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    請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/156947


    題名: 嬰兒的選擇性模仿：動作－效果整合或目的推理？
    Selective Imitation in Infancy: Ideomotor vs. Teleological Reasoning Theory?
    作者: 黃啟泰
    貢獻者: 心理系
    關鍵詞: 模仿;目標歸因;因果效能;目的推理;動作−效果整合
    Imitation;Goal attribution;Causal efficacy;Teleological reasoning;Ideomotor theory
    日期: 2018-03
    上傳時間: 2025-05-13
    摘要: 選擇性模仿是近年來備受矚目的研究議題。嬰兒在不同情境中選擇性地模仿他人的行為，被解讀為洞察他人行為背後的目的（目的推理論），或是與過去執行動作的經驗產生共鳴（動作−效果整合理論）。本研究擬透過分析因果效能與情境限制對行為重演的影響，進一步評估比較上述理論對嬰兒模仿行為的解釋效力。
    實驗1A修訂Gergely、Bekkering與Király的派典，探討嬰兒解讀他人在特定情境中的行為目的時，是否考慮動作和效果之間的必然關係。過去研究在此派典下發現：在手自由情境下示範用頭開燈，較之手限制情境，更能引發模仿反應，因為在沒有外在理由情況下用頭開燈易被解讀為有意的行為。依據目的推理論，如果情境線索決定目的表徵，當動作和效果之間轉變為或然率關係，應該不會影響模仿傾向。反之，如果模仿受到動作−效果之間的的整合強度調節，必然性動作應比或然性動作引發較多模仿反應。實驗1B探討：倘使或然性動作削弱嬰兒在手自由情境的模仿傾向，或許是嬰兒誤認光盒故障，因此當嬰兒有合理的理由解釋動作未能引發結果的原因（如忘記打開遙控開關），應會提升模仿反應的水準。實驗2A與2B以工具使用作業重複上述設計，探討當觀看動作包含明顯的物理因果機制時，動作效能與情境限制是否仍在模仿學習扮演角色，或是其它因素（如訊息規範性和功能特性等等）對表徵工具性目的有著更重要的影響。
    Selective imitation has become a current focus of research in developmental psychology. Infants differentially imitate a specific action in different contexts. Such selective imitation has been interpreted as an insight into others’ behavior as associated with different intentions (teleological reasoning), or as the mapping of others’ actions onto one’s own motor repertoire (motor resonance). The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the adequacy for the two approaches by examining the influences of causal efficacy and task constraints on infants’ imitation tendencies.
    In Experiment 1A, we modified the Gergely, Bekkering and Király paradigm (2002) to investigate whether infants take causal efficacy into account when reasoning about the goal of others’ behavior. Previous research has established that infants imitate touching a light box with their head when they are shown a model perform the action with her hands placed on the table (hands free), but not when she uses her hands to hold up a blanket around her shoulders (hands occupied). According to the authors, the hands-free manner is a signal to infants to identify the head touch as relevant for reproduction, as a more efficient strategy (hand touch) is readily available but the model rather adopts a less efficient one. If imitation arises from the mechanism that guides infants to evaluate the efficiency of action in relation to the environmental constraints, we predict that stochastically effective actions would not detract from the tendency to imitate. By contrast, if imitation is modulated by the mechanism underlying action-effect integration, imitation would be more likely following deterministically effective actions than following stochastically effective actions. If it turns out that stochastically effective actions reduce the tendency to imitate, Experiment 1B is designed to address the question of whether infants interpret the lack of action effect as apparatus malfunction. They might be more likely to imitate when given a reason for the lack of effect or a new box as replacement. In Experiments 2A and 2B, we extend the above framework to tool-use contexts, and to investigate whether causal efficacy and task constraints have roles in imitative learning when observed actions involve functionally relevant properties. It is possible that children’s knowledge of causal mechanisms may discourage reliance on causal efficacy and task constraints when the task involves specified instrumental techniques.
    關聯: 科技部, MOST104-2410-H004-045-MY2, 104.08-106.07
    資料類型: report
    顯示於類別:[心理學系] 國科會研究計畫

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