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| Title: | 人工智慧醫療之法治
Legal System of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare |
| Authors: | 游欣潔
Yu, Hsin-Chieh |
| Contributors: | 詹鎮榮
Chan, Chen-Jung
游欣潔
Yu, Hsin-Chieh |
| Keywords: | 人工智慧
醫療
法治
行政監理
產業政策
Artificial Intelligence
Healthcare
Legal Governance
Administrative Regulation
Industrial Policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-09-01 16:22:39 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 人工智慧醫療結合資通訊與醫療領域，為具高價值及發展潛力產業，全球多國投入政府資源重點扶植，亦促進國際法治革新，惟我國產業尚處技術導入期、國際競爭力待加強、且法治架構尚須重整。本研究分析人工智慧醫療法治國際趨勢與我國現況，運用行政法及立法學思維探討法治架構選擇及監理措施設計並建議法治革新。
回顧發展歷史、現況與趨勢，人工智慧醫療持續提高自主化程度、深化臨床應用並多元發展，專利分析顯示國際競爭現況以美國、日本、中國具全球主要優勢，人工智慧醫療法治面臨多重挑戰，包含安全、倫理、個資、法律、信賴之風險及爭議，凸顯傳統法規範難應對人工智慧醫療的跨領域複雜性。
盤點人工智慧醫療法治國際趨勢，目前全球有25個政治主權實體設有人工智慧醫療法治，包含大陸法系、普通法系、混合法系、宗教法系及社會主義法系之國家。歐盟延續醫療器材風險分級制度，透過《歐盟人工智慧法案》、《歐洲健康資料空間法案》、《歐盟一般資料保護規則》及《歐盟醫療器材法規》等多層次協同監理。美國依現有醫療器材法規、產業內部法遵內控與技術指引，採高彈性管理、鼓勵創新。其他國家在法系文化、醫療體系、數位治理之法治架構下，參考歐盟與美國法治並結合國家計畫、倫理指引、監理沙盒、公私協力等多元行政措施，設計本土法治。
爬梳我國現行人工智慧醫療之法治分為三面向：研發管制、商品化管制、應用管制，我國法治呈現碎片化管理、疊床架屋、監理斷層的混亂狀態，故有必要重整。
比較國際趨勢與我國法治，建議我國勿急於追隨歐盟專法立法，應優先調和現有法律衝突，採短期沙盒、中期軟法監理，長期精緻立法的漸進模式，我國應採磁懸浮式管理、促進產業創新發展、衡平各方權益、及積極參與國際標準制定。
本研究特色在於彙整大量國內外原始資料、發現真實、分析討論，意外發現我國並非無法律可管理人工智慧醫療、而是有待重整，並提出洞見與建議。
Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare synergizes Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and medical fields. With outstanding market value and potential in industry, numerous nations have invested significant governmental resources in development, concurrently fostering international legal reform. However, AI in healthcare in Taiwan remains in technological introduction phase of life cycle. With insufficient competitiveness in global trends, enhancement of legal framework in Taiwan is necessary. This research analyzes the international trends and status quo in Taiwan. Regarding administrative law and legislative methodology, discussions of legal framework and design of regulatory measures are conducted in this study, followed by recommendations of renovation in legal system.
By reviewing historical development, status quo, and global trends, technical autonomy, clinical application and development diversity of AI in healthcare have been continuously enhanced. By patent analysis, the United States, Japan, and China are the primary global pioneers. The legal system of AI in healthcare faces multiple challenges, encompassing risks and controversies related to risks in safety, ethics, personal data, legal liability, and trust. Therefore, the interdisciplinary complexities of AI in healthcare address obstacles to traditional legal system.
Considering international trends in legal system of AI in healthcare, there are 25 sovereign political entities possessing legal frameworks, including nations practicing legal culture in Civil Law, Common Law, Mixed Legal, Religious Law, and Socialist Law. The European Union (EU) has implemented a multi-layered collaborative regulatory mechanism through the EU AI Act, European Health Data Space Act (EHDS), EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR), with fundamental ground of risk classification in medical device. Conversely, the United States adopts a highly flexible management approach to encourage innovation. It primarily relies on existing medical device regulations, industrial internal compliance, and technical guidelines. Based on existing legal culture, healthcare system, and digital governance framework, most other countries integrate local legal regimes with EU and US legal models by various administrative measures, such as national plan with abundant incentives, ethical guidelines, regulatory sandboxes, and public-private partnerships (PPP).
