資料載入中.....
|
請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159072
|
| 題名: | 世界霸權衰退的影響：以新葛蘭西概念分析 21 世紀美國對中國貿易政策
A NEO-GRAMSCIAN ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED STATES’ CHINA TRADE POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: THE INFLUENCE OF HEGEMONIC DECLINE |
| 作者: | 瑞德森
Richardson, Ryan |
| 貢獻者: | 魏玫娟
Wei, Mei-chuan
瑞德森
Ryan Richardson |
| 關鍵詞: | 新葛蘭西理論
霸權
新自由主義
資本主義
美中關係
美中貿易關係
美國貿易政策
neo-Gramscian theory
hegemony
neoliberalism
capitalism
US-China relations
US-China trade relations
US trade policy |
| 日期: | 2025 |
| 上傳時間: | 2025-09-01 14:59:13 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 美國與中華人民共和國之間的關係常被譽為21世紀最具影響力的雙邊關係，因此近二十年來一直是政治學與經濟學領域學術研究的核心焦點。自2001年中國加入世界貿易組織（WTO）以來，關於中國在雙邊與國際貿易中的角色逐漸成為學界探討的重要課題。然而，現有研究大多僅從現實主義或自由主義的國際關係理論出發來分析貿易問題，視角相對有限。本文將採取不同的理論取徑，以新葛蘭西主義（neo-Gramscian）為分析框架，將2001年以來美國對華貿易政策的發展視為葛蘭西意義下霸權衰退的體現。本文主張，美國貿易政策的演變反映了其霸權地位的相對衰退，並以葛蘭西理論中「同意」（consent）與「強制」（coercion）兩項核心概念為分析重心。在論述過程中，本文將首先建構歷史背景，說明美國如何促使新自由主義的自由貿易原則在國際機構中擴展，進而揭示自1970年代起，美國霸權已逐漸走向衰退，並於近年來愈發明顯。儘管歷史背景的回顧將有助於強化核心論點，本文的分析重點仍將放在自中國加入WTO以來美國對華貿易政策的具體發展。最終，本文將指出，儘管中國尚未準備取代美國成為全球霸權國家，但美國相對霸權地位的衰退，已經在美中貿易政策中反映出日益對抗性與保護主義的傾向。
The relationship between the United States and the People’s Republic of China has frequently been referenced as the most consequential of the 21st century and therefore has remained a central focus of scholarship in political science and economics for nearly two decades. Following the accession of China to the World Trade Organization in 2001, bilateral and international trade vis-a-vis China became an increasingly prominent subject of academic inquiry. However, the point of departure in existing scholarship is limited in addressing trade through the lens of realist or liberal theories in international relations. This thesis argues for a different approach. It adopts a neo-Gramscian lens and views the development of US trade policy toward China since 2001 as a matter of waning hegemony in a Gramscian sense. In arguing that US trade policy development reflects hegemonic decline, this thesis centralizes the role of “consent” and "coercion" featured in Gramscian hegemony. Establishing the historical backdrop upon which the neoliberal principles of free trade proliferated in international institutions at the behest of the United States, this thesis demonstrates hegemonic decline beginning roughly in the 1970s and becoming progressively more pronounced up into the present day. While discussion of this history bolsters the central argument presented in this thesis, analysis is focused on trade policies pursued by the United States toward China since the latter’s accession to the WTO. Ultimately, it concludes that while China is not poised to replace the United States as a global hegemonic power, a relative decline in US hegemony is reflected in US-China trade policy becoming increasingly confrontational and protectionist. |
| 參考文獻: | 倪周華，〈以國際政治經濟批判理論分析歐洲民粹政治發展〉，《全球政治評論》，第80期（2022年10月）：57–84, https://gioip.nchu.edu.tw/File/Userfiles/0000000033/files/B2_%E5%80%AA%E5%91%A8%E8%8F%AF.pdf。
Abdelal, R. (2024, July). Moving beyond neoliberalism: Historical reflections on regime changes in global economic governance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/07/moving-beyond-neoliberalism-historical-reflections-on-regime-changes-in-global-economic-governance?lang=en
Ak, M. A., & Yurteri, H. (2023). The Power Transition Basis of Counter- Hegemony in the Context of Neo-Gramscianism: The China-U.S. Rivalry in World Politics. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 28(2), 194-221.
