政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/159289
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 118658/149719 (79%)
Visitors : 80222320      Online Users : 890
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159289


    Title: 貿易全球化與民主：助力或阻力
    Trade globalization and democracy: Improvement or impediment
    Authors: 劉任竣
    LIU, REN-JUN
    Contributors: 李佳怡
    Lee, Chia-yi
    劉任竣
    LIU, REN-JUN
    Keywords: 貿易全球化
    經濟全球化
    民主倒退
    民主鞏固
    貧富不均
    收入不平等
    民粹主義
    侍從主義
    匈牙利民粹
    Trade globalization
    Economic globalization
    Democratic backsliding
    Democratic consolidation
    Economic inequality
    Income inequality
    Populism
    Clientelism
    Hungarian populism
    Date: 2025
    Issue Date: 2025-09-01 16:17:05 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 近二十年來，全球民主發展趨緩甚至倒退，匈牙利民主倒退、英國脫歐引發的社會分裂與極化，和全球威權主義再起，皆反映此一趨勢。本文旨在探究貿易全球化於此變遷過程中扮演的深層角色。研究以1990–2017年為期，根據數位革命、全球金融危機和新自由秩序的興衰劃分為三個時期，並區分民主與非民主政體進行比較分析。此外，本文使用時間橫斷面跨國數據迴歸分析及中介變數模型，驗證收入不平等、民粹主義與侍從主義等機制，並以KOF Economic Globalization Index (KOFEcGI)全球化指數進行穩健性檢測。

    研究結果指出，僅於2009–2017年間，貿易全球化對民主國家之民主化程度產生統計上顯著的負向影響，而非民主國家未出現類似趨勢。三項中介變數中，民粹主義與侍從主義於該時期民主國家中展現出明確的中介效應。進一步分析亦發現，未達民主鞏固的國家對貿易全球化的脆弱性更高，亦使貧富差距成為具顯著中介效果的變數。本文藉由時期劃分與政體類型交互分析，深化對全球化與民主互動動態之理解，並以匈牙利個案驗證所得不均、民粹動員與侍從主義對民主侵蝕的具體機制，對全球化衝擊下的民主韌性研究提供理論與實證貢獻。
    In the past two decades, democratic development has stagnated or even globally regressed. Phenomena such as democratic backsliding in Hungary, social polarization triggered by Brexit in the UK, and the resurgence of authoritarianism worldwide all illustrate this trend. This thesis aims to explore the deeper role played by trade globalization in this process of democratic change. The research period covers 1990–2017, divided into three distinct phases based on the digital revolution, the global financial crisis and the ascendance and subsequent decline of the Liberal International Order, with comparisons between democratic and non-democratic regimes. Utilizing time-series cross-sectional regression and mediation analysis models, this study examines income inequality, populism, and clientelism as intermediary mechanisms, and conducts robustness checks using the KOF Economic Globalization Index (KOFEcGI).

    Empirical results indicate that only during the period 2009–2017 did trade globalization exert a statistically significant negative impact on democratization in democratic countries, whereas no such effect was observed in non-democratic regimes. Among the three mediating variables, populism and clientelism demonstrated clear mediating effects within democratic nations during this period. Further analysis reveals that countries not yet consolidated in democracy are particularly vulnerable to the negative influences of trade globalization, thereby rendering income inequality a statistically significant mediating variable. By systematically distinguishing between different time periods and regime types, this study clarifies the complex dynamics between globalization and democracy. Additionally, the Hungarian case is employed to illustrate concrete mechanisms through which income inequality, populist mobilization, and clientelism erode democratic institutions. Ultimately, this thesis contributes both theoretically and empirically to understanding democratic resilience under the impacts of globalization.
    Reference: 專書（含專書章節）
    Contucci, P., Omicini, A., Pianini, D., & Sîrbu, A. (2019). The future of digital democracy: An interdisciplinary approach. Cham: Springer.
    Csehi, R. (2021). The politics of populism in Hungary. Routledge.
    Diamond, L. (2022). Democratic regression in comparative perspective: Scope, methods, and causes. In Democratic regressions in Asia(pp. 22-42). Routledge.
    Friedman, T. L. (2000). The Lexus and the olive tree: Understanding globalization. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
    Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. Free Press.
    Geddes, B. (2013). What causes democratization. In R. Goodin(Ed.), The Oxford handbook of political science(online edn). Oxford Academic.
    Haerpfer, C., Bernhagen, P., Inglehart, R. F., & Welzel, C. (2009). Democratization. Oxford University Press.
    Huntington, S. (1991). The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: Univ. Okla. Press
    Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2020). Globalization: What's new? What's not?(And so what?). In Making policy happen(pp. 105-113). Routledge.
    Leon, G., & Wantchekon, L. (2019). Clientelism in decentralized states. Decentralized governance and accountability: Academic research and the future of donor programming, 229-247.
    Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). How democracies die. Crown.
    Neuman, M., Neuman, & Klimowich. (2019). Democracy promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework. Springer International Publishing.
    Pappas, T. S., & Kriesi, H. (2015). Populism and crisis: A fuzzy relationship. European populism in the shadow of the Great Recession, 303-325.
    Rodrik, D. (2011). The globalization paradox: Democracy and the future of the world economy. W. W. Norton & Company.
    Rodrik, D. (2015). The globalization paradox: Democracy and the future of the world economy (2011). The globalization and development reader: Perspectives on development and global change, 417-439.
    Tóth, I. G. (2016). Is Hungary still in search of its middle class?. In Europe's disappearing middle class?(pp. 279-322). Edward Elgar Publishing.

