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| Title: | 論領海以外離岸風力發電機所涉之相關國際法規範
A Study of Relevant International Laws related to Offshore Wind Turbine in Areas Beyond Territorial Sea |
| Authors: | 鍾弘宣
Chung, Hung-Hsuan |
| Contributors: | 陳貞如
Chen, Chen-Ju
鍾弘宣
Chung, Hung-Hsuan |
| Keywords: | 離岸風力發電
領海以外區域
《聯合國海洋法公約》
《國家管轄範圍外區域海洋生物多樣性養護與永續利用協定》
國際海洋法
Offshore Wind Power
Areas Beyond the Territorial Sea
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement)
International Law of the Sea |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-09-01 16:16:00 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究旨在探討離岸風力發電在各海洋分區所涉及的國際法規範，以因應《巴黎協定》後全球對潔淨能源轉型的迫切需求，並彌合快速發展的離岸風電技術與現有國際海洋法規之間的「法律滯後」現象。本文系統性的分析了《聯合國海洋法公約》、其他相關國際公約，以及新近通過的《國家管轄範圍外區域海洋生物多樣性養護與永續利用協定》，旨在釐清離岸風場在規劃、建造、營運及除役各階段所涉的權利與義務。
研究方法主要採文獻分析法，檢視國際條約文本、區域協議、政府資訊及學術著作等，並運用文義解釋法與歷史解釋法，深入剖析相關規範的意涵、適用範疇及其演進。
本文認為《聯合國海洋法公約》為離岸風場的各組成部分提供了基礎性框架，但其規範在面對新興的浮體式離岸風電技術，尤其是在國家管轄範圍以外區域的應用存在模糊性。
除《聯合國海洋法公約》外，多項國際法律和組織對離岸風電發展產生影響，在環境保護方面，《生物多樣性公約》、《埃斯波公約》和《倫敦公約》及其議定書分別對環境影響評估及設施除役提出了要求；航行安全方面，《國際海上人命安全公約》、《國際海上避碰規則》及國際航標協會的建議提供了具體指導。此外，《聯合國保護水下文化遺產公約》、區域海洋協定及漁業管理組織的規範，亦對離岸風場的選址和營運產生影響。這些多層次的法律框架共同構成了一複雜的治理體系，但也帶來了規範衝突和協調的挑戰。
《國家管轄範圍外區域海洋生物多樣性養護與永續利用協定》的通過，預示著國家管轄範圍以外區域的海洋治理進入新時代，對離岸風電的發展具有變革性影響，其核心貢獻在於確立了更嚴格的環境影響評估機制、引入了系統性的劃區管理工具、規範了海洋遺傳資源的惠益分享，並強化了能力建設與海洋技術轉讓，這些新規定將顯著提升國家管轄範圍以外區域的離岸風電項目環境審查標準與透明度。儘管《國家管轄範圍外區域海洋生物多樣性養護與永續利用協定》與現有國際框架的互動仍需磨合，但其「不損害」原則旨在促進協調一致，引導國家管轄範圍外區域離岸風電走向更永續的發展路徑。
總體而言，當前國際法律框架在應對離岸風電發展時仍存在挑戰，特別是在國家管轄範圍外區域浮體式設施的管轄權、標準化環評要求、空間衝突解決機制及大規模環境損害責任制度方面。未來離岸風電的發展，尤其是在國家管轄範圍外區域，將需要更強有力的國際合作、更連貫的法規發展以及堅定奉行預防性與生態系統為基礎的方法，以平衡潔淨能源開發與海洋環境保護的雙重目標。
This study aims to explore the international legal norms applicable to offshore wind power generation in various maritime zones, in response to the urgent global demand for clean energy transition following the Paris Agreement, and to bridge the "juridical lag" between the rapidly developing offshore wind power technology and existing international maritime legal frameworks. This paper systematically analyzes the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), other relevant international conventions, and the recently adopted Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), in order to clarify the rights and obligations involved in the planning, construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of offshore wind farms.
The research methodology primarily employs literature analysis, examining international treaty texts, regional agreements, government information, and academic works. It also utilizes textual interpretation and historical interpretation to deeply analyze the meaning, scope of application, and evolution of relevant norms.
The study finds that UNCLOS provides a foundational framework for the various components of offshore wind farms, but its norms are ambiguous when applied to emerging floating offshore wind power technologies, especially in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
In addition to UNCLOS, various international laws and organizations influence the development of offshore wind power. In terms of environmental protection, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Espoo Convention, and the London Convention and Protocol set requirements for environmental impact assessments and facility decommissioning, respectively. For navigation safety, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), and the recommendations of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) provide specific guidance. Furthermore, the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, regional maritime agreements, and fisheries management organizations' regulations also influence the site selection and operation of offshore wind farms. These multi-layered legal frameworks collectively form a complex governance system, but they also bring challenges in terms of normative conflicts and coordination.
The adoption of the BBNJ Agreement heralds a new era for ocean governance in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with transformative implications for the development of offshore wind power. Its core contributions include establishing a more stringent environmental impact assessment mechanism, introducing systematic area-based management tools, regulating the sharing of benefits from marine genetic resources, and strengthening capacity building and marine technology transfer. These new provisions will significantly enhance the environmental review standards and transparency of offshore wind power projects in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Although the interaction between the BBNJ Agreement and existing international frameworks still requires refinement, its "not undermine" principle aims to promote coherence and guide offshore wind power in areas beyond national jurisdiction towards a more sustainable development path.
Overall, the current international legal framework still faces challenges in addressing the development of offshore wind power, particularly concerning the jurisdiction over floating facilities in areas beyond national jurisdiction, standardized EIA requirements, mechanisms for resolving spatial conflicts, and liability systems for large-scale environmental damage. The future development of offshore wind power, especially in areas beyond national jurisdiction, will require stronger international cooperation, more coherent regulatory development, and a firm commitment to precautionary and ecosystem-based approaches to balance the dual goals of clean energy development and marine environmental protection. |
| Reference: | 一、中文參考文獻
1.1 圖書
姜皇池，國際海洋法（下冊），2018年。
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1.2 期刊論文
陳貞如，〈初探「國家管轄範圍以外地區」海洋環境與生物多樣性相關國際規範〉，《台灣國際法學刊》，第十五卷第一期，頁9-41，2018年。
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
107253003 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253003 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
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