Alexander, D. (2008, October 21). Prediction markets now betting big on Obama. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/prediction-markets-now-betting-big-on-obama-idUSN15350325/
Alphin, C. (2021). Disciplinary neoliberalism and the simulation of freedom. Spectra, 8(1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.21061/spectra.v8i1.161
Altay, S. "The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis." Uluslararası İlişkiler 21, no. 82 (2024): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1489978.
Ateed, E. Haq, & Özcan, M. S. Ö. (2023). Theorizing the fall of hegemony: A neo-Gramscian perspective. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 12(2), [746-758]. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2973403
Athukorala, P. & Yamashita N.. Global Production Sharing and US-China Trade Relations. Working Paper No. 2008/22. Canberra: The Arndt-Corden Division of Economics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, November 2008.
Aysha, E. E.. The Changing Place of Globalism in the American Post-Cold War Foreign Policy Debate: A Perspective in the Neo-Gramscian Approach. PhD diss., University of Sheffield, 2000.
Bade, G. (2023, May 25). Joe Biden wants a ‘new economic world order.’ It’s never looked more disordered. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/25/joe-bidens-economy-trade-china-00096781
Baker, G. "In 1989, the US Decided to Let Beijing Get Away With Murder." Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-1989-the-u-s-decided-to-let-beijing-get-away-with-murder-11559379600.
Biegon, J. 2020. "US Hegemony and the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Consensus, Crisis, and Common Sense." Chinese Journal of International Politics 13 (1): 69–99. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/80104/3/KAR_Biegon_US%20Hegemony%20and%20the%20Trans-Pacific%20Partnership-Consensus%2C%20Crisis%2C%20and%20Common%20Sense%20-%20CJIP%202020.pdf.
Bowen, T. R., Broz, J. L., & Rosendorff, B. P. "Trade Policy Transitions: Three Eras of US Trade Policy." NBER Working Paper No. 31662, September 2023. https://www.nber.org/papers/w31662.
Bowman, K. (2018). Public opinion 10 years after the financial crash [PDF]. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Public-Opinion-10-Years-After-the-Financial-Crash.pdf
Brancati, D. (2013). The determinants of US public opinion towards democracy promotion. Springer Science+Business Media.
Coates, D. Flawed Capitalism: The Anglo-American Condition and Its Resolution. London: Agenda Publishing, 2018. https://braveneweurope.com/flawed-capitalism-the-anglo-american-condition-and-its-resolution-by-david-coates
Carroll, W. K. “Whither the Transnational Capitalist Class?” Socialist Register (2014): 162-188. https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/download/20196/16635/47887
Chen, D. (2022). A theory of dialectical transnational historical materialism for China’s state capitalism and the China-U.S. rivalry. Third World Quarterly, 43(7), 1609–1626. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2062321
Chen, X. J. 2006. "China and the US Trade Embargo, 1950-1972." American Journal of Chinese Studies 13 (2): 169-186. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288827.
Choi, J. (2023). The US-China rivalry and Europe's choice. Asia and the Global Economy, 3(1), 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aglobe.2023.100057
Clinton, H. "America's Pacific Century." Foreign Policy, October 13, 2011. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/.
Council on Foreign Relations. "A Reset for the World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body." April 2022. https://www.cfr.org/report/reset-world-trade-organizations-appellate-body.
Council on Foreign Relations. n.d. "US-China Relations Timeline." https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-china-relations#:~:text=Rising%20Trade%20Tensions,-US%20President%20Barack&text=The%20US%20trade%20deficit%20with,its%20rights%20in%20trade%20disputes.