    期刊論文
    Antal, A. (2017). The political theories, preconditions and dangers of the governing populism in Hungary. Politologický časopis-Czech Journal of Political Science, 24(1), 5-20.
    Apollos, M. (2001). Ethnicity, violence and democracy. Africa Development/Afrique et Développement, 26(1/2), 99-144.
    Appel, H., & Orenstein, M. A. (2016). Why did neoliberalism triumph and endure in the post-communist world?. Comparative Politics, 48(3), 313-331.
    Arat, Z. F. (1988). Democracy and economic development: Modernization theory revisited. Comparative Politics, 21(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/422069
    Armingeon, K., & Guthmann, K. (2014). Democracy in crisis? The declining support for national democracy in European countries, 2007–2011. European Journal of Political Research, 53(3), 423-442.
    Árva, L. (2018). Economic and technical factors behind the rise and fall of economic globalization and some consequences in Hungary. A historical perspective. POLGÁRI SZEMLE: GAZDASÁGI ÉS TÁRSADALMI FOLYÓIRAT, 14(Spec.), 275-289.
    Auerbach, K. R., & Kartner, J. (2023). How do political parties capture new democracies? Hungary and North Macedonia in comparison. East European Politics and Societies, 37(2), 538-562.
    Awan, A. G. (2016). Wave of anti-globalization and capitalism and its impact on world economy. Global Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(4), 1-21.
    Bernhard, M. (2021). Democratic backsliding in Poland and Hungary. Slavic Review, 80(3), 585–607. doi:10.1017/slr.2021.145
    Bhagwati, J. (2004). Anti-globalization: Why? Journal of Policy Modeling, 26(4), 439-463.
    Bouchet, N. (2013). The democracy tradition in US foreign policy and the Obama presidency. International Affairs, 89(1), 31-51.
    Brinkman, R. L., & Brinkman, J. E. (2002). Corporate power and the globalization process. International Journal of Social Economics, 29(9), 730-752.
    Carolillo, G., Mastroberardino, P., & Nigro, C. (2013). The 2007 financial crisis: Strategic actors and processes of construction of a concrete system. Journal of Management & Governance, 17, 453-489.
    Carothers, T. (2006). The backlash against democracy promotion. Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/20031911
    Castaldo, A. (2022). External democracy promotion in time of democratic crisis: Linkage, leverage, and domestic actors’ diversionary behaviours. East European Politics and Societies, 36(1), 96-117.
    Chang, C. P., & Lee, C. C. (2010). Globalization and economic growth: A political economy analysis for OECD countries. Global Economic Review, 39(2), 151-173.
    Crenshaw, M. (2000). Democracy, commitment problems and managing ethnic violence: The Case of India and Sri Lanka. Terrorism and Political Violence, 12(3-4), 135-159.
    Csehi, R., & Zgut, E. (2021). ‘We won’t let Brussels dictate us’: Eurosceptic populism in Hungary and Poland. European Politics and Society, 22(1), 53-68.
    Destek, M. A. (2018). Dimensions of globalization and income inequality in transition economies: Taking into account cross-sectional dependence. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 9(2), 5-25.
    Diskin, A., Diskin, H., & Hazan, R. Y. (2005). Why democracies collapse: The reasons for democratic failure and success. International Political Science Review, 26(3), 291-309.
    Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of　globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
    Drezner, D. W. (2004). The global governance of the Internet: Bringing the state back in. Political Science Quarterly, 119(3), 477–498. https://doi.org/10.2307/20202392
    Drezner, D. W., & McNamara, K. R. (2013). International political economy, Global financial orders and the 2008 financial crisis. Perspectives on Politics, 11(1), 155-166.
    Dudley, D. (2020). European Union Membership Conditionality: the Copenhagen Criteria and the quality of democracy. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 20(4), 525–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2020.1805889
    Ekiert, G. (2015). Three generations of research on Post Communist Politics—a Sketch. East European Politics and Societies, 29(2), 323-337.
    Esposito, J. L., & Piscatori, J. P. (1991). Democratization and Islam. Middle East Journal, 45(3), 427-440.
    Finkel, S. E., Pérez-Liñán, A., & Seligson, M. A. (2007). The effects of US foreign assistance on democracy building, 1990–2003. World Politics, 59(3), 404-439.
    Fowler, M. W. (2015). A brief survey of democracy promotion in US foreign policy. Democracy and Security, 11(3), 227–247. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48602372
    Frantz, E., Kendall-Taylor, A., Nietsche, C., & Wright, J. (2021). How personalist politics is changing democracies. Journal of Democracy, 32(3), 94-108.
    Froman, M. B. G. (March 25, 2025). China has already remade the International system. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/economics-china-international-system-tariffs-michael-froman
    Gafuri, A. (2022). Can democracy aid improve democracy? The European Union’s democracy assistance 2002–2018. Democratization, 29(5), 777-797.
    Georgantopoulos, A. G., & Tsamis, A. (2011). The impact of globalization on income distribution: the case of Hungary. Research Journal of International Studies,(21).
    Gherghina, S., & Volintiru, C. (2023). Budgetary clientelism and decentralization in Hungary and Romania. Journal of Developing Societies, 39(1), 40-62.
    Gisselquist, R. M., Niño-Zarazúa, M., & Sen, K. (2024). Clientelist politics and development. World Development, 178, 106601.
    Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. (2021). The anatomy of democratic backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 32(4), 27-41.
    Hockenos, P. (2024, December 6). Hungary’s Viktor Orbán is shifting from democracy to dictatorship—and the EU is watching. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/12/06/hungary-viktor-orban-democracy-dictatorship-illiberalism-eu/
    Houle, C. (2009). Inequality and democracy: Why inequality harms consolidation but does not affect democratization. World Politics, 61(4), 589-622.
    Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The end of Liberal International Order? International Affairs, 94(1), 7-23.
    Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How development leads to democracy: What we know about modernization. Foreign Affairs, 33-48.
    Janse, R. (2019). Is the European Commission a credible guardian of the values? A revisionist account of the Copenhagen Political Criteria during the Big Bang Enlargement. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 17(1), 43-65.
    Jenkins, H., & Thorburn, D. (2003). Introduction: The digital revolution, the informed citizen, and the culture of democracy.. Democracy and New Media, 1(17).
