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| Title: | 中國的推特數位外交:以拉丁美洲為例
China’s Digital Diplomacy on Twitter: Example of Latin America |
| Authors: | 李貞儀
Li, Jhen-Yi |
| Contributors: | 馮慕文
Fabricio Antonio Fonseca Fernandez
李貞儀
Li, Jhen-Yi |
| Keywords: | 數位外交
中國
拉丁美洲
推特
Digital Diplomacy
China
Latin America
Twitter |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-03-01 12:33:05 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 隨著政治人物和外交官員對社群媒體的廣泛使用，數位外交的概念開始引起學術界的關注。中國全球影響力的持續增強，其領導人積極競爭塑造全球敘事。習近平主席提出提升中國在全球範圍內的文化影響力和敘事競爭的倡議，越來越多中國大使館與大使們透過社群媒體與國際受眾互動，這一趨勢在2020年新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期間更加顯著。
中國與拉丁美洲的互動在經濟、政治和文化等層面加深。先前針對中國與拉丁美洲關係的研究主要集中在經濟和政治方面，由於新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情的影響，中國駐拉丁美洲的大使館轉而致力於數位外交工作。然而，針對中國在拉丁美洲地區的公眾外交與數位外交研究較為缺乏。
本研究首先說明中國對公眾外交的理解，從其歷史發展開始，並探討中國推廣數位外交的情況。之後，本研究回顧中國與拉丁美洲國家互動的歷史脈絡，探討中國在該地區的政策轉變和軟實力工具的運用。透過質性內容分析，本研究從2023年2月至7月的六個中國官方推特(Twitter)帳號中識別了七個推文類別，並進一步透過論述分析探討各類別推文所欲傳遞的訊息。研究結果顯示，中國官方推特帳號旨在將中國描繪為一個主動、積極和建設性的全球參與者。
The growing use of social media by political figures and diplomats has drawn academic attention to the concept of digital diplomacy. As China’s global influence continues to rise, its leaders are actively competing in shaping global narratives. President Xi Jinping’s initiative to boost China’s cultural influence and narrative globally has led Chinese embassies and ambassadors to increasingly engage with international audiences via social media platforms. This trend became even more pronounced during the global pandemic in 2020.
China’s interactions with Latin America have deepened in economic, political, and cultural dimensions. Previous research on China-Latin America relations mainly focused on economic and political aspects. However, due to the pandemic’s impact, Chinese diplomatic entities in Latin America have turned to digital diplomacy. Yet, there is a noticeable gap in research on China’s public and digital diplomacy specific to the Latin American region.
This study begins by elucidating China’s understanding of public diplomacy, examining its historical development, and exploring its venture into digital diplomacy. It also reviews the historical ties between China and Latin America, discussing policy shifts and the employment of soft power tools by China in the region. By employing qualitative content analysis, the research identifies seven categories from the six official Chinese Twitter accounts between February and July 2023. Within each category, it further delves into the conveyed messages through discourse analysis. The study’s outcomes indicate that official Chinese tweets aim to depict China as a positive, proactive, and constructive global player. |
| Reference: | Source in English
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Zhao, Qizheng, and Weizhen Lei (趙啟正, 雷蔚真). “Zong baogao” (總報告, General Report). In Gonggong waijiao lanpishu: Zhongguo gonggong waijiao fazhan baogao 2015 (公共外交藍皮書: 中國公共外交發展報告 (2015), Blue Book of Public Diplomacy: Annual Report of China’s Public Diplomacy Development 2015), edited by Zhao Qizheng and Lei Weizhen (趙啟正, 雷蔚真主編), 1-8. Heping tushu youxian gongsi (和平圖書有限公司, Hong Kong: Peacebook), 2015.