Council on Foreign Relations. "Trade Wars Are Trade Wins: How Trump Can Redefine US-China Economic Relations." September 25, 2018. https://www.cfr.org/article/trade-wars-trade-wins-how-trump-can-redefine-us-china-economic-relations.
Cox, R. W. "Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 12, no. 2 (1983): 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298830120020701.
Cox, R. W. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
Dukelow, F., & Kennett, P. (2018, September 11). Disciplinary neoliberalism: Coercive commodification and the post-crisis welfare state. LSE British Politics and Policy. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/post-crisis-neoliberalism-and-the-welfare-state/
Dwyer, D. (2011, October 18). Obama: Occupy Wall Street not that different from Tea Party protests. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/10/obama-occupy-wall-street-not-that-different-from-tea-party-protests
Eppenberger, N. (2015, November). An American century? Hegemony in the 21st century in a comparative perspective [Preprint]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284724204_An_American_Century_Hegemony_in_the_21st_Century_in_a_Comparative_Perspective
European Student Think Tank. "A Liberal and Realist Perspective of China’s Rise." August 25, 2016. https://esthinktank.com/2016/08/25/a-liberal-and-realist-perspective-of-chinas-rise/.
"Evolution of US Economic Engagement with China." In Degrees of Separation: A Targeted Approach to US-China Decoupling – Interim Report, 3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28663.5.
Falter, J. W., & Zintl, R. (1988). The economic crisis of the 1930s and the Nazi vote. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 19(1), 55–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/204223
Foster, J. B. (2025, April 1). The U.S. ruling class and the Trump regime. Monthly Review. https://monthlyreview.org/2025/04/01/the-u-s-ruling-class-and-the-trump-regime/
Fraser, N. "From Progressive Neoliberalism to Trump—and Beyond." American Affairs 1, no. 4 (Winter 2017): 46–64. https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2017/11/progressive-neoliberalism-trump-beyond/.
Gerstle, G. (2018). THE RISE AND FALL(?) OF AMERICA’S NEOLIBERAL ORDER. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 28, 241–264. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26862250
Gill, S. American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Gill, S. (1990b). Two concepts of international political economy. Review of International Studies, 16(4), 369–381.
Gill, S. (2015). Critical perspectives on the crisis of global governance: Reimagining the future. Hampshire, UK; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gonzales Toribio, A. (2024, June 16). Trump’s subversive ‘historic bloc’. Los Angeles Times. https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_share.aspx?guid=cb58bc4d-00a4-41e2-8a38-0ba4b651c6c4
Gruszczynski, L., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Trump, international trade and populism. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 49(1), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-331-3_2
Harding, H. "Has US-China Policy Failed?" October 2023. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/63fdcd818eceda53f0351923/t/6537f4897b4de01fdf4de9ec/1698165898246/Has+US-China+Policy+Failed%3F.pdf.
Harris, J. "The Right Reads Gramsci: Project 2025 and Neo-Fascism." Convergence, April 24, 2024. https://convergencemag.com/articles/the-right-reads-gramsci-project-2025-and-neo-fascism/.
Hass, R. (2024, April 4). How will Biden and Trump tackle trade with China? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-will-biden-and-trump-tackle-trade-with-china/
Helleiner, E. (2019). Varieties of American neomercantilism: From the first years of the Republic to Trumpian economic nationalism. European Review of International Studies, 6(3), 7–29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26914891
Hillman, J. A. "China’s Entry into the WTO—A Mistake by the United States?" Georgetown University Law Center, 2022. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/china-and-the-wto/responses-of-chinas-trading-partners/3578E16B441052C10A2AC2F39A3248C5.
Hoare, G. "Cracking the Right’s Playbook." Jacobin, February 7, 2025. https://jacobin.com/2025/02/new-right-gramsci-managerialism-trump.
