Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146646
|
| Title: | 賓夕法尼亞州的黑人公民權與選舉權之發展： 以歷史制度論的視角探究1776年至1968年的改變
The Evolution of Black civil rights and voting rights in Pennsylvania, in a historical instituionalism perspective, 1776 -1968 |
| Authors: | 陳佑鎧
Chen, Yu-Kai |
| Contributors: | 俞振華
Yu, Eric Chen-hua
陳佑鎧
Chen, Yu-Kai |
| Keywords: | 賓夕法尼亞州
選舉權
公民權
歷史制度論
黑人
Pennsylvania
Voting Rights
Civil Rights
Historical Institutionalism
Black |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-08-02 14:20:39 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 賓夕法尼亞州於 1780 年時，通過「An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery」，成為美國第一個立法廢除奴隸制度的地區，但是黑人族群卻未能在政治上取得與白人一樣的權益保障，且 1838 年的賓州州憲法，將選舉權限縮於繳稅的白人公民身上，限縮黑人族群權益。南北戰爭後，黑人族群重新獲得選舉權，卻又面臨著種族隔離的問題。自美國建國之後，至 1960 年代，賓州對於黑人族群的選舉權與公民權的保護，並非是逐步發展完善，而是經歷過一段崎嶇且辛苦的歷程。
本文藉由歷史制度論的視角，回顧賓州自 1776 年至 1968 年間黑人族群權益的相關制度發展，發現「戰爭」這個因素在不同時期，都扮演著重要的角色，直接或間接地造成制度變遷或停滯，如美國獨立戰爭的自由、平等精神催生出後續一系列廢除奴隸制度的法案；1812年戰爭使賓州議會停擺，無法全面廢除奴隸制度；Nat Turner’s Rebellion 促成賓州 1838 年修改憲法剝奪黑人選舉權；海外的奴隸起義讓美國擔心廢除奴隸制度會造成社會動盪；南北戰爭帶來了三條重建時期的憲法修正案；第一次世界大戰改善黑人的社會觀感，使美國北方開始追求種族平權；第二次世界大戰讓賓州的經濟得以復甦，卻中斷了賓州民主黨的改革，無力進一步推動種族平權。
本文希望可以藉由賓州的這些例子，說明戰爭所帶來的影響，會在經濟及政治動盪時，促成黑人權益相關制度發生改變，試圖提供一個檢視美國制度發展時的新視角，並補足過往較少著墨的「州」層級研究。
Pennsylvania was the first region in the United States to legislatively abolish slavery in 1780 with the passage of the "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery." However, the blacks in Pennsylvania did not achieve the equality on political rights and get the same protections as the whites. In 1838, the Pennsylvania State Constitution restricted voting rights to white citizens who were taxpayers, further limiting the rights of blacks. After the Civil War, blacks regained the voting rights but faced racial segregations. From the founding of the United States until the 1960s, the protection of voting rights and civil rights for the blacks in Pennsylvania did not progress gradually or smoothly; it experienced a difficult and challenging journey.
Taking a historical institutional perspective, this dissertation examines the development of relevant institutional structures about the black voting rights and civil rights in Pennsylvania from 1776 to 1968. It finds that "war" played a significant role in different periods, directly or indirectly leading to institutional changes or stagnation. For instance, the spirits of freedom and equality born out of the American Revolutionary War inspired a series of subsequent abortion laws. The War of 1812 cause adjournments of the Pennsylvania Assembly, preventing the complete abolition of slavery. Nat Turner`s Rebellion resulted in the stripping of the black voting rights in the Constitution of Pennsylvania of 1838. Slave uprisings overseas raised concerns in the United States about social unrest resulting from the abolition of slavery. The Civil War brought about three Reconstruction-era amendments to the Constitution of the United States. World War I improved the social perception on blacks, prompting the pursuit of racial equality in the Northern. World War II revitalized Pennsylvania`s economy but interrupted the reforms from the Pennsylvania Democratic Party, hindering further progress in racial equality.
This essay aims to demonstrate, through these examples from Pennsylvania, that the impact of wars can bring about institutional changes for the black rights during periods of economic and political turmoil. This dissertation tries to provides a new perspective on examining the development of the United States and fills a research gap at the state level, which has received comparatively less attention. |
| Reference: | 參考資料
專書：
Adams, Sean Patric. 2004. Old Dominion, Industial Commonwealth: coal, politcs, and economy in antebellum. Baltimore, MA: The Hohns Hopkins University Press.
Arthur, W. Brian. 1994. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Beard, Charles A. 1913. An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. New York, NY: The Macmillan company.
Beard, Charles A. 1946 The Republic: Conversations on Fundamentals. New York, NY: The Viking Press.
Beard, Charles A, and Mary R. Beard.1954. The Rise of American Civilization. New York, NY: The Macmillan company.