Journal Articles
Cao, Wei (曹瑋). “Zhongguo gonggong waijiao de xiaoguo ji qi yingxiang yinsu: Jiyu dui guonei xuezhe ysnjiu de pipan xing zongshu” (中國公共外交的效果及其影響因素－基於對國外學者研究的批判性綜述, Effects of Chinese public diplomacy and its influencing factors: Critical review based on domestic scholars' research). Dangdai yatai (當代亞太, Journal of Contemporary Asia-Pacific Studies), no. 5 (2013): 59-91. Chuang, Kuo-Ping (莊國平). “Guojia xingxiang yu gongzhong waijiao: Zhonggong xin guojia xingxiang jiangou zhi fenxi” (國家形象與公眾外交：中共新國家形象建構之分析, National Image and Public Diplomacy: Analyzing the Establishment of China's New National Image). Fuxinggang Journal (復興崗學報, Fu Hsing Kang Academic Journal), no. 92 (2008): 317-346. Cui, Zhihan (崔子涵). “Jiqi fanyi yiwen zhiliang duibi——yi guge fanyi he DeepL wei li” (機器翻譯譯文質量對比－以谷歌翻譯和DeepL為例, Comparison on translation quality of machine translation-taking Google Translate and DeepL as examples), Haiwai yingyu (海外英語, Overseas English) 15 , (2021): 182-183. Di, Jiaqi (翟佳琪). “Jiang hao gushi su xingxiang-zhongguo gongchandang duiwai xuanchuan de bainian lichen” (講好故事塑形象－中國共產黨對外宣傳的百年歷程, Telling Good Stories and Building Images-The Centennial History of the Communist Party of China's External Propaganda), Dangjian (黨建, Party Establishment), no.1 (2023): 51-54.
Fu, Xin (傅新). “Quanqiu hua shidai de guojia xingxiang: Jian dui zhongguo mouqiu heping fazhan de sikao (全球化時代的國家形象－兼對中國謀求和平發展的思考, National Image in the Era of Globalization: Reflections on China's Pursuit of Peaceful Development). Guoji wenti yanjiu (國際問題研究, International Studies), no. 4 (2004): 1-3.
Guo, Cun Hai (郭存海). “Zhonggong shiba da yilai zhongguo dui lamei de zhengce yu shijian” (中共十八大以來中國對拉美的政策與實踐, China’s policies and practices toward Latin America since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China), Lading meizhou yanjiu (拉丁美洲研究, Journal of Latin American Studies) 39, no. 2 (2017): 1-16.
Li, Zhiyong (李志永). “Gonggong waijiao xiangguan gainian bianxi” (公共外交相關概念辨析, Analysis of Related Concepts of Public Diplomacy), Waijiao pinglun (外交評論, Foreign Affairs Review) 26, no. 2 (2009): 57-66.
Liu, Ben Shan (劉本善). ”Xijinping shidai de zhongguo dalu yu lading meizhou guanxi (2013-2018) ” (習近平時代的中國大陸與拉丁美洲關係(2013-2018). The diplomatic relations between Mainland China and Latin America during Xi’s presidency (2013-2018)), Lading meizhou jingmao jikan (拉丁美洲經貿季刊, Latin America Economic Quarterly). No. 33 (2018): 1-23.
Liu, Shuting (劉姝廷). “Zhonggong jianguan wang lu zixun chuanbo zhi qushi” (中共監管網路資訊傳播之趨勢, The trend of the CCP’s supervision of online information dissemination), Guofang anquan shuang zhoubao (國防安全雙週報, Defense and Security Biweekly Report), no. 83 (2020). https://indsr.org.tw/respublicationcon?uid=12&resid=756&pid=2845.
Qiu, Yuanping (裘援平). “Zhongguo de heping fazhan yu gonggong waijiao” (中國的和平發展與公共外交, China's Peaceful Development and Public Diplomacy), Guoji wenti yanjiu (國際問題研究, International Studies) 6, (2010): 1-3.
Qu, Xing (曲星). “Gonggong waijiao de jingdian hanyi yu zhongguo tese” (公共外交的經典含義與中國特色, The classic meaning of public diplomacy and Chinese characteristics), Guoji wenti yanjiu (國際問題研究, International Studies) 6, (2010): 4-9.
Song, Xiaoli, and Zhaoying Han (宋曉麗, 韓召穎), “Zhongguo dui lamei gonggong waijiao de yanjin, huodong yu xiaoguo” (中國對拉美公共外交的演進、活動與效果, The evolution, activities and effects of China’s pubic diplomacy in Latin America), Lading meizhou yanjiu (拉丁美洲研究, Journal of Latin American Studies) 39, no. 3 (2017): 123-158.