Hoekman, B., & Mavroidis, P. C. (2020). Preventing the bad from getting worse: The end of the World (Trade Organization) as we know it? European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Global Governance Programme Working Paper No. RSCAS 2020/06. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2606
Horsley, S. "Biden Is Keeping Key Parts of Trump's China Trade Policy. Here's Why." NPR, October 4, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/10/04/1043027789/biden-is-keeping-key-parts-of-trumps-china-trade-policy-heres-why.
Hymer, S. (1979). The multinational corporation: A radical approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ikenberry, G. J., & Kupchan, C. A. "Socialization and Hegemonic Power." International Organization 44, no. 3 (Summer 1990): 283-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830003530X.
Irwin, D. A., & Ward, O. (2021, September 8). What is the “Washington Consensus?” Peterson Institute for International Economics. https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/what-washington-consensus#:~:text=The%20main%20Washington%20Consensus%20policies,fields%20with%20high%20economic%20returns
Iseri, E. (2007). Neo-Gramscian analysis of US hegemony today. School of Politics, International Relations and the Environment (SPIRE), Keele University.
Jensen, M. K., & Andersen, H. T. The Rise of China and the US-Led World Order: A Case Study of the US-China Trade War. Master's thesis, Aalborg University, 2020. https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/334967585/Master_thesis___The_Rise_of_China_.pdf.
Johnson, K. "The United States and China Are Decoupling—And That's a Bad Thing." Foreign Policy, June 22, 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/22/united-states-china-decoupling-business-ties/.
"Jonathan Pass: 'It’s too soon to talk about the end of American hegemony.'" DUPO - Diario de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide, April 12, 2019. https://www.upo.es/diario/english/2019/04/jonathan-pass-its-too-soon-to-talk-about-the-end-of-american-hegemony/.
Kaiser, E. (2008, June 5). Wall Street puts its money behind Obama. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/analysis-shares-obama/wall-street-puts-its-money-behind-obama-idUKNOA53525520080605/
Kim, S. M. "Clinton Comes Out Against Obama's Pacific Trade Deal." Politico, October 18, 2016. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/hillary-clinton-trade-deal-229381.
Kirchner, S. (2022, January 24). From “China Shock” to deglobalisation shock: China’s WTO accession and US economic engagement 20 years on. United States Studies Centre. https://www.ussc.edu.au/from-china-shock-to-deglobalisation-shock-chinas-wto-accession-and-us-economic-engagement-20-years-on
Kirshner, J. (2012). The tragedy of offensive realism: Classical realism and the rise of China. European Journal of International Relations, 18(1), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110373949
Klein, E. "Joe Biden's Promise: A Return to Normalcy." Vox, May 20, 2019. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/5/20/18631452/joe-biden-2020-presidential-announcement-speech.
Kluijver, R. (2021, December). The hegemonic Western state and the international state order [PhD preprint]. Center for International Studies, Sciences Po Paris. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23887.15525
Kurt, S. (2021). A neo-mercantilist analysis of the political economy of U.S. foreign policy under Trump’s rule. Codrul Cosminului, 27(1), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2021.01.013
Lama, S. "Transformative International Relations Theory of Robert W. Cox." GS WOW: Wisdom of Worthy Research Journal 2, no. 1 (2024): 35–52. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/gswow/article/view/72750.
Lampton, D. M. Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing US-China Relations, 1989-2000. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Lavery, S. (June 3, 2018). Flawed capitalism: The Anglo-American condition and its resolution. Book Review. https://braveneweurope.com/flawed-capitalism-the-anglo-american-condition-and-its-resolution-by-david-coates
Lewis, J. W. "The Contradictions of Bush's China Policy," The New York Times, June 2, 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/02/opinion/the-contradictions-of-bush-s-china-policy.html
Li, M. "The Collapse of American Hegemony and the Challenges of the 21st Century." Zeitschrift Luxemburg, October 2022. https://zeitschrift-luxemburg.de/artikel/the-collapse-of-the-american-hegemony-and-the-challenges-of-the-21st-century/.
