Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33702
|
| Title: | 冷戰後強制外交在國際衝突的運用 |
| Authors: | 崔進揆 |
| Contributors: | 李明
崔進揆 |
| Keywords: | 強制外交
壓制
危機管理
後冷戰時期
區域衝突
人道干涉
反恐行動
coercive diplomacy
compellence
crisis management
post-Cold War era
regional conflicts
humanitarian intervention
counterterrorism |
| Date: | 2005 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-17 17:54:45 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 強制外交（coercive diplomacy）的概念在一九七０年代由學者Alexander L. George首度提出，主張強制外交應屬於防守型的危機管理（defensive crisis management），亦有別於一般所謂的嚇阻（deterrence）與壓制（compellence）等策略。施行強制外交時，相關決策者透過威脅使用武力，或使用有限度的武力，以勸說對手停止或放棄現正從事的行動，並防止危機情勢的升高，及避免戰爭的發生。冷戰期間，美、蘇兩國的領導人對於該一策略的運用極為廣泛與普遍，甘迺迪政府對於古巴飛彈危機的處理便是著名的案例。冷戰結束，國際關係進入所謂的後冷戰時期，面對區域衝突、人道危機和恐怖主義威脅等問題，強制外交更常被相關決策者和國際組織所施行、採用，亦多次在國際間重大的衝突與危機處理過程中扮演著關鍵的角色，並展現其重要性和多元化的一面。因此，鑑於強制外交對於後冷戰時期之國際危機處理和衝突解決的重要性和必要性，本研究旨在透過強制外交相關理論的介紹與整理，以及後冷戰時期強制外交相關個案的研究分析，總結歷史的經驗與教訓，深入探討其施行現況與成效，並提出具體之研究發現與政策建議。期盼所得之研究成果能使吾人對於該策略有更深一層的認識與了解。
關鍵詞：強制外交、壓制、危機管理、後冷戰時期、區域衝突、人道干涉、反恐行動
In the 1970s, Alexander L. George first introduced and defined the concept of coercive diplomacy. According to George, he claims that coercive diplomacy is a strategy of defensive crisis management. Besides, coercive diplomacy is also different from the strategy of deterrence or compellence. When policymakers and political elites decide to manipulate coercive diplomacy, they should employ threats and / or limited force to persuade opponents to call off or undo adverse actions, which are thought aggressive. Furthermore, the purpose of using coercive diplomacy is to prevent crisis situation from escalating or causing wars.
During the Cold War era, leaders of United States and Soviet Union used this strategy intensively. The Cuban missile crisis in 1962 can also be thought as a famous case of successful coercive diplomacy. When international relations enters into the post-Cold War era, coercive diplomacy still plays as important role in crisis management and conflict resolution. Policymakers of countries and international organizations, like the United Nations and the NATO, prefer to use coercive diplomacy to deal with regional conflicts, humanitarian intervention, and counterterrorism. Coercive diplomacy also demonstrates its necessity and significance of solving these problems.
In order to give us a comprehensive understanding of coercive diplomacy, this thesis focuses on theories of coercive diplomacy and case studies, especially the experiences after the Cold War. Then, in final chapter of this thesis, the author generalizes lessons and experiences come from the cases analyzed and studied. In addition, the author also tries to make conclusions about the efficacy of coercive diplomacy and thus tries to offer some guidelines for policymakers.