Su, Shumin (蘇淑民). “Gonggong waijiao yu zhongguo guojia xingxiang de suzao” (公共外交與中國國家形象的塑造, Public Diplomacy and the Shaping of China’s National Image), Jiaoxue yu yanjiu (教學與研究, Teaching and Research), no. 1 (2008): 73-77.
Teng, Chung-Chian (鄧中堅). “Zhongguo dui lading meizhou de ziyuan waijiao: Xin zhimin zhuyi yu nan nan hezuo zhi zhengbian” (中國對拉丁美洲的資源外交：新殖民主義與南南合作之爭辯, China’s Resource Diplomacy in Latin America: Debate on Neocolonialism and South-South Cooperation). Yuanjing jijin hui jikan (遠景基金會季刊, Prospect Quarterly) 16, no. 3 (2015): 131-180.
Tian, Jianmin (田建民). “21 Shiji zhongguo gongzhong waijiao chutan” (21世紀中國公眾外交初探, A Study on China’s Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century), Qianyan (前沿, Forward Position), no. 12 (2008): 126-132.
Xie, Xiaojuan (謝曉娟). “Lun ruan quanlì zhong de guojia xingxiang ji qi suzao” (論軟權力中的國家形象極其塑造, On the National Image and Its Shaping in Soft Power). Lilun qianyan (理論前沿, Theoretical Research) 19, (2004): 19-21. Yang, Jiechi (楊潔篪). “Nuli kaita zhongguo tese gonggong waijiao xin jumian” (努力開拓中國特色公共外交新局面, Opening up a new situation of public diplomacy with Chinese characteristics), Qiu shi (求是, Qiushi) 4, (2011): 43-46. Yu, Jincheng (余金城). “Zhongguo gonggong waijiao de neiwai weidu: Zhenglun, gainian, guanxi” (中國公共外交的內外維度: 爭論, 概念, 關係, The Internal and External Dimensions of China’s Public Diplomacy: Controversy, Concepts, Relationships), Guancha yu sikao (觀察與思考, Observation and Reflection) 7, (2015): 43-50. Zhong, Longbiao and Jun Wang (鍾龍彪, 王俊). “Zhongguo gonggong waijiao de yanjin: Neirong yu xingshi” (中國公共外交的演進: 內容與形式, The Evolution of China’s Public Diplomacy: Content and Form), Waijiao pinglun (外交評論, Foreign Affairs Review) 3, (2006): 64-69.
Zhou, Lei (周蕾). “Gongzhong waijiao: Quanqiu hua shidai de guojia zhanlue gongju-gongzhong waijiao yanjiu zongshu” (公眾外交: 全球化時代的國家戰略工具－公共外交研究綜述, Public Diplomacy: A National Strategic Tool in the Era of Globalization- A Review of Public Diplomacy Research), Qianyan (Forward Position), no. 10 (2008): 198-200.
Academic Thesis and Dissertation
Liao, Chu Cheng (廖助程). “Zhonggong da wai xuan gongzuo zhi yanjiu: Yi xinguan feiyan wei li“ (A Study of CCP’s Grand External Propaganda Work: Take the Cate of COVID-19). Shuoshi lunwen (Master Thesis), Dan jiang daxue (Tamkang University), 2021.
Websites Content
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Gongchandang yuan wang (共產黨員網, Communist Party Network). “Jiangzemin tongzhi zai dang de shiliu da shang suozuo baogao quanwen” (江澤民同志在黨的十六大上所做報告全文, Jiang Zemin reporting at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China). Accessed May 25, 2023. https://fuwu.12371.cn/2012/09/27/ARTI1348734708607117.shtm.
