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    题名: 國際能源安全研究-以歐盟的能源政策為例
    作者: 張皓竣
    贡献者: 林碧炤
    張皓竣
    关键词: 歐盟
    能源政策
    能源安全
    環境安全
    氣候變遷
    日期: 2007
    上传时间: 2009-09-14 10:09:23 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 在冷戰結束與經濟議題的興起之下,非傳統安全在國際關係中所受到的關注越來越多。隨著石油危機的發生,『能源安全』開始成為討論的目標,也重重影響各國的國防、外交與經濟政策。然而,在80年代後所吹起的環保風潮,也使得能源的使用開始受到環保人士的監督。過去以經濟目標為主的能源安全內涵已經不符合全球暖化下的要求,新的能源安全典範開始融入『環境安全』與永續發展的環保目標。此外,在油價高漲的時代之下,『能源外交』的出現,也使得各國間的能源合作成為一種外交手段,俄羅斯的興起就是最佳範例。在能源、環保、經濟與國家安全的相互交錯之下,都使得現今的能源議題比過去複雜。

    而歐盟正面臨的這種新式能源安全的挑戰,所以歐盟在2006年提出了《永續發展、競爭力和能源安全的歐洲戰略》的能源綠皮書(Green Paper)。在歐盟內部的能源政策目標中,積極希望能夠達成環境安全的要求來因應氣候變遷。同時也希望能夠配合歐盟的東擴,整合歐盟的內部天然氣市場,增加經濟與工業的競爭力;而在歐盟對外的能源戰略方面,主要是希望達成能源供應源多樣化的目標。因此,希望能與重要的能源生產國如俄羅斯、裡海地區與中東地區的國家建立能源合作的機制。最後,儘管面對許多挑戰,但是歐盟內部還是希望能建立共同能源政策,來增加歐盟對外能源談判的籌碼。

    在全球化與氣候變遷的影響之下,能源生產國與能源進口國都面臨著不同的安全挑戰,並相互依賴著。沒有任何一方的獨善其身,都必須面對能源、環境與經濟的平衡。因此,希望藉由討論歐盟的經驗,讓其他國家在面對相同問題的時候可以有所借鏡。




    關鍵詞:歐盟、能源政策、環境安全、能源安全、氣候變遷
    參考文獻: 壹、中文資料
    一、中文專書
    Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Jaap De Wilde著,朱寧譯,《新安全論》(Security: A New Framework for Analysis)杭州:浙江人民出版,2003。
    James Howard Kunstler 著,郭恆祺譯,《沒有石油的明天:能源枯竭的全球化衝擊》(The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century)台北市:商周出版社,2007年。
    Nicholas Moussis 著,王萬里譯,《歐盟手冊:前進歐盟》,台北:中國生產力出版,1999年。
    Stanislav Z. Zhiznin著,徐小杰主編,《國際能源政治與外交》上海:華東師範大學出版社,2005。
    Stephen Leeb著,王柏鴻譯,《石油衝擊》(The Coming Economic Collapse: How you Can Thrive When Oil Cost $200 a Barrel),台北:時報文化出版社,2007。
    Toby Shelly 著,宋岩譯,《石油紛爭地圖》臺北市:晨星出版社,2006。
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    王逸舟,《全球化時代的國際安全》上海:上海人民出版,1999。
    安尼瓦爾˙阿木提、張勝旺,《石油與國家安全》烏魯木齊:新疆人民出版社,2003年。
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    Yergin, Daniel. “Ensuring Energy Security.” Foreign Affairs 85: 2. (Mar/Apr, 2006), pp. 69-82.
