genome-edited foods due to the lack of internationally recognized standards and the insufficiency of scientific evidence. The article proposes three possible approaches for the World Trade Organization to address trade barriers for genome-edited foods: establishing international standards as soon as possible, discussing the issue through the SPS Committee, and handling the issue through the interpretation of existing dispute resolution mechanisms.
Next, the article examines the regulations and impact of regional trade agreements on the trade of genome-edited foods, taking the “United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement” as an example. It discusses the influence of Chapter 3 and Chapter 9 of this agreement on the management approaches for the major trade barriers related to genome-edited foods. It finds that the agreement can partially resolve trade barriers but also has limitations. Finally, the article compares the advantages and limitations of the multilateral trading framework and regional trade agreements in addressing international trade barriers related to genome-edited foods management. It concludes that regional trade agreements have a better mechanism for exchanging information and opinions, while the multilateral trading framework has greater influence. |
| Reference: | 一、中文文獻
（一）期刊
李素華，由聯合國及歐盟基因改造食品管理標示規範趨勢研析我國基因改造食品相關法制，科技法律透析，13卷9期、10期，頁49-62、24-35（2001年）。
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（二）法規
食品安全衛生管理法第3條第11款。
食品衛生管理法第11條第1項第9款。
食品安全衛生管理法第21條。
二、外文文獻
（一）期刊論文
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（二）WTO協定、案例與相關文件
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Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 493.
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（三）外國法規、條約與案例
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Case C‑528/16, Confédération paysanne and Others v Premier ministre, Ministre de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt, 2018 E.C.R. 54 [hereinafter Case C-528/16].
Commission Regulation 1829/2003, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed.
Commission Regulation 1830/2003, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC, 2003 O.J. (L 268), 24-28.
Commission Regulation 1946/2003, of the European Parliament and of the Council on transboundary movements of genetically modified organisms, 2003 O.J. (L 287), 1-10.
Council Directive 2002/53/EC, of 13 June 2002 on the common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species, 2002 O.J. (L 193), 1-11.
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（四）機構文件
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（五）網路資料
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
110351046 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110351046 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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