    Kimmage, M. (February 25, 2025). The world Trump wants. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/world-trump-wants-michael-kimmage
    Lendvai‐Bainton, N., & Szelewa, D. (2021). Governing new authoritarianism: Populism, nationalism and radical welfare reforms in Hungary and Poland. Social Policy & Administration, 55(4), 559-572.
    Li, Q., & Reuveny, R. (2003). Economic globalization and democracy: An empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 33(1), 29-54.
    Libman, A., & Obydenkova, A. V. (2018). Understanding authoritarian regionalism. Journal of Democracy, 29(4), 151-165.
    Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy1. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.
    Liu, Y., Su, Y. S., & Wu, W. (2023). How modernization theory has stumbled in China: A political interception perspective. Democratization, 30(2), 302-324.
    Mansfield, E. D., & Rudra, N. (2021). Embedded liberalism in the Digital Era. International Organization, 75(2), 558-585.
    Mares, I., & Young, L. (2019). Varieties of clientelism in Hungarian elections. Comparative Politics, 51(3), 449-480.
    Mares, I., & Young, L. E. (2018). The core Voter’s Curse: Clientelistic threats and promises in Hungarian elections. Comparative Political Studies, 51(11), 1441-1471.
    Markowski, R. (2019). Creating authoritarian clientelism: Poland after 2015. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 11, 111-132.
    Mavrogordatos, G. T. (1997). From traditional clientelism to machine politics: The impact of PASOK populism in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 2(3), 1-26.
    Mazzucato, M. (February 25, 2025). The broken economic order. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/south-africa/broken-economic-order-mariana-mazzucato
    Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to fail: The rise and fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50.
    Meernik, J. (1996). United States military intervention and the promotion of democracy. Journal of Peace Research, 33(4), 391-402.
    Milner, H. V. (2021). Is Global Capitalism compatible with democracy? Inequality, insecurity, and interdependence. International Studies Quarterly, 65(4), 1097-1110.
    Mouzelis, N. (1985). On the concept of populism: Populist and clientelist modes of incorporation in semiperipheral polities. Politics & Society, 14(3), 329-348.
    Munck, G. L. (2016). What is democracy? A reconceptualization of the quality of democracy. Democratization, 23(1), 1-26.
    Myant, M., & Drahokoupil, J. (2013). Transition economies after the crisis of 2008: Actors and policies. Europe-Asia Studies, 65(3), 373-382.
    Nádasi, L., & Trón, Z. (2023). How decisive are the Copenhagen Criteria for EU Enlargement?. Európai Tükör, 26(2), 49-71.
    Nayyar, D. (2015). Globalization and democracy. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 35, 388-402.
    Or, N. H., & Aranda‐Jan, A. C. (2017). The dynamic role of state and nonstate actors: Governance after global financial crisis. Policy Studies Journal, 45(S1), S67-S81.
    Posner, E. A., & Vermeule, A. (2009). Crisis governance in the administrative state: 9/11 and the financial meltdown of 2008. The University of Chicago Law Review, 76, 1613.
    Przeworski, A., & Limongi, F. (1997). Modernization: Theories and facts. World Politics, 49(2), 155-183.
    Przybylski, W. (2018). Explaining Eastern Europe: Can Poland's backsliding be stopped?. Journal of Democracy, 29(3), 52-64.
    Rahman, H., Islam, M. S., & Gounjaria, N. (2024). State and politics in the transitional Era of Globalization: Twisting and turning toward authoritarian and hybrid regimes. Politics & Policy, 52(3), 692-707.
    Reilly, D. A. (2014). Globalization and authoritarian strategies: Diffusing ideas of dictatorship and democracy. Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 15, 23.
    Roach, B. (2007). Corporate power in a global economy. Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, 1-36.
    Ross, M. L. (2001). Does oil hinder democracy?. World Politics, 53(3), 325-361.
    Rudra, N. (2005). Globalization and the strengthening of democracy in the developing world. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 704-730.
    Samuels, D. J. (2023). The international context of democratic backsliding: Rethinking the role of Third Wave “Prodemocracy” global actors. Perspectives on Politics, 21(3), 1001–1012. doi:10.1017/S1537592722003334
    Savun, B., & Tirone, D. C. (2011). Foreign aid, democratization, and civil conflict: How does democracy aid affect civil conflict?. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 233-246.
    Schedler, A. (1998). What is democratic consolidation?. Journal of Democracy, 9(2), 91-107.
    Schedler, A. (2001). Measuring democratic consolidation. Studies in Comparative International Development, 36(1), 66-92.
    Schmitter, P. C., & Santiso, J. (1998). Three temporal dimensions to the consolidation of democracy. International Political Science Review, 19(1), 69-92.
    Schneider, C. Q., & Schmitter, P. C. (2004). Liberalization, Transition and consolidation: Measuring the components of democratization. Democratization, 11(5), 59-90.
    Scholte, J. A. (1997). Global capitalism and the state. International Affairs, 73(3), 427-452.
    Scott, J. M., & Steele, C. A. (2011). Sponsoring democracy: The United States and democracy aid to the developing world, 1988–2001. International Studies Quarterly, 55(1), 47-69.
    Shafiee, S. M., & Bagheri, D. A. (2022). Covid-19, Globalization and strengthening authoritarianism in the Middle East. Journal of Globalization Studies, 13(1), 135-157.
    Slaughter, M. J., & Wessel, D. (April 22, 2025). Productivity is everything: Why economic policy misses what really matters. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/productivity-everything
    Smith, B. (2004). Oil wealth and regime survival in the developing world, 1960–1999. American Journal of Political Science, 48(2), 232-246.
    Szewczyk, B. M. (2019). Europe and the Liberal Order. Survival, 61(2), 33-52.
    Tilly, C. (2000). Processes and mechanisms of democratization. Sociological Theory, 18(1), 1-16.
    Urbinati, N. (2019). Political theory of populism. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 111-127.
    Vasvárii, T. (2022). Beneficiaries and cost bearers: Evidence on political clientelism from Hungary. Local Government Studies, 48(1), 150-177.
    Warden, A. (2004). A brief history of the anti-globalization movement. University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review, 12, 237.
    Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics, 1-22.
    Williamson, J. (2009). A short history of the Washington Consensus. Law and Business Review of the Americas, 15, 7.
    Yazdi, M. V. (2021). The digital revolution and the demise of democracy. Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, 23, 61.