Current legal system of AI in healthcare in Taiwan is categorized into three dimensions, regulations in R&D stage, commercialization, and application. However, fragmented management, overlapping and redundant structure, and regulatory gaps are discovered in this study. Consequently, reorganization of legal system of AI in healthcare in Taiwan is imperative.
Comparing international trends with status quo in Taiwan, this study recommends priority of reconciliation of legal conflicts rather than hastily enacting AI law, under influence by EU AI Act. The gradual approach consisting of short-term regulatory sandboxes, mid-term soft law regulation, and long-term refined legislation is proposed. Administrative regulatory, composed by management model mimic magnetic levitation, encouragement of industrial innovation, balance of benefits of stakeholders, and active participation in international standardization, .is highly advocated.
A distinctive contribution of this research depends on compilation of extensive domestic and international primary data, discoveries of the truth in status quo, and insights. The unexpected revelation of this study disagrees with claims of shortage in legal tools for management, but indicates demands on rehabilitation of legal system of AI in healthcare in Taiwan. |
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台灣人工智慧行動網，〈AI的風險、監管與治理〉，2024年5月8日，載於：https://ai.iias.sinica.edu.tw/path-to-beautiful-new-world-minutes/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
台灣網路講堂：TWNIC，〈AI醫療與個資隱私是兩難課題〉，2023，載於：https://blog.twnic.tw/2023/08/01/27768/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
自然語言處理在智慧醫院的應用，中國醫藥大學研究發展處，載於：https://cmurdc.cmu.edu.tw/epaper/detail.php?epaperno=98&class=G&id=409(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
李郁強，〈人工智慧醫療器材之法制初探〉，2022，載於：https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=223217(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
林士灝，〈隱私強化技術釋放智慧醫療的開發能量〉，《DIGITIMES》，2023，載於：https://www.digitimes.com.tw/nchc_islandlights/trust/6-2.html(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
科技、民主與社會研究中心，〈面對人工智慧醫療器材的興起，台灣該注意什麼?〉，2024，載於：https://dset.tw/research/00019/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
高雄榮總，〈人工智慧用在急診醫療會面臨到哪些倫理的問題?〉，2023，載於：https://wwwfs.vghks.gov.tw/001/VghksUploadFiles/273/relfile/13805/127500/6%E6%9C%88%E9%86%AB%E8%A8%8A_p4-5.pdf(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
國立成功大學醫學院附設醫院，〈AI軟體醫材臨床試驗作業標準書〉，2025年1月1日，頁1-42，載於：http://caie.hosp.ncku.edu.tw/p/450-1111-267517,c0.php?Lang=zh-tw(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
陳昱安，〈人工智慧醫療器材該如何監管？以美國經驗為例〉，科技、民主與社會研究中心，2024年4月19日，載於：https://dset.tw/research/00010/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
資訊工業策進會，〈世界衛生組織公布「人工智慧於健康領域之倫理與治理」指引〉，2021年8月，載於：https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?no=64&tp=1&d=8712(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
資訊工業策進會科技法律研究所，〈醫療與健康資料創新應用法制研析〉，2022年6月，載於：https://stli.iii.org.tw/article-detail.aspx?no=16&tp=1&d=8841(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
臺大醫院倫理中心，〈智慧醫療與資料科學研究倫理與法律紀要(上)〉，台大醫院，2024年6月，載於：https://www.ntuh.gov.tw/RECO/FormData!detail.action?af=149809(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
臺大醫院倫理中心，〈智慧醫療與資料科學研究倫理與法律紀要(下)〉，台大醫院，2024年6月，載於：https://www.ntuh.gov.tw/RECO/FormData!detail.action?af=152636(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
簡體中文文獻
簡體中文官方出版法律條文或判決等政府資料：
法治中國建設規劃(2020-2025年)。
中華人民共和國立法法。
中華人民共和國網絡安全法。
中華人民共和國電子商務法。
中華人民共和國電子簽名法。
中華人民共和國數據安全法。
中華人民共和國個人信息保護法。
中華人民共和國反電信詐騙法。
广州互联网法院(2024)粤0192 民初113 号民事判决书。
北京互联网法院(2023)京0491 民初12142 号民事判决书。
上海市人民政府，〈上海市生成式人工智慧治理框架(试行)〉，載於：https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/hqcyfz2/20240301/45324767b1de4bc198fa44c4554596c1.html(last visited: 2025-07-11)
上海国际问题研究院国际传播中心，〈建构人工智慧发展的国际规则──趋势、领域与中国角色〉，載於：https://www.siis.org.cn/updates/cms/cms/202310/2420483303w4.pdf(最后浏览日：2025-06-30)。
