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| Title: | 地緣政治視角下帝俄與蘇聯之鐵路與國防 A Geopolitical Perspective on Tsarist Russian and Soviet Railways and National Defense |
| Authors: | 陳立 Chen, Li |
| Contributors: | 林永芳 Lin, Yung-Fang 陳立 Chen, Li |
| Keywords: | 帝俄 蘇聯 鐵路政策 地緣政治 國防 Tsarist Russia Soviet Union Railway Policy Geopolitics National Defense |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-11-03 14:40:13 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 自現代鐵路引進俄羅斯,該新式運輸工具便成了連接領土、強化地區聯繫的重要要素。無論是帝俄時期還是蘇聯時期,鐵路網的建設及發展都深受地緣政治及國防戰略考量,目的在於鞏固國家霸權、獲取資源及應對外部威脅。儘管兩者在政治體制、意識形態、國家戰略和國際環境上存在顯著差異,但對鐵路戰略價值的重視卻有共同之處。 帝俄的鐵路發展可分為三個階段,初期為尼古拉一世時期的初步採用階段,鐵路被視為軍事調度的重要工具,並採用與西歐不同的寬軌以防禦入侵。在第一次世界大戰中,寬軌鐵路有助於防禦,但由於軌距差異,在進攻中處於劣勢。克里米亞戰爭的失敗促使亞歷山大二世擴建了鐵路網,以連接重要戰略要地,由此進入了第一次建設高潮期。到了亞歷山大三世和尼古拉二世統治時期,鐵路的建設重點轉向遠東,西伯利亞鐵路的修建旨在應對外部威脅,但在日俄戰爭期間暴露出鐵路質量問題。中東鐵路也在遠東戰略布局中產生重要影響,是帝俄佔領滿州不可或缺的運輸工具。 蘇聯時期,鐵路在國防和經濟發展中扮演了關鍵角色。十月革命後,蘇聯迅速將鐵路國有化,並在內戰中利用鐵道兵和工人修復路線,支持軍事運輸。史達林時期,蘇聯通過五年計畫重點開發西伯利亞的礦產資源,建設多條鐵路支線以促進工業和農業運輸,特別是突西鐵路在二戰中協助工業設施東撤。冷戰期間,面對潛在威脅,蘇聯修建貝加爾-阿穆爾主幹線(貝阿鐵路),以增加戰略縱深和運輸能力,鞏固其遠東的戰略地位。 本研究發現,帝俄與蘇聯在鐵路政策和國防意涵上存在顯著差異:帝俄允許私有化和外國投資,導致品質不一,而蘇聯則全面國有化,實現高效戰爭動員和工業遷移,但政策僵化。帝俄缺乏系統性鐵路教育,蘇聯則大力培育鐵路人才,提高運輸效率。帝俄的鐵路戰略集中於歐洲地區的軍事控制,蘇聯則重視遠離前線的工業基地開發和遠東地區的戰略聯繫。俄羅斯寬軌在一戰中是障礙,但在二戰中成為蘇聯防禦的優勢。總體而言,鐵路始終是俄羅斯國家戰略的核心基礎設施,緊密圍繞地緣政治和國防安全需求。 Since its invention, the railway has been vital in Russia for connecting territories and supporting integration. Both the Imperial and Soviet eras prioritized railway development for geopolitical and defense purposes, despite differences in politics and ideology, highlighting its strategic importance. The development of railways in Imperial Russia occurred in three stages. Under Nicholas I, railways were used for military logistics, employing a broad gauge to prevent invasions. In World War I, the broad gauge aided defense but was a disadvantage in offensives due to gauge differences. Alexander II expanded the network after the Crimean War to connect strategic areas. During the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II, focus shifted to the Far East with the Trans-Siberian Railway, addressing external threats but revealing quality issues during the Russo-Japanese War. The Chinese Eastern Railway also had a significant impact on strategic planning in the Far East and was a transportation tool for Imperial Russia's occupation of Manchuria. During the Soviet era, railways played a crucial role in national defense and economic development. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union quickly nationalized the railways and utilized railway troops and workers to repair lines during the Civil War to support military transport. During Stalin's era, the Soviet Union focused on developing Siberia's mineral resources through the Five-Year Plans, constructing multiple railway branches to facilitate industrial and agricultural transport. Notably, the Turksib Railway assisted in the eastward relocation of industrial facilities during World War II. During the Cold War, facing potential threats, the Soviet Union built the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) to increase strategic depth and transport capacity, solidifying its strategic position in the Far East. This research found that Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union had distinct railway policies and defense strategies. Imperial Russia allowed privatization and foreign investment, resulting in inconsistent quality, while the Soviet Union's nationalization led to efficient war mobilization and industrial relocation, despite rigid policies. The Soviet Union invested in railway education, enhancing transport efficiency, unlike Imperial Russia. Strategically, Imperial Russia focused on military control in Europe, whereas the Soviet Union prioritized industrial development away from front lines and strategic connections in the Far East. The broad gauge was a World War I obstacle but a World War II defensive advantage for the Soviet Union. Railways have consistently been central to Russia's national strategy, aligning with geopolitical and defense needs. |
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В., 2023. “Конструируя Фронтир: Русско-Китайская Торговля Как Фактор Модернизации Дальнего Востока На Рубеже XIX – XX Вв.” Журнал Фронтирных Исследований, 2023(4): 133-152. Щемелинин, К. С., 2018. Определение ключевых дат в истории Руси-России и создание системы праздничных дней на их основе. Бюллетень науки и практики, 4(5), 761-779.
網路資源 Ленин, В. И 1917. Полное Собрание Сочинений. Т.34. Retrieved March 03 2025, from https://vivaldi.nlr.ru/bv000002881/view |
| Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 俄羅斯研究所 111263009 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111263009 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [俄羅斯研究所] 學位論文
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