    網路資料
    The White House. (2023, March 29). Fact sheet: The Biden-Harris administration's abiding commitment to democratic renewal at home and abroad. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/29/fact-sheet-the-biden-harris-administrations-abiding-commitment-to-democratic-renewal-at-home-and-abroad/
    UCL News. (2020, June 10). Blame for Parliament over Brexit left scars on British Politics. University College London. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/jun/blame-parliament-over-brexit-left-scars-british-politics

    資料庫/使用手冊
    Brown, D., & James, P. (2019, February 10). Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project - Demographics v. 2.0(RCS-Dem 2.0), COUNTRIES ONLY. The Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved from https://www.thearda.com/data-archive?fid=RCSDEM2
    Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., ... & Wilson, S. (2025). *V-Dem [Country–Year] Dataset v15* [Data set]. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/
    Graham, B. A. T., & Tucker, J. R. (2016). The International Political Economy Data Resource. Harvard Dataverse, V5. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/X093TV
    Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). *KOF Globalisation Index* [Data set]. KOF Swiss Economic Institute. https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
    Marshall, M. G. (2018). Major Episodes of Political Violence(MEPV) and Conflict Regions, 1946-2018. Center for Systemic Peace. Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD). (2023). Creditor Reporting System(CRS). OECD.Stat. Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://stats.oecd.org/
    World Bank.　(2020). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator
    World Inequality Lab. (2024). World Inequality Database. https://wid.world/