Guo, Duwei (郭篤為). Meiguo zhi yin yueyu wang (美國之音粵語網, VOA Cantonese). “Agenting yu zhongguo zhanlue hezuo guanxi xianru kunjing” (阿根廷與中國戰略合作關係陷入困境, Argentina-China strategic partnership in trouble). Accessed January 26, 2024, https://www.voacantonese.com/a/crossroads-in-the-argentina-china-relationship-20240122/7451376.html. Guo, Duwei (郭篤為). Meiguo zhi yin yueyu wang (美國之音粵語網, VOA Cantonese). “Yidai yilu shi nian: Zhongguo gaibianle lading meizhou ma?” (一帶一路十年:中國改變了拉丁美洲嗎?, Ten years of Belt and Road: has China transformed Latin America?). Accessed January 27, 2024. https://www.voacantonese.com/a/ten-years-of-bri-has-china-transformed-latin-america-/7291672.html. Guojia guoji fazhan hezuo shu (國家國際發展合作署, China International Development Cooperation Agency). “Zhongguo zhengfu yuanzhu saerwaduo mianfen he huafei xiangmu jiaojie yishi shunli juxing” (中國政府援助薩爾瓦多麵粉和化肥項目交接儀式順利舉行, The handover ceremony of the flour and fertilizer project aided by the Chinese government in El Salvador was successfully held). Accessed September 27, 2023. http://www.cidca.gov.cn/2022-11/11/c_1211700057.htm. Guojia guoji fazhan hezuo shu (國家國際發展合作署, China International Development Cooperation Agency). “Zhongguo yuanzhu xiangmu zhu boliweiya daibiao tuan fu hua canjia 2022 nian beijing dong ao hui” (中國援助項目助玻利維亞代表團赴華參加2022年北京冬奧會, China aid projects help Bolivian delegation travel to China to participate in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics). Accessed September 27, 2023. http://www.cidca.gov.cn/2021-12/01/c_1211469562.htm. Li, Quan dian (李泉佃). Taihai zazhi (台海雜誌, The Channel). “xuanchuan chuqu, zhengquguolai” (宣傳出去 爭取進來, Promote it and Strive for in). Accessed December 30, 2023, http://www.taihaizazhi.com/index.php?s=/Home/Article/detail/id/412.html. Li, Xue (薛力). Xijinping waijiao sixiang he xin shidai zhongguo waijiao (習近平外交思想和新時代中國外交, Xi Jinping’s Thought on Diplomacy and China’s Diplomacy in the New Era). “Xin shidai waijiao guanjian gainian tanxi” (新時代外交關鍵概念探析, Analysis of key concepts of diplomacy in the new era). Accessed January 23, 2024. http://cn.chinadiplomacy.org.cn/2023-08/10/content_100801272.shtml. Liu, Jianchao (劉建超). Zhongguo gongchandang xinwen wang (中國共產黨新聞網, China Communist Party News Network). “Shenke bawo goujian renlei mingyun gongtongti linian he san da quanqiu changyi de neizai guanxi” (深刻把握構建人類命運共同體理念和三大全球倡議的內在關係, Deeply grasp the inherent relationship between the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and the three major global initiatives). Accessed December 8, 2023. http://theory.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/0808/c40531-40052428.html.
Meiguo zhi yin zhongwen wang (美國之音中文網, Voice of America, Chinese). “Zhongguo waizhang lizhaoxing yu minzhong wangshang jiaoliu” (中國外長李肇星與民眾網上交流, Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing communicates with people online). Accessed July 8, 2023. https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-a-2003-12-24-15-1-63264632/977962.html. Men, Honghua (門洪華). Xijinping waijiao sixiang he xin shidai zhongguo waijiao (習近平外交思想和新時代中國外交, Xi Jinping’s Thought on Diplomacy and China’s Diplomacy in the New Era). “Zhongguo san da quanqiu changyi de zhanlue luoji” (中國三大全球倡議的戰略邏輯, The strategic logic of China’s three global initiatives). Accessed January 23, 2024. http://cn.chinadiplomacy.org.cn/2023-11/05/content_116795646.shtml.
Renmin Wang (人民網, People’s Daily Online). “Zhongguo dui lading meizhou he jialebi zhengce wen jian (quan wen)” (中國對拉丁美洲和加勒比政策文件(全文), China's policy paper on Latin America and the Caribbean (full text)). Accessed May 8, 2023. http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2016/1124/c1001-28893630.html. Tang, Shuhua. “Xiongmao waijiao zhi duoshao” (熊貓外交知多少, How much do you know about Panda Diplomacy). Niuyue shibao zhongwen wang (紐約時報中文網, The New York Times- Chinese). Accessed July 1, 2023. https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20190417/wod-panda-diplomacy/zh-hant/.