    參、 網路資料
    一、重要統計年報
    林正義主編,《石油與國際安全》,台北:遠景交流基金會,2007年9月。
    British Petroleum, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007, <http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview>
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    二、歐盟官方電子文獻
    1st European Gas Regulatory Forum Madrid, <http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas/madrid/doc_1/minutes_1st_forum.pdf>
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    洪德生,《追求能源、環境與經濟平衡發展》台北市:台灣經濟研究院,1998年。
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    European Commission, “The European Union and Russia: Close Neighbors, Global Players, Strategic Partners,” October, 2007. <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/library/publications/34_eu_russia.pdf>
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    三、歐盟相關網站
    Gateway to the European Union, <http://europa.eu/index_en.htm>
    European Commission: Energy, < http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.html>
    倪建民,《能源安全報告》北京:人民出版社,2005。
    Directorates-General Energy and Transport: Mission of DG “Energy and Transport”, <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/matthias_ruete/mission_en.html>
    Directorates-General Energy and Transport: Organisation Chart, <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/matthias_ruete/doc/dg_tren_organisation_chart_en.pdf>
    Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council, <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.asp?id=413&lang=en>
    Committee on Industry, Research and Energy: Presentation of Committee, <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/itre/presentation_en.pdf>
    European Economics and Social Committee, <http://www.eesc.europa.eu/index_en.asp>
    European Economics and Social Committee: TEN Section, <http://www.eesc.europa.eu/sections/ten/index_en.asp?id=3000tenen>
    European Energy Regulators-CEER and ERGEG,
    <http://www.energy-regulators.eu/portal/page/portal/EER_HOME>
    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue Technology Centre, <http://www.technologycentre.org/content.php?lang=EN&ref=welcome> (2008/4/19)
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    張亞中主編,《國際關係總論》台北:揚智出版社,2003。
    European Commission External Energy Policy, <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/energy/index.htm>
    TRACECA, <http://www.traceca-org.org/default.php?l=en>
    INOGATE, <http://www.inogate.org/inogate/en/about/context>
    INOGATE, “INOGATE Development 2001-2004 and New Perspectives,” June, 2004, <http://www.inogate.org/inogate/en/downloads/inogate_2001-2004_en.zip.>, pp. 8-9
    The European Biomass Association: AEBIOM, <http://www.aebiom.org/>
    四、其他網路資料
    《BBC中文網》<http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese>
    《台灣-歐盟科研資訊網站》<http://www.nsc.gov.tw/dept/belgium/NEWSLETTER/conference/CF200705/CF200705_04.htm>
    《台灣環境資訊中心》<http://e-info.org.tw/>
    蕭代基,〈生質能源加速生存危機 供需失衡造成糧價高漲〉(2008.2.23)《台灣資訊環境中心》,<http://e-info.org.tw/node/30710>
    郭秋慶,《歐洲聯盟概論》台北市:五南出版社,1999年。
    〈 發展生質燃料的隱憂:恐加速暖化且侵害人權〉(2008.2.14),《台灣資訊環境中心》,<http://e-info.org.tw/node/30411>
    《俄羅斯國營天然氣公司》Gazprom, <http://eng.gazpromquestions.ru/index.php?id=2>
    《美國能源資訊局》Energy Information Administration, <http://www.eia.doe.gov>
    《英國石油》British Petroleum, <http://www.bp.com>
    《國際能源總署》International Energy Agency, <http://www.iea.org>
    《國際貨幣基金》International Monetary Fund, <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/index.aspx>
    《經濟部能源局:能源報導》 <http://www.tier.org.tw/energymonthly>
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    陸忠偉,《非傳統安全論》北京:時事出版社,2003年。