中央网信办(CAC)，〈生成式人工智慧服务管理暂行办法〉，載於：https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中央网信办，〈国家网络空间安全战略〉，載於：https://www.cac.gov.cn/2019-12/20/c_1578375159509309.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中共中央网信办(CAC)，官方网站，載於：http://www.cac.gov.cn(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府(The State Council of the People's Republic of China)，官方网站，載於：https://www.gov.cn(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈人工智慧+行动方案〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202307/content_6891752.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈人工智慧伦理治理行动纲要(2024–2030年)〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202310/content_6908045.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈人工智慧医疗系统适配性标准体系框架(2025年版)〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202504/content_7018132.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈关于印发新一代人工智慧发展规划的通知〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-03/18/content_5593739.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈国务院办公厅关于印发“健康中国2030”规划纲要的通知〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-11/07/content_5129723.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈国务院办公厅印发关于支持人工智慧产业发展的若干政策措施的通知〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/20/content_5632486.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈国务院关于印发国家科技创新规划纲要(2016–2020年)的通知〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈国务院关于促进“互联网+医疗健康”发展的意见〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/content_5443931.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈国务院关于促进人工智慧与实体经济深度融合的指导意见〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈国务院印发“十四五”国家信息化规划〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-06/11/content_5616919.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国中央人民政府，〈智慧医疗数据资源整合与应用实施方案(2025年版)〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202504/content_7019915.htm(last visited: 2025-07-11)
中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会(NHC)，官方网站，載於：http://www.nhc.gov.cn(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会，〈医疗机构信息化标准体系建设指南(试行)〉，載於：https://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/c100068/202203/2072f0e8988249e59d942e1b2a933916.shtml(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中华人民共和国科学技术部，〈人工智慧基础规范指南(征求意见稿)〉，載於：https://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/202109/t20210926_177063.html(last visited: 2025-07-11)
中国全国人民代表大会(National People's Assembly of China)，中华人民共和国民法典(2020)介绍页，載於：http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202001/t20200109_304626.html(最后访问时间：2025-07-11)。
中国全国人民代表大会(National People's Congress of China)，中华人民共和国民法典(2020)介绍页，載於：http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202001/t20200109_304626.html(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中国国务院，〈中国基本医疗保险覆盖面稳定〉，載於：https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/statistics/202403/25/content_WS66015b30c6d0868f4e8e56f9.html。（最后访问时间：2025-07-11）。
中国国务院，中共中央国务院印发〈数字中国建设整体布局规划〉，載於：https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2023-02/27/content_5743484.htm（最后访问时间：2025-07-11）。
中国国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)，官方网站，載於：https://www.nmpa.gov.cn(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
中国国家药监局(NMPA)，〈关于发布人工智慧医疗器械创新指导原则的通知〉，載於：https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/fgwj/gzwj/gzwjyp/20220324165221131.html(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
全国人民代表大会(National People’s Congress of China)，官方网站，載於：https://www.npc.gov.cn(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
国家临床试验登记与信息公示平台，〈关于人工智慧医疗软体申报注意事项的公告〉，載於：https://www.cncsdr.org/ggtz/ggzz/202203/t20220311_304188.html(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
国家标准化管理委员会、中央网信办、国家发展改革委、科技部、工业和信息化部, 〈人工智能医疗行业标准体系建设指南〉， 載於：https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202407/P020240702716282797987.pdf(last visited: 2025-07-11)
国家药监局，〈人工智慧类医疗器械产品注册审查要点〉，載於：https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/ylqx/ylqxggtg/20210708111147171.html?type=pc&m=(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
簡體中文網路資源
吳世忠，科學網，「AI时代下，医疗领域数据安全问题不容忽视」，2024年12月17日，載於：https://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2024/12/382456.shtm(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