Waijiao bu (外交部, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China). “Zhongguo tong agenting de guanxi” (中國同阿根廷的關係, Relations between China and Argentina). Accessed September 18, 2023. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/nmz_680924/1206_680926/sbgx_680930/. Wan, Jinghua (萬京華). “Maozedong yu xin zhongguo de xinwen shiye” (毛澤東與新中國的新聞事業, Mao Zedong and Journalism in New China). Zhonggong zhongyang dang shi he wenxian yan jiu yuan (中共中央黨史和文獻研究院, Research Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China). Accessed December 29, 2023. https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/BIG5/n1/2019/0228/c423725-30948463.html.
Xinhua wang (新華網, Xinhua News). “Xijinping zai zhonggong zhongyang zhengzhi ju di sanshi ci jiti xuexi shi qiangdiao jiaqiang he gaijin guoji chuanbo gongzuo zhanshi zhenshi liti quanmian de zhongguo” (習近平在中共中央政治局第三十次集體學習時強調加強和改進國際傳播工作 展示真實立體全面的中國, Xi Jinping emphasized strengthening and improving international communication work to show a true, three-dimensional and comprehensive China during the 30th collective study of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China). Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2021-06/01/c_1127517461.htm.
Xinlang xinwen (新浪新聞, Sina News). “Zhengbijian: Zhongguo heping jueqi xin daolu he yazhou de weilai” (鄭必堅: 中國和平崛起新道路和亞洲的未來, Zheng Bijian: China’s new path to peaceful rise and the future of Asia). Accessed 30 December 2023, https://news.sina.cn/sa/2003-11-24/detail-ikknscsi1826631.d.html.
Yang, Shouguo and Ku Yang (楊首國與呂洋). Zhongguo xiandai guoji guanxi yan jiu yuan (中國現代國際關係研究院, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations). “Mianxiang xin shidai de zhong mo guanxi zhengce yan jiu baogo” (面向新時代的中墨關係政策研究報告, A research report on China-Mexico relations policies facing the new era). Accessed January 24, 2024. http://www.cicir.ac.cn/new/opinion.html?id=dc406f70-e232-49b7-89d2-80be6449f572.
Yang, yuncheng (楊雲成). Zhonggong zhongyang dang shi he wenxian yan jiu yuan (中共中央黨史和文獻研究院, Research Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China). “Dang zai yanan shiqi de duiwai xuanchuan” (檔案延安時期的對外宣傳, The Party’s External Propaganda During the Yan’an Period). Accessed December 29, 2023. https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/BIG5/n1/2021/0804/c244516-32181253.html.
Yangshi xinwen (中央廣播電視總台央視新聞, CCTV News). “Shenhua hezuo ningju liliang zengjin gongshi－zhongyang guangbo dianshi zong tai CGTN yu lamei diqu meiti gongtong fabu “zhong la meiti xingdong” changyi” (深化合作 凝聚力量 增進共識－中央廣播電視總台CGTN與拉美地區媒體共同發布《中拉媒體行動》倡議, Deepening cooperation and strength, and enhance consensus-China Central Television and Latin American media jointly released the “China-Latin America Media Action” initiative). Accessed September 22, 2023. https://news.cctv.com/2021/12/02/ARTIpZw2uo35mSb6cQdBG90X211202.shtml. Zhongguo-la gong ti luntan (中國－拉共體論壇, China-CELAC Forum). “Yidai yilu changyi zhuli zhong laguanxi xing wen zhiyuan” (一帶一路倡議助力中拉關係行穩致遠, The One Belt, One Road initiative helps China-Latin America relations maintain stability and long-term development), Accessed September 26, 2023. http://www.chinacelacforum.org/zyjz/zylyflt/zljcsshzlt/202309/t20230901_11136883.htm. Zhonghua quanguo gui guo huaqiao lianhe hui (中華全國歸國華僑聯合會, All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese). “Lamei huaren yanjiu hawana huaren shetuan fazhan bianqian tanxi” (拉美華人研究: 哈瓦那華人社團發展變遷探析, Latin American Chinese Studies: An analysis of the development and changes of the Chinese community in Havana). Accessed January 25, 2024. http://www.chinaql.org/BIG5/n1/2022/1116/c420265-32567703.html.