    官方文件
    European Commission. (2020). Commission staff working document: Evaluation of Regulation(EC) No 1222/2009 on the labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters. (SWD/2020/516 final). EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52020SC0516
    National Intelligence Council(US)(Ed.). (2012). Global trends 2040: A more contested world. A publication of the National Intelligence Council. US Government Printing Office.

    工作/政策文件
    Brinkerhoff, D. W., & Goldsmith, A. A. (2002). Clientelism, patrimonialism and democratic governance: An overview and framework for assessment and programming. US Agency for International Development Office of Democracy and Governance, 1, 49.
    Eötvös Károly Institute, Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, & Hungarian Helsinki Committee. (2015). Analysis of the performance of Hungary’s “one-party elected” Constitutional Court judges between 2011 and 2014: Executive Summary. https://helsinki.hu/wp-content/uploads/EKINT-HCLU-HHC_Analysing_CC_judges_performances_2015.pdf
    Finkel, S. E., Pérez-Liñán, A., Belasco, C., & Neureiter, M. (2018). Effects Of US foreign assistance on democracy building report on phase III activities. Chicago: University of Chicago.
    Hackenesch, C., Leininger, J., & Mross, K. (2020). What the EU should do for democracy support in Africa: Ten proposals for a new strategic initiative in times of polarisation (Discussion Paper No. 14/2020). German Institute of Development and Sustainability.
    Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Schneider, C. J. (2023). The International Liberal Foundations of democratic backsliding. UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation.
    Lucarelli, S. (2018). The EU and the crisis of Liberal Order: At home and abroad. GLOBUS research paper, 12.
    Poppe, A. E., Richter, S., & Wolff, J. (2018). Democracy promotion in the 21st century. PRIF report. Democracy Promotion in Times of Uncertainty. Trends and Challenges. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute FrankfurtLeibniz Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedensund Konfliktforschung.

    研討會/會議論文
    Gelanyi, I., Németh, A. O., & Varga, E. T. (2020). Income inequality in Hungary. International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, (pp.116-121).
    Higashijima, M. (2012, August). Multiethnic autocracy under economic globalization: Theory and evidence from developing countries. In American Society for Public Administration Annual Meeting 2012 Annual Meeting Paper.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    111253008
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111253008
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    300801.pdf3430KbAdobe PDF0View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback