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    Title: 政府與私部門防治支出、環境政策制定以及環境顧志耐曲線
    Authors: 賴靜瑤
    Lai , Ching-yao
    Contributors: 楊建成
    賴靜瑤
    Lai , Ching-yao
    Keywords: 政府防治支出
    私人防治投資
    排擠效果/排入效果
    環境顧志耐曲線
    顧志耐曲線
    government spedning for environmental protection
    private spedning for environmental protection
    crowding-out effect/crowding-in effect
    Environmental Kuznets Curve
    Kuznets Curve
    Date: 2004
    Issue Date: 2009-09-14 13:37:53 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 為解決經濟發展過程伴隨的污染問題,常可見到政府和私部門一同投入防治工作,Pearce and Palmer (2001) 發現OECD國家隨著經濟成長,政府逐步提高公共防治支出,而且各個國家私部門的防治投入仍然佔有相當比重。Seldon and Song (1994)、Antle and Heidebrink (1995) 和Komen et al. (1997) 等實證文獻曾提出「倒U字型」EKC成立的原因可能來自環境財為奢侈財,使得經濟成長過程中公共防治投入快速增加,污染才會逐步減少。雖然Pearce and Palmer (2001) 實證OECD國家公共防治投入的所得彈性確實大於1,可是Kriström and Riera (1996) 發現許多國家對環境品質改善之願付價值的所得需求彈性值介於0到1之間,環境品質實為正常財而非奢侈財。鑒於相關實證資料的矛盾,本文從政府公共防治決策過程,了解環境品質所得需求彈性與公共防治投入所得彈性大於1的關聯,以連結環境品質所得需求彈性與EKC成立的關聯。本文證明無需奢侈財的偏好條件,而僅需環境品質偏好為正常財,以及防治技術滿足規模報酬遞增或固定,平均所得提高,消費者對環境品質的主觀願付價格高於客觀代價,模型預期政府將不斷提高防治費率,平均所得水準和防治費率同步增加,公共防治投入的所得彈性必定大於1,污染量終會減少並趨向於零。
    實證研究指出並非所有種類污染物的污染水準與平均所得關係,一定呈現「倒U字型」關係,而過去理論模型單從消費者對於環境品質偏好條件,或是單從污染物防治技術是否具備規模報酬遞增,仍不能完全解釋不同污染物與所得關係的差異性。本文強調必須將經濟成長帶動所得分配變化對污染的間接效果納入,有助於釐清不同種類污染物與所得關係的差異性。首先,所得分配固定不變而平均所得提高,只要滿足環境品質偏好為正常財,以及防治技術滿足規模報酬遞增或固定,平均所得對污染的直接效果為「倒U字型」。再則平均所得固定不變時,只要消費者對環境品質的偏好為正常財(而非奢侈財),所得分配改善,經由多數決投票決定均衡費率反而調降,污染隨之增加。考量高所得國家經濟成長帶動所得分配改善 (即顧志耐曲線存在) 的間接效果,不同污染物面對相同的所得分配變化,唯一的差異僅是防治技術的不同。防治技術之規模報酬遞增並不保證平均所得對污染的淨效果為「倒U字型」,而必須該污染物防治技術之規模報酬指數很高,直接效果大到足以抵銷間接效果,淨效果才可能為「倒U字型」。
    另外,本文探討為何世界各國普遍有公私部門同時投入防治的現象,以及研究公共防治支出對私人防治投入產生排擠或排入效果的機制。模型發現無論政府和私部門的防治要素是否為互補要素 (complementary inputs) ,政府和私部門的最適防治投資都不為零。假若私部門增加設備無關乎提升公共防治設備之效能,公共防治增加,將對私人投資產生排擠效果。假若私部門增加設備可以提升公共防治設備之效能,公共防治對私部門防治投資可能產生排擠效果或排入效果,端看該國對於環境品質的重視程度。
    政府環境政策制定與私部門防治投資決策的互動息息相關,環境政策的成效實有賴私部門是否願意配合投入防治設備。一旦公共支出對私人投資具排入效果,政府傾向事前宣布較高費率,期望刺激私人投入防治,待事後私人已經投入防治設備,政府則有誘因調降費率。反之,假若公共支出對私人投資具排擠效果,則政府傾向事後再調高費率。只要政府落實事前宣布政策,在符合實證支持的技術條件,污染與平均所得的關係為「倒U字型」的環境顧志耐曲線 (Environmental Kuznets Curve, 以下簡稱EKC) ,若缺乏機制督促政府落實事前宣布政策,且消費者理性預期政府背離意向,當動態一致性 (dynamically consistent) 費率低於事前宣布政策的費率,則執行動態一致性費率所對應的EKC將高於政府確實執行事前政策之EKC;若動態一致性費率高於事前宣布的費率,環境政策的動態不一致反而使得EKC降低。
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    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    財政研究所
    86255503
    93
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0086255503
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[財政學系] 學位論文

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