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| 題名: | 模仿的目標導向理論再探
Revisiting the Goal-Directed Theory of Imitation |
| 作者: | 黃啟泰 |
| 貢獻者: | 心理系 |
| 關鍵詞: | 模仿;目標;嬰兒;社會學習;社會認知發展
Imitation;Goal;Infants;Social learning;Social-cognitive development |
| 日期: | 2020-04 |
| 上傳時間: | 2025-05-13 |
| 摘要: | 歸因目標是否為嬰兒模仿學習他人動作的基本能力，是當前模仿研究文獻備受爭議的主題。根據目標導向的模仿理論，在模仿過程中，示範包含的動作要素以階層關係重組為主要目標和次要目標，在資源有限的情況下，次要目標在模仿中易於被省略。過去研究發現嬰兒模仿他人行為時，偏好結果勝過動作方式，顯示結果被表徵為主要目標。近期研究發現：除了動作結果，溝通關聯性、社會情緒線索及意圖亦影響嬰兒解讀模仿的目標。相較之下，很少研究探討動作本身提供的知覺線索。本兩年期計畫以目標導向的模仿作業為基礎，以系列實驗探討運動方向、動作效能、目標區辨度及觀點等其他線索，是否在解讀他人目標上扮演角色。目前正在執行第一年計畫（106-2410-H-004 -067 -），截至106年12月31日，已完成兩個實驗。實驗1重複過去研究使用的模仿目標作業，示範者以跳躍或滑行的動作方式將玩偶移動至桌面（無盒子情境）或盒子中（有盒子情境），結果發現在無盒子情境中18個月大的嬰兒偏好模仿不同的動作方式，在有盒子情境中偏好模仿示範者的位置選擇，顯示他們根據動作結果選擇性地簡化實際目睹的動作，與目標導向的模仿理論論據一致。實驗2修訂實驗1的程序，延後呈現運動方向提示目標的時間，結果發現移動路徑的改變會使嬰兒在有盒子情境裡模仿位置選擇的正確性下降。在第一年計畫下半年（107年1月~7月）及第二年計畫（此次申請計畫），我們希望進一步檢查動作效能（實驗3A）、口語提示（實驗3B）及物件的社會功能關聯性（實驗3C）等因素，澄清嬰兒在實驗2的選擇目標錯誤是否與示範者的行為策略違反理性動作原則或物件目標缺乏區辨性有關。在實驗4，我們將使用障礙物修訂實驗2情境，操弄嬰兒與實驗者之間的觀點差異（實驗4），探討當實驗者只看見一個目標而嬰兒同時看見兩個目標時，嬰兒能否從對方的視線內容解釋物件選擇，如果嬰兒洞察自己和對方觀點的差異，應該能同時正確模仿觀看的動作與目標。
It is currently debated whether attribution of goals is intrinsic to infants’ imitation of others’ actions in the literature on imitation. The goal-directed theory of imitation holds that imitation involves perceiving an observed act as a set of goals that are hierarchically organized according to functionality, and, when resources are limited, reproducing major goals at the cost of less important ones. This notion is supported by evidence from children’s preferences for imitating action outcomes over action styles, indicating that outcomes are interpreted as major goals. Recent research shows that, in addition to action outcomes, communicative relevance, social-emotional cues and intention can also influence how infants choose the goals to imitate. By comparison, relatively few studies have investigated perceptual information inherent in a specific action. In the two-year project, we are investigating a range of potential cues that have remained largely unexplored, including movement direction, action efficacy, goal salience and actor-observer perspective. We are currently undertaking the first year project (106-2410-H-004 -067 -). As of December 31 2017, we will be finishing two experiments. In Experiment 1, we replicated the goal-selection imitation task used in previous research. Eighteen-month-old infants observed an adult move a toy animal in different action styles (slide or hop) into one of the two boxes (box condition) or onto the table (no-box condition).Consistent with the goal-directed theory of imitation, the results found that infants imitated action styles more often in no-box condition and goal locations more often in box condition, suggesting that their selective simplification of demonstrated actions was modulated by observable outcomes. In Experiment 2, we modified the Experiment 1 task by delaying the timing of movement direction cue for goal selection. The results showed that infants imitated goal locations less accurately after observing the modified demonstration. In the second half of the first year project (2018 January ~ July) and the second year project (the application plan), we will continue to follow up infants’ goal choice errors in Experiment 2 by delineating the influences of action efficacy (Experiment 3A), verbal information (Experiment 3B) and socio-functional properties of objects (Experiment 3C). These results can help to clarify whether infants imitated less accurately due to the violation of rational action or lack of goal salience. Experiment 4 is designed to explore whether infants can base goal choice on what objects others see from their perspective. We use a barrier to modify the Experiment 2 setting so that while the child sees two goals, the actor knows only one. If infants are sensitive to the difference between their and the actor’s perspective, they may be able to imitate both actions and goals accurately. |
| 關聯: | 科技部, MOST107-2410-H004-104, 107.08-108.07 |
| 資料類型: | report |
| 顯示於類別: | [心理學系] 國科會研究計畫
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