日文文獻
日文期刊論文
井上悠輔，「医療におけるAI関連技術の利活用に伴う倫理的・法的・社会的課題の研究」，《医療情報学》第41期第2冊，第56-57頁(2021年)。
尾崎愛美，「犯罪捜査における情報技術の利用とその規律」，《日本刑法学会刑法ジャーナル》，有斐閣第63卷第2號，第251-263頁(2024年)。
松尾剛行，「健康医療分野におけるAIの民刑事責任に関する検討」，《Law & Practice》第13期，第151-181頁(2019年)。
星周一郎，「サイバー犯罪の現在」，《刑法ジャーナル》vol.83，第4-9頁(2025年)。
Ben GOERTZEL，「汎用人工知能概観」，《人工知能》第29卷第3號，第230頁(2014年)。
日文線上資源
人工知能関連技術の研究開発及び活用の推進に関する法律, Bill on the Promotion of Research, Development, and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-Related Technologies, available at: https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/houan/215.html (last visited 2025-07-11)
内閣府(Cabinet Office), available at: https://www.cao.go.jp/ (last visited 2025-07-11)
内閣府, AI戦略2022(AI Strategy 2022), available at: https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/aistratagy2022en.pdf (last visited 2025-07-11)
日本国憲法, Constitution of Japan, available at: https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/shiryo/dl-constitution.htm(last visited 2025-07-11)
日本特許廳，「画像診断機器におけるAIの応用」(2020)，載於：https://www.jpo.go.jp/resources/report/gidou-houkoku/tokkyo/document/index/needs_2020_ai.pdf(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
次世代医療基盤法, Next-Generation Medical Infrastructure Act, available at: https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=429AC0000000016 (last visited 2025-07-11)
医師法, Medical Practitioners Act, available at: https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=323AC0000000201 (last visited 2025-07-11)
医療における人工知能の公平性：レビューと提言，載於：https://med-ai.jp/paper/fairness-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-review-and-recommendations.html(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
医薬品、医療機器等の品質、有効性及び安全性の確保等に関する法律, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act , PMD Act, available at: https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=335AC0000000145
医薬品医療機器総合機構, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), available at: https://www.pmda.go.jp/ (last visited 2025-07-11)
厚生労働省, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare , MHLW, available at: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/ (last visited 2025-07-11)
厚生労働省, 我が国の医療保険制度, available at: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/0000188411.html (last visited 2025-07-11)
産業技術総合研究所，「医療AIとは？」(2022)，載於：https://www.aist.go.jp/aist_j/magazine/20220525.html(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
経済産業省, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, METI, available at: https://www.meti.go.jp/ (last visited 2025-07-11)
総務省, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, MIC, available at: https://www.soumu.go.jp/ (last visited 2025-07-11)
藤田卓仙，〈個人情報保護法改正と国際的ガバナンスの進展 ―AI時代の医療データ利活用と同意規制の見直し〉，東京財団政策研究所(2025)，載於：https://www.tkfd.or.jp/research/detail.php?id=4666(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
AI事業者ガイドライン, AI Guidelines for Business , available at: https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2024/01/20240119001/20240119001.html (last visited 2025-07-11)
Daily Life AI，「医療AIと個人情報保護：患者のプライバシーを守るための具体策」，載於：https://daily-life-ai.com/86/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
EUMAG，「EUのAI法について教えてください」(2024)，載於：https://eumag.jp/article/qa1224b/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
Hakky Handbook，「医療AIの責任とは？倫理的課題と活用法を解説」(2025)，載於：https://book.st-hakky.com/industry/introduction-of-ai-in-medical-field/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
IBM，「AIの透明性とは」(2024)，載於：https://www.ibm.com/jp-ja/think/topics/ai-transparency(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
IDnet，「AI規制の未来を探る ～国際比較で見る現状とその進化」(2025)，載於：https://www.idnet.co.jp/column/page_389.html(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
Shaip，「医療における構造化データと非構造化データの謎を解明」(2024)，載於：https://ja.shaip.com/blog/demystifying-structured-and-unstructured-data-in-healthcare/(最後瀏覽日：2025-06-03)。
英文及其他外文文獻
英文書籍專論
Sara Gerke, Timo Minssen, Glenn Cohen(2020), Chapter 12 - Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare, in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, 295-336. (MA: Academic Press).