Li, T. (2024). Trade dilemma of global hegemony: Analyzing the transition in US trade policy from globalization deals to hybrid deals. Chinese Journal of International Review, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1142/S263053132450001X
Ludwig, F. J. "Gramsci, Hegemony and the (Transnational) Historical Bloc: Theoretical Contributions to 21st Century International Relations." Journal Name 10, no. 1 (February 2022): 128-152. https://doi.org/10.14276/2531-9582.3283.
Malawer, S. S. (2011). Obama, the WTO, trade enforcement, and China. WorldTradeLaw.net. https://www.worldtradelaw.net/document.php?id=articles/MalawerObamaWTOTradeEnforcementandChina.pdf
Mann, J. "The Untold Story of How George W. Bush Lost China." Foreign Policy, October 4, 2019. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/04/the-untold-story-of-how-george-w-bush-lost-china/.
Manning, R. A., & Burrows, M. (2024, November 19). Biden’s foreign policy legacy: A troubled interregnum. Stimson Center. https://www.stimson.org/2024/bidens-foreign-policy-legacy-a-troubled-interregnum/
Marandici, I. 2023. “A Second Cold War? Explaining Changes in the American Political Discourse on China: Evidence from the US Presidential Debates (1960-2020)," Journal of Chinese Political Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-023-09857-z
McBride, J., Chatzky, A., & Siripurapu, A. (2021, September 20). What’s next for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-trans-pacific-partnership-tpp
Mearsheimer, J. (2004). Why China’s rise will not be peaceful, 17 September. Available at: http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0034b.pdf, 1-4.
Mei, R., & Chen J. US-China Trade Relations in the 1970s and Hong Kong’s Role. Washington, DC: US-China Education Trust, 2020. https://uscet.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/US-china_trade_relations_in_the_1970s_and_hong_kongs_role_by_mei_renyi__chen_juebin.pdf.
Modelski, G. Long Cycles in World Politics. London: Macmillan, 1987.
Moraes, H. C., & Wigell, M.. The Emergence of Strategic Capitalism: Geoeconomics, Corporate Statecraft and the Repurposing of the Global Economy. Finnish Institute of International Affairs Working Paper 117, September 2020. https://fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wp117_the-emergence-of-strategic-capitalism_final30092020.pdf.
Morris, S. C. "The Market and Ethics: The Case of the 1994 Decision by the Clinton Administration to Delink China's Human Rights Record From Most-Favored-Nation Status." PhD diss., Old Dominion University, 2000. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds/82.
Notre Dame International Security Center. "An Introduction to Realism in International Relations." July 21, 2022. https://ndisc.nd.edu/news-media/news/an-introduction-to-realism-in-international-relations/.
Okereke, C. "Neo-Gramscianism." In Edward Elgar Encyclopedia for Global Environmental Governance and Politics, edited by Philipp H. Pattberg and Fariborz Zelli, 127-133. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Press, 2015. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/54061/.
Ortner, I. (2022, January 10). Fanon and Gramsci: The wars of maneuver and position in The Wretched of the Earth [Honors thesis, University of King's College]. https://crgreview.com/fanon-and-gramsci-the-wars-of-maneuver-and-position-in-the-wretched-of-the-earth/
Overbeek, H. (2002). Neoliberalism and the regulation of global labor mobility. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 581(1), 74–90.
Özekin, M. K. "Restructuring 'Hegemony' in the Age of Neo-liberal Globalization." Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 1 (April 2014): 91–112. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/65363.
Ozturk, I. "Trump and The New Capitalism: Old Wine in New Bottle." European Center for Populism Studies, February 21, 2025. https://www.populismstudies.org/trump-and-the-new-capitalism-old-wine-in-new-bottle/.
Pashakhanlou, A. H. (2009, July 23). Comparing and contrasting classical realism and neorealism. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2009/07/23/comparing-and-contrasting-classical-realism-and-neo-realism/
Pass, J. "China’s Institutional Statecraft Within the Liberal International Order: The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank." Revista Española de Derecho Internacional 72, no. 1 (2020): 89–113. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26927912.