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    “Pipedreams,” (2008.1.24) The Economist, <http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10566657>
    “EU, Caspian, Black Sea States Plan Common Energy Market,” Environment News Service, <http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2006/2006-11-30-02.asp>
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    EurActiv, <http://www.euractiv.com/en>
    GlobalResearch. Ca, <http://globalresearch.ca/>
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    Marcon International, <http://www.marcon.com/marcon2c.cfm?SectionGroupsID=51&PageID=438>
    Working Group I Report, “The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary,” IPCC <http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm-cn.pdf>(2008/2/1)
    黃琛瑜,《歐洲聯盟:跨世紀政治工程》台北市:五南出版社,1999年。
    楊光主編,《中東非洲發展報告No. 8(2004-2005):防範石油危機的國際經驗》北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2005年。
    經濟部能源局,《能源政策白皮書》台北:經濟部能源局,2005年。
    鄭漢通,《經濟全球化中的國家經濟安全問題》北京:國防大學出版社,1999。
    二、期刊論文
    王國璋,〈依新功能理論檢驗歐盟尚無共同能源政策之癥結〉,《美歐季刊》第十四卷第一期(2000年春季號),頁1-33。
    李河清,〈知識社群與全球氣候談判〉,《問題與研究》,第43卷第6期(2004年11、12月),頁73-102。
    ---------,〈環境外交與氣候議題談判-以京都議定書為例〉《國家政策論壇》,第一卷第九期(2001年11月),頁14-26。
    李涵茵,〈淺談碳捕捉與封存〉《能源報導》,(2007年12月),頁14-16。
    李瓊莉,〈經濟安全概念在亞太地區的發展〉,《問題與研究》,第38卷第2期(1999年2月),頁39-54。
    林俊雄,〈黑黝黝的液體黃金:石油提煉〉,《科學發展》,382期(2004年10月),頁24-29。
    侯萬善,〈歐盟碳排放交易機制〉,《能源報導》,2007年12月,頁8-10。
    洪朝輝,〈全球化-跨世紀的顯學〉,《問題與研究》,第39卷第8期(2000),頁73-83。
    秦宣仁,〈國際戰略格局的重要籌碼—能源外交與能源戰略〉,《國際貿易》,第1期,(2005年),頁30-31。
    翁鳳英,〈油菜花與稻米之爭:能源作物的迷思〉,《能源報導》(2007年11月),頁23-26。
    ---------,〈能源技術與思維在歐盟國家的應用〉,《能源報導》,2007年5月,頁26-29。
    ---------,〈節能屋在德國的發展〉,《能源報導》,2007年12月,頁27-30。
    ---------,〈滿了油箱餓了肚子:生質能源的的省思〉,《能源報導》(2007年7月),頁31-33。
    ---------,〈歐盟生質能發展現況〉,《能源報導》,(2007年10月),頁23-26。
    許峻賓,〈全球再生能源發展概況〉,《能源報導》,(2007年4月),頁27-30。
    陳大麟,〈石油、天然氣的特性〉,《科學發展》,356期(2002年8月),頁60-63。
    陳芃,〈看數字在說話—國際能源供需現況情勢(下)〉,《能源報導》,(2004年6月),頁14-16。
    蔡信行,〈油氣供應國情勢分析研究〉,《能源報導》,(2006年12月),頁14-16。
    謝惠子,〈2006年能源與氣候變遷高峰論壇:能源與氣候變遷的挑戰〉,《能源報導》,(2007年2月),頁23-28。
    簡添松,〈歐盟天然氣市場自由化之發展〉,《能源季刊》,第34卷第2期(2004年4月),頁61-79。
    羅英杰,〈俄羅斯與歐盟的能源合作—兼論對中俄能源合作的啟示〉,《國際經濟評論 》,(2005年04期),頁55-59。
    ----------,〈歐盟能源企業對俄羅斯油氣資源投資淺析〉,《俄羅斯中亞東歐市場》,第十一期,(2006年),頁22-28。
    ----------,〈歐盟國家對俄羅斯投資淺析〉,《俄羅斯研究》,第三期,(2005年),頁43-48。
    三、碩士論文
    許庭瑜,《國際能源安全之研究:以美國石油安全政策涉足中亞油源為例》(國立政治大學外交學研究所,碩士論文,民國95年)。
    四、研討會論文
    連弘宜,〈中國對俄羅斯石油能源戰略與外交〉,中國大陸對非西方世界石油能源戰略與外交研討會,國立政治大學外交系主辦,2007年5月25日。
    郭武平,〈歐盟對俄羅斯的能源安全戰略〉,歐盟能源安全的全球戰略佈局,歐洲聯盟研究論壇(EURF)、國立政治大學國際關係研究中心主辦,2006年10月21日。
    蔡育岱,〈論安全研究的變遷〉,政治大學外交學系第五屆研究生論文發表會,國立政治大學外交學系主辦,2007年6月8日。
    貳、西文資料
    一、英文專書
    Akiner, Shirin, ed. The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
    Auty, Richard M., and Indra de Soysa, ed. Energy, Wealth and Governance in the Caucasus and Central Asia. New York: Routledge, 2006.
    Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear: an agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era, 2nd ed. Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1991.
    Chasek, Pamela S., David L. Downie and Janet Welsh Brown. Global Environmental Politics 4th ed., Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2006.
    Conca, Ken, and Geoffery D. Dabelko, eds., Green planet blues: environmental politics from Stockholm to Johannesburg, 3rd ed. Colorado: Westview, 2004.
    Croissant, Michael P., and Bülent Aras, ed. Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region. Westport: PRAEGER, 1999.
    Dannreuther, Roland, ed. European Union Foreign and Security Policy: Towards a neighborhood strategy. New York: Routledge, 2004.