Beers, Paul B. 1980. Pennsylvania Politics Today and Yesterday. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Coleman, Arica L. 2013. That The Blood Stay Pure: Afican Americans, Native Americans, and the predicament of race and identity in Virginia. Bloominton, IN: Indiana University Press.
Du Bois, W. E. B. 1996. The Philadelphia Negro a social study. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Du Bois, W. E. B. 2007. Black reconstruction in America: an essay toward a history of the part which Black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860-1880. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Dudden, Faye E. 2011. Fighting chance: the struggle over woman suffrage and Blcak suffrage in Reconstruction America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Foner, Eric. 1970. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Inbody, Donald S. 2016. The soldier vote : war, politics, and the ballot in America. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Klein, Philps S. and Ari Hoogenboom. 1980. A history of Pennsylvania. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The logic of collective action : public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sellers, Charles.1991. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth. 1992. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. New York, NY: Cambrige University Press.
Truman, David B. 1971. The governmental process; political interests and public opinion. New York, NY: Knopf.
Turner, Edward Raymond. 1911. The Negro in Pennsylvania, slavery--servitude--freedom, 1639-1861. Washington, DC: The American historical association.
學位論文：
Davidow, Julie. 2017. "Citizens In The Making": Black Philadelphians, The Republican Party And Urban Reform, 1885-1913. Ph. D. diss. University of Pennsylvania.
Evans, Eldon Cobb. 1917. A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States. Ph. D. diss. The University of Chicago.
期刊與專書論文：
Anderson, Judith. 1936. “ANNA DICKINSON, ANTISLAVERY RADICAL.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 3(3): 147-163.
Bacon, Margaret Hope. 2006. “Quakers and Colonization.” Quaker History 95(1): 26-43.
Beaney, William M. 1968. “The Warren Court and the Political Process.” Michigan Law Review 67(2): 343-352.
Benson, Jocelyn F. 2008. “The Language Assistance Provisions of Voting Rights Act and the 2006 Reauthorization.” In America votes! : a guide to modern election law and voting rights, ed. Benjamin E. Griffith. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.
Bernstein, Barton J. 1962. “Case Law in Plessy V. Ferguson.” The Journal of Negro History 47(3): 192-198.
Biddle, Daniel R., and Murray Dubin. 2013. “"God Is Settleing the Account": African American Reaction to Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 137(1): 57–78.
Binney, Charles C. 1892. “The Merits and Defects of the Pennsylvania Ballot Law of 1891.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2: 19-39.
Bishop, David W. 1977. “Plessy V. Ferguson: A Reinterpretation.” The Journal of Negro History 62(2): 125-133.
Brown, Ira V. 1961. “PENNSYLVANIA AND THE RIGHTS OF THE NEGRO, 1865-1887.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 28(1): 45-57.
Buckmaster, Henrietta. 1938. “The Underground Railroad.” The North American Review 246(1): 142-149.
Capoccia, Giovanni, and R. Daniel Kelemen. 2007. “The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism.” World Politics 59(3): 341-369.
Cale, Edgar B. 1937. “EDITORIAL SENTIMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1860.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 4(4): 219-234
Canton, David. 2008. “A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: RAYMOND PACE ALEXANDER AND THE BERWYN, PENNSYLVANIA, SCHOOL DESEGREGATION CASE, 1932-1935.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 75(2): 260-284.
Carter, Robert L. 1968. “The Warren Court and Desegregation.” Michigan Law Review 67(2): 237-248.
Davis, Hugh. 1997. “Northern Colonizationists and Free Blacks, 1823-1837: A Case Study of Leonard Bacon.” Journal of the Early Republic 17(4): 651-675.
Duke University School of Law. 1965. “The Voting Rights Act of 1965.” Duke Law Journal 1966(2): 463-483.
Dun, James Alexander. 2011. “Philadelphia not Philanthropolis: The Limits of Pennsylvanian Antislavery in the Era of the Haitian Revolution.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 135(1): 73-102.
Foner, Eric. 2013. “The Contested History of American Freedom.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 137(1): 13-31.
Gara, Larry. 1961. “WILLIAM STILL AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 28(1): 33-44.
Gara, Larry. 1962. “FRIENDS AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.” Quaker History 51(1): 3-19.
Gonzalez, Aston. 2014. “The Art of Racial Politics: The Work of Robert Douglass Jr., 1833–46.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 138(1), 5–37.
Hall, Peter A., and Rosemary C. R. Taylor. 1996. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44(5): 936-957.
Hewitt, Warren F. 1935. “THE KNOW NOTHING PARTY IN PENNSYLVANIA.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 2(2): 69-85.
Hutcheson, Austin E. 1936. “ PHILADELPHIA AND THE PANIC OF 1857.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 3(3): 182-194.