英文期刊論文
Jana Fehr et al.,“A trustworthy AI reality-check: the lack of transparency of artificial intelligence medical devices,” Frontiers in Medicine, 2024.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Balancing Innovation, Ethics, and Human Rights Protection, Digital Law Journal, 2025.
Avraham Steinberg , “Risky Treatments: A Jewish Medical Ethics Perspective”, Rambam Maimonides Med Ji., 2015.
Clara Cestonaro et al.,“Defining medical liability when artificial intelligence is applied on diagnosis and treatment,” Front Med (Lausanne)., 2023.
Matthew G. Hanna et al.,“Ethical and Bias Considerations in Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in Pathology and Medicine,” ScienceDirect, 2025.
Gille, M., Tropmann-Frick, M., & Schomacker, T., “Balancing public interest, fundamental rights, and innovation: The EU’s governance model for non-high-risk AI systems,” Internet Policy Review, 2024.
Jessica Morley et al., “Governing Data and Artificial Intelligence for Health Care,” JMIR Form Res., 2022.
Kraus, M., et al., "Finding Consensus on Trust in AI in Health Care," Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2025.
Yuehua Liu et al., “Regulatory responses and approval status of artificial intelligence-enabled medical devices,” Nature Digital Medicine, 2024.
Julián N. Acosta et al., "Multimodal biomedical AI," Nature Medicine, 2022.
Sharma, A., et al., “Legal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare,” Frontiers in Surgery, 2022.
Smith, A., & Jones, B., "Impact of Neural Networks on Medical Diagnostic Devices," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2022.
Surbek, K. et al., "Forecasting Artificial Intelligence Trends in Health Care: Systematic Patent Analysis," JMIR AI, 2023.
英文及其他外文官方出版法律條文或判決等政府資料
Abu Dhabi Department of Health AI Policy (2018), available at: https://www.doh.gov.ae/en/news/the-department-of-health-becomes-region (last visited 2025-07-11)。
Administrative Orders and Policy Guidelines, available at: https://www.vaticanstate.va/en/state-and-government/state-and-government.html (last visited 2025-07-11)。
Agence du Numérique en Santé (ANS), Official website, available at: https://esante.gouv.fr/(last visited: 2025-07-11)
Agency for Digital Government (Denmark), Ny digitaliseringsstrategi for 2024–2027, available at: https://digst.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2023/november/ny-digitaliseringsstrategi-for-2024-2027/(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
Agency for Digital Government (Denmark), Nye guides til ansvarlig anvendelse af generativ kunstig intelligens,2024, available at: https://digst.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2024/januar/nye-guides-til-ansvarlig-anvendelse-af-generativ-kunstig-intelligens/(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
Agency for Digital Government (Denmark), Official website, available at: https://en.digst.dk(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
Agency for Digital Government (Denmark), The Danish National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, available at: https://en.digst.dk/strategy/the-danish-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence/(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
AI Airlock Regulatory Sandbox, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-airlock-regulatory-sandbox (last visited 2025-07-11)。
AI and Digital Regulations Service, available at: https://www.digitalregulations.innovation.nhs.uk (last visited 2025-07-11)。
AI Committee, available at: https://www.mcit.gov.qa/en/initiatives/ai-strategy (last visited 2025-07-11)。
AI Ethics in Russia, Medical Ethics Guidelines for AI, available at: https://ethics.a-ai.ru/ethics-of-medicine/(last visited: 2025-07-11)。
AI Ethics Principles, available at: https://sdaia.gov.sa/ (last visited 2025-07-11)。
AI Finland, Official website, available at: https://aifinland.fi/en/front-page/(last visited: 2025-07-11)
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
107961059 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107961059 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文
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