Pass, J. (2019). Construction and projection of US hegemony. In American hegemony in the 21st century: A neo neo-Gramscian perspective (Chapter 2). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429459061-3
Pass, J. "What Neo-Gramscians Get Right (and Wrong) About the World." International Affairs Blog. Medium, January 2022. https://medium.com/international-affairs-blog/what-neo-gramscians-get-right-and-wrong-about-the-world-74c8349a8bb9.
Patterson, R. (2013). Transnational Capitalist Class: What’s Race Got to Do With It? Everything! Globalizations, 10(5), 673–690. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2013.828977
Pew Research Center. “Post-Seattle Support for WTO.” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, March 2, 2000. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2000/03/02/post-seattle-support-for-wto/
Puślecki, Z. W. (2023). The new protectionism between the USA and China and international trade policy amid worldwide geopolitical turbulence. Ekonomista, 2023(2), 125–151. https://doi.org/10.52335/ekon/166624
Reinbold, B, & Wen, Y. "Understanding the Roots of the US Trade Deficit." Regional Economist, Third Quarter 2018. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/third-quarter-2018/understanding-roots-trade-deficit.
Riecke, T. (2020, August 20). Resilience and decoupling in the era of great power competition: How the fight between China and the US for geopolitical dominance has ruptured the world economy. Mercator Institute for China Studies. https://merics.org/en/report/resilience-and-decoupling-era-great-power-competition
Riedl, C. (2024). Framing a new economic strategy: The domestic and international dimensions of Joe Biden’s “foreign policy for the middle class” (2021–2024) (Master’s thesis, Uppsala University). Uppsala University DiVA Portal. https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1930789/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Robinson, W. I. Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. http://www.politicaleconomyproject.org/uploads/4/4/2/7/44276267/global_capitalism_and_the_crisis_of_humanity.pdf
Robinson, W. I. (2019). Global capitalist crisis and twenty-first century fascism: Beyond the Trump hype. Science & Society, 83(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2019.83.2.155
Robinson, W. I. (2025, February 17). Behind Trump tariffs is capital’s warfare against the working class. Truthout. https://truthout.org/articles/behind-trump-tariffs-is-capitals-warfare-against-the-working-class/
Rock, M. Y. "Introduction to Modelski’s Model of World Leadership." GEOG 128: Geography of International Affairs. Pennsylvania State University. Accessed February 26, 2025. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog128/node/646.
Rome, A. (2021, May 29). Biden’s passive revolution: Using Gramsci to understand Biden’s ‘reformism’. Cosmonaut. https://cosmonautmag.com/2021/05/biden-passive-revolution-using-gramsci-to-understand-bidens-reformism/
Scott, R. E. US-China Trade, 1989-2003: Impact on Jobs and Industries, Nationally and State-by-State. Economic Policy Institute Working Paper #270, January 2005. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/us-china%20trade%201989-2003.pdf.
Schell, O. "Tiananmen: The Crackdown That Defined Modern China." Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/tiananmen-the-crackdown-that-defined-modern-china-11559295001
Scherrer, C. “‘Double Hegemony’? State and Class in American Foreign Economic Policymaking.” Amerikastudien 46, no. 4 (2001): 573-591.
Schott, J. J., & Jung, E. (2019). The WTO’s existential crisis: How to salvage its ability to settle trade disputes (Policy Brief No. PB19-19). Peterson Institute for International Economics. https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/wtos-existential-crisis-how-salvage-its-ability-settle-trade-disputes
Schropp, S. (2024, June 19). International trade policy under Biden: The “new” Washington Consensus and its discontents. Mercatus Center. https://www.wita.org/atp-research/trade-biden/
Segal, S., & Gerstel, D. "Evolution of US Economic Engagement with China." In Degrees of Separation: A Targeted Approach to US-China Decoupling – Interim Report, 6–18. February 1, 2021. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28663.5.