Keller, Richard C. 1962. “PENNSYLVANIA`S LITTLE NEW DEAL.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 29(4): 391-406.
Kharem, Haroon. 2006. “THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY.” Counterpoints 208: 75-101.
Klein, Pillip S. 1936. “EARLY LANCASTER COUNTY POLITICS. ” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 3(2): 98-114.
Kutler, Stanley I. 1963. “PENNSYLVANIA COURTS, THE ABOLITION ACT, AND NEGRO RIGHTS. ” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, 30(1): 14-27.
Landis, Michael Tood. 2016. “Old Buck`s Lieutenant: Glancy Jones, James Buchanan, and the Antebellum Northern Democracy.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 140(2): 183-210.
Levi, Margaret. 1997. “A Model, a Method, and a Map: Rational Choice in Comparative and Historical Analysis.” In Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Structure, eds. Mark Irving Lichbach, and Alan S. Zuckerman. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Maidment, Richard A. 1973. “Plessy v. Ferguson Re-Examined.” Journal of American Studies 7(2): 125-132.
McCoy, Michael B. 2012. “Forgetting Freedom: White Anxiety, Black Presence, and Gradual Abolition in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 1780–1838.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 136(2): 141-170.
Myrsiades, Linda. 2014. “Legal Practice and Pragmatics in the Law: The 1821 Trials of John Reed, "Fugitive Slave."” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 138(3): 305-338.
Newman, Richard. 2000. “Not the Only Story in "Amistad": The Fictional Joadson and the Real James Forten.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 67(2): 218-239.
Newman, Richard. 2013. “The Age of Emancipating Proclamations: Early Civil War Abolitionism and Its Discontents.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 137(1): 33-55.
Nye, Russel B. 1957. “FREEDOM ROAD: NAT TURNER.” The Centennial Review of Arts & Science 1(3): 242–263.
Okur, Nilgun Anadolu. 1995. “Underground Railroad in Philadelphia, 1830-1860.” Journal of Black Studies 25(5): 537-557.
Osborne, Christopher M. 2005. “INVISIBLE HANDS: SLAVES, BOUND LABORERS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 1780–1820.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 72(1): 77-99.
Pennsylvania State Data Center. 2021. “State and County Estimates.” Pennsylvania State Data Center. https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/PaSDC-Dashboards/State-and-County-Population-Estimates (accessed December 14, 2022)
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” The American Political Science Review 94(2): 251-267.
Price, Edward. 1976. “The Black Voting Rights Issue in Pennsylvania, 1780-1900.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100(3): 356-373.
Robinson, Marcia C. 2016. “The Tragedy of Edward "Ned" Davis: Entrepreneurial Fraud in Maryland in the Wake of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 140(2): 167-182.
Schnell, George A. 1973. “THE CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA`S BLACK POPULATION 1960 TO 1970. ” Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 47: 35-38.
Selsam, J. Paul. 1934. “THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA IN 1776.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 1(3): 147-157.
Sherwood, Henry Noble. 1917. “The Formation of the American Colonization Society. ” The Journal of Negro History, 2(3), 209-228.
Shirk, Willis L. 1993. “Testing the Limits of Tolerance: Blacks and the Social Order in Columbia, Pennsylvania, 1800-1851.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 60(1): 35-50.
Siebert, Wilbur H. 1896. “Light on the Underground Railroad. ” The American Historical Review 1(3): 455-463.
Smith, Eric Ledell. 1996. “"Asking for Justice and Fair Play": African American State Legislators and Civil Rights in Early Twentieth-Century Pennsylvania. ” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 63(2): 169-203.
Sowle, Patrick. 1968. “The Abolition of Slavery. ” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 52(3): 237–255.
Stern, Mark. 1989. “Presidential Strategies and Civil Rights: Eisenhower, the Early Years, 1952-54.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 19(4): 769–795.
Stevens, S. K. 1937. “THE ELECTION OF 1896 IN PENNSYLVANIA.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 4(2): 65-87.
Thernstrom, Abigail. 2008. “ Section 5 and the Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006.” In America votes! : a guide to modern election law and voting rights, ed. Benjamin E. Griffith. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.
Turner, Edward Raymond. 1912a. “The Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania. ” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 36(2): 129-142.
Turner, Edward Raymond. 1912b. “The Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania. ” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 36(3): 309-318.
Weaver, Valeria W. 1969. “The Failure of Civil Rights 1875-1883 and its Repercussions.” The Journal of Negro History, 54(4): 368-382.
Wood, Nicholas. 2011. “"A Sacrifice on the Altar of Slavery": Doughface Politics and Black Disenfranchisement in Pennsylvania, 1837—1838. ” Journal of the Early Republic 31(1): 75-106. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
107252011 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107252011 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [政治學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 201101.pdf | | 2953Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 101 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