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jiaoyu bu (中華人民共和國教育部, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China). “Jiaoyu bu guanyu yinfa “liuxue zhongguo jihua” de tongzhi” (教育部關於印發《留學中國計畫》的通知, Notice from the Ministry of Education on Issuing the “Study in China Plan”). Accessed September 19, 2023. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A20/moe_850/201009/t20100921_108815.html.
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo waijiao bu (中華人民共和國外交部, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China). “Di shiyi ci zhu wai shijie huiyi zaijing zhaokai” (第十一次駐外使節會議在京召開, The Eleventh Meeting of Diplomatic Envoys in Beijing). Accessed June 19, 2023. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjdt_674879/gjldrhd_674881/200907/t20090721_7699062.shtml. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu (中華人民共和國中央人民政府, The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China). “Duiwai youxie yu minjian waijiao” (對外友協與民間外交, Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries and people-to-people diplomacy). Accessed August 29, 2023. http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/test/2011-12/21/content_2025664.htm. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo renmin zhongyang zhengfu (中華人民共和國中央人民政府, The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China). “Xijinping: Juesheng quanmian jiancheng xiaokang shehui duoqu xin shidai zhongguo tese shehui zhuyi weida shengli－zai zhongguo gongchandang di shijiu ci quanguo daibiao dahui shang de baogao” (習近平:決勝全面建成小康社會 奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利－在中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會上的報告, Xi Jinping: Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in an All-round Way and Winning the Great Victory of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era－Report at the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China). Accessed March 12, 2023. http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zhuanti/2017-10/27/content_5234876.htm. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu (中華人民共和國中央人民政府, The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China). “Zhongguo dui lading meizhou he jialebi zhengce wen jian (quan wen)” (中國對拉丁美洲和加勒比政策文件(全文), China's policy paper on Latin America and the Caribbean (full text)). Accessed May 8, 2023. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-11/05/content_1140303.htm.
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo renmin zhongyang zhengfu (中華人民共和國中央人民政府, The State Council, The People’s Republic of China). “Zhong la wenhua jiaoliu nian jiang yu 3 yue xiaxun kaimu” (中拉文化交流年將於三月下旬開幕, The China-Latin America and Caribbean 2016 Year of Culture Exchange will open in the late March). Accessed September 18, 2023. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-01/26/content_5036400.htm. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhongyang renmin zhengfu (中華人民共和國中央人民政府, The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China). “Dandang rendao zhuyi shiming-zhongguo zhengfu he renmin yuanzhu haidi jishi” (擔當人道主義使命-中國政府和人民援助海地紀實, Carrying out humanitarian mission-Record of the Chinese government and people’s assistance to Haiti). Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.gov.cn/govweb/jrzg/2010-01/23/content_1517835.htm.
Zhongguo waiwen chuban faxing shiye ju (中國外文出版發行事業局, China Foreign Language Publishing Administration) “Lishi yange” (歷史沿革, The History).. Accessed July 1, 2023. http://www.cicg.org.cn/node_1006431.htm. Zhongguo wen wai yan jiu yuan (中國文化研究院, Academy of Chinese Studies). “Kongzi xueyuan” (孔子學院, Confucius Institute). Accessed July 6, 2023. https://ls.chiculture.org.hk/tc/idea-aspect/72. Zhongguo zhongyang dianshitai (中國中央電視, China Central Television). “Hujintao 22 ri zai ya fei fenghui shang de jianghua” (胡錦濤22日在亞非峰會上的講話全文, Hu Jintao’s speech at the Asia-Africa Summit on the 22). Accessed 30 December 2023, https://big5.cctv.com/gate/big5/www.cctv.com/news/china/20050422/102098.shtml. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
110862005 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862005 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際研究英語碩士學位學程] 學位論文
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| 200501.pdf | | 5893Kb | Adobe PDF | 3 | View/Open |
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