Simon, L. “What Did Bill Clinton Say about China’s WTO Entry?” International Economic Law and Policy Blog, July 14, 2020. https://ielp.worldtradelaw.net/2020/07/what-did-bill-clinton-say-about-chinas-wto-entry.html.\
Singh, R. (2012). Barack Obama's post-American foreign policy: The limits of engagement [PDF ebook]. Bloomsbury Academic. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/58711/9781780931128.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Sitaraman, G. (2019, December 23). The collapse of neoliberalism. The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/155970/collapse-neoliberalism
Sklair, L. "The Transnational Capitalist Class." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, edited by Ali Farazmand, 1–4. Cham: Springer, 2016.
Slobodian, Q. (2018, Fall). Neoliberalism’s world order. Dissent Magazine. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/neoliberalism-world-order-review-quinn-slobodian-globalists/
Smith, C. "When Clinton Lost China." Wall Street Journal, May 24, 2024. https://chrissmith.house.gov/uploadedfiles/when_clinton_lost_china-_wsj-_print.pdf.
Statista. "Value of US Exports of Trade Goods to China from 1985 to 2023 (in Billion US Dollars)." https://www.statista.com/statistics/186510/volume-of-us-exports-of-trade-goods-to-china-since-1985/.
Stein, J. Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.
Stewart, B. (2020). The Rise of Far-Right Civilizationism. Critical Sociology, 46(7-8), 1207-1220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920519894051 (Original work published 2020)
Stokes, D. (2005). The Heart of Empire? Theorising US empire in an era of transnational capitalism. Third World Quarterly, 26(2), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659042000339092
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2011, April 7). Statements of support for the U.S.-Colombia Trade Agreement. Obama White House Archives. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/07/statements-support-us-colombia-trade-agreement
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2017, January 12). Fact sheet: The Obama administration’s record on trade enforcement. Obama White House Archives. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/12/fact-sheet-obama-administrations-record-trade-enforcement
Unger, J. K. (2022, April 12). Buy American Act final rule strengthens domestic sourcing requirements. PilieroMazza PLLC. https://www.pilieromazza.com/buy-american-act-final-rule-strengthens-domestic-sourcing-requirements/
US Department of State. Rapprochement with China, 1972. Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/rapprochement-china.
US Embassy & Consulates in China. "US-China Bilateral Relations: The Lessons of History." US Department of State. https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/u-s-china-bilateral-relations-the-lessons-of-history/.
Wang, D. "China's Trade Relations with the United States in Perspective." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 39, no. 3 (2010): 165–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261003900307.
Wang, D. "The United States and China: 1971–2011." Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 11, no. 24 (June 17, 2013). https://apjjf.org/2013/11/24/dong-wang/3958/article.
Weissman, D. E. "War With Cold Characteristics: How China Used the WTO Against America, a Historical Case Study." Master's thesis, Harvard University, 2022. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstreams/1f44463b-2578-48a0-9f1d-d6aee4ffb9c5/download.
Wen, M. (2022). Exporting the American dream? Ideology and US China policy since 9/11. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 8(3–4), 263–286. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740022500154
Williamson, J. (2012). Is the “Beijing Consensus” now dominant? Asia Policy, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2012.0012
Wiseman, P., & Crutsinger, M. "Trump Orders Huge Tariffs on China, Raises Trade War Worries." Associated Press News, March 22, 2018. https://apnews.com/article/73e5e5aa7be2408892e9904d642d2137.
Worth, O. (2015). Rethinking hegemony. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Yilmaz, S. "China, Historical Blocs and International Relations." Issues & Studies 50, no. 4 (December 2014): 191–222. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286934180_China_Historical_Blocs_and_International_Relations. |
| 描述: | 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
110926021 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926021 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| 顯示於類別: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
文件中的檔案:
| 檔案 |
大小 | 格式 | 瀏覽次數 |
|---|
| 602101.pdf | 3867Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | 檢視/開啟 |
|
在政大典藏中所有的資料項目都受到原著作權保護.
|