    Deese, David, and Joseph s. Nye, ed. Energy and security, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub., 1981.
    Dekmejian, R. Hrair, and Hovann H. Simonian. Troubled Waters: the Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. New York: I.B.Tauris, 2003.
    Dinan, Desmond. Europe Recast: A History of Eurpoean Union. Boulder, Colo., : Lynne Rienner, 2004.
    Doyle, Timothy. Environment and politics. London; New York: Routledge, 1998.
    European Renewable Energy Council. Renewable Energy in European: Building Markets and Capacity. London: James & James, 2004.
    Fawcett, Louise. International Relations of the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
    Godement, François, Françoise Nicolas, and Taizo Yakushiji, ed. Asia and Europe – Cooperating for Energy Security. Paris: Institute français des relations internationales, 2004.
    Gökay, Bülent. The Politics of Caspian Oil. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
    Hay, Colin, and Anand Menon. European Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
    Held, David, and Anthony G. McGrew, ed. Governing Globalization: Power, and Global Governance, Ed., Cambridge: Malden Mass, 2002.
    Karns, Margaret P., and Karen A. Mingst. International Organization: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2004.
    Klare, Michael T. Resource Wars: the New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York: Owl Books, 2002.
    Myers, Norman. Ultimate security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.
    Pirages, Dennis, and Ken Cousins, ed. From Resource Scarcity to Ecological security: Exploring New Limits to Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005.
    Stern, Jonathan P. The Future of Russia Gas and Gazprom. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
    Weiss, Thomas G., and David P. Forsythe, and Roger A. Coate. The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 4th ed. Colorado: Westview, 2004.
    二、英文期刊
    Bahgat, Gawdat. “Energy Security: The Caspian Sea.” Minerals and Energy, Vol. 20, No. 2. (2005), pp. 3-15.
    --------. “EU Seeks Energy Security in Stronger Supplier Ties,” Oil and Gas Journal 103:38(October, 2005), pp. 22-28.
    --------. “Europe’s Energy Security: Challenges and Opportunities.” International Security 82: 5 (2006), pp.961-975.
    --------. “Oil and Terrorism: Central Asia and the Caucasus,” The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 30: 3(fall, 2005), pp. 265-283.
    --------. “Oil Security at the Dawn of the New Millennium.” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 24: 3 (fall, 1999), pp. 275-290.
    --------. “Pipeline Diplomacy: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea Region,” International Studies Perspectives No.3 (2002), pp. 310-327
    Baldwin, David A. “The Concept of Security.” Review of International Studies 23, (1997), pp. 5-26.
    Baran, Zeyno. “EU Energy Security: Time to End Russia Leverage,” The Washington Quarterly 30:4 (autumn, 2007), pp. 131-144.
    Brown, Peggy Ann. “Changing the paradigm,” American Forests,(spring 2006), pp. 30-35.
    Cable, Vincent. “What is international economic security,” International Affairs 71:2 (1995), pp. 305-324.
    Deese, David A. “Energy: Economics, Politics, and Security.” International Security 4: 3 (winter, 1979-1980), pp.140-153.
    Fürtig, Henner. “GCC-EU Political Cooperation: Myth or Reality?” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 31: 1(May, 2004), pp. 25-39.
    Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. “Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases,” International security 19: 1 (summer 1994), pp. 5-40.
    Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. “On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict,” International Security 16: 2 (autumn, 1991), pp. 76-116.
    Kahler, Miles. “Economic security in an era of globalization: definition and provision,” The Pacific Review 17:4. (2004), pp. 485-502.
    Krasner, Stephen D. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables,” International Organization 36:2(spring, 1982), pp. 186-189.
    Levy, Marc A. “Is the Environment a National Security Issues?” International Security 20: 2 (autumn, 1995), pp.35-62..
    Lubell, Harold. “Security of Supply and Energy Policy in Western European,” World Politics 13: 3 (Apr., 1961), pp. 400-422.
    Myers, Norman. “Environment and Security,” Foreign Policy, (Spring 1989), pp. 23-41.
    Nesadurai, Helen E. S. “Economic security, globalization and governance,” The Pacific Review 17: 4 (2004), pp.459-484.
    Nonneman, Gerd. “EU-GCC Relations: Dynamics, Perspectives, and the Issue of Political Reform,” Journal of Social Affairs 23:92 (winter 2006), pp. 13-33.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
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