Keywords: coercive diplomacy, compellence, crisis management, post-Cold War era, regional conflicts, humanitarian intervention, counterterrorism |
| Reference: | 一、中文部分
1.專書
丘宏達，《現代國際法參考文件》。台北，三民書局，民國85年。
朱延智，《危機處理的理論與實務》。台北：幼獅出版社，民國89年。
朱延智，《搶救台灣：小國危機處理》。台北：時報文化，民國88年。
吳仁傑 注譯，《新譯孫子讀本》。台北：三民書局，民國93年。
杜默、潘勛 譯，Peter Bergen 原著，《賓拉登的聖戰工廠》。台北：時報文化，民國90年。
林祐聖 譯，Noam Chomsky 原著，《流氓國家》。台北：正中書局，民國91年。
林碧炤 ，《國際政治與外交政策》。台北︰五南出版社，民國86年。
邵玉銘，《美國介入台海危機決策過程之研究》。台北：政大國際關係研究中心，民國88年。
計秋楓 譯，David M. Lampton 原著，《同床異夢：處理1989至2000年之中美外交》。香港：中文大學出版社，民國92年。
郭樹勇 譯，Robert J. Art 原著，《美國大戰略》。北京：北京大學出版社，民國94年。
陳飛、錢舒平 譯，Erich Schaake 原著，《萊絲：世界上最有權力的女人》。台北：晨星出版有限公司，民國94年。
國防部史政編譯室 譯，Stephen J. Cimbala 原著，《軍事說服力》。台北：國防部史政編譯室，民國94年。
張同瑩、馬勵、張定綺 譯，James R. Lilley & Chuck Downs原著，《台灣有沒有明天︰台海危機美中台關係揭密》。台北：先覺出版社，民國88年。
張建邦，《未來台海衝突中的美國》。台北：麥田出版股份有限公司，民國87年。
張舜芬 譯，Jonathan Barker 原著，《誰是恐怖主義：當恐怖主義遇上反恐戰爭》。台北：書林出版有限公司，民國94年。
楊中美，《中共外交教父錢其琛》。台北：時報文化，民國88年。
楊永明，《國際安全與國際法》。台北：元照出版有限公司，民國92年。
裘兆琳 ，《美國外交與危機處理》。台北：中央研究院歐美所，民國82年。
裘兆琳，《中美關係專題研究：1995-1997》。台北：中央研究院歐美所，民國87年。
裘兆琳，《後冷戰時期美國海外出兵案例研究》。台北：中央研究院歐美所，民國90年。
詹中原，《危機管理：個案分析》。台北：神州圖書，民國92年。
閻學通、孫學峰，《國際關係研究實用方法》。北京：人民出版社，民國90年。
錢其琛，《外交十記》。香港：三聯書店，民國93年。
蕭美惠 譯，Colin L. Powell 原著，《我的美國之旅：鮑爾將軍自傳》。台北：智庫文化，民國85年。
鍾玉玨 譯，Madeleine Albright 原著，《從難民到國務卿：歐布萊特回憶錄》。台北：時報文化，民國93年。
2.期刊
丁守中，＜淺談危機處理的理論與實務＞。《理論與政策》，民國77年，第3卷，第1期，頁31-40。
朱松柏，＜美國與北韓簽訂核子協議及其影響＞。《問題與研究》，民國84年，第34卷，第1期，頁11-18。
朱松柏，＜朝鮮半島的核武危機＞。《問題與研究》，民國83年，第33卷，第7期，頁1-10。
林正義，＜危機研究的理論與實務＞。《亞洲與世界文摘》，民國78年，第10卷，第2期，頁73-75。
林碧炤 ，＜論危機處理︰美國的研究與經驗再評估＞。《 美歐月刊 》，民國84年，第10卷，第5期，頁4-11。
林碧炤，＜國際衝突的研究途徑與處理方法＞。《問題與研究》，民國85年，第35卷，第3期，頁1-28。
林碧炤 ，＜預防外交的理論與實際＞。《 戰略與國際研究》，民國90年，第3卷，第1期，頁1-15。
馬仲可，＜北韓退出防止武器擴散條約和朝鮮半島的核問題＞。《問題與研究》，民國82年，第32卷，第6期，頁40-50。
陳紫財，＜美國海外出兵準則檢證之研究—以1995-1996年台海危機為例＞。《戰略與國際研究》，民國91年，第4卷，第2期，頁97-129。
陳毓鈞，＜台海危機與美國干預＞。《美歐月刊》，民國84年，第10卷，第1期，頁5-23。
童振源，＜台灣對於大陸在1995-96年及1999-2000年武力威脅的反應＞。《中國事務》，民國91年，第9期，頁71-89。
鄒念祖，＜美國的索馬利亞政策＞。《問題與研究》，民國83年，第33卷，第3期，頁23-38。
鄒念祖，＜美國柯林頓政府的海地政策＞。《美歐月刊》，民國84年，第10卷，第2期，頁19-32。
鄒念祖，＜聯合國秘書長在索馬利亞和平行動中的角色＞。《問題與研究》，民國83年，第33卷，第5期，頁1-19。
鄒念祖，＜聯合國與海地危機＞。《問題與研究》，民國83年，第33卷，第12期，頁1-11。
衛嘉定，＜柯林頓政府的預防性外交政策＞。《美國月刊》，民國82年，第8卷，第10期，頁69-79。
鄭端耀，＜布希政府安全戰略發展評估＞。《遠景基金會季刊》，民國92年，第4卷，第2期，頁1-36。
二、西文部分
1.專書
Allison, Graham T. & Philip D. Zelikow. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman, 1999.
Annan, Kofi A. Prevention of Armed Conflict: Report of the security-General. New York: United Nations, 2002.
Art, Robert J. & Patrick M. Cronin. The United States and Coercive Diplomacy. Washington, D. C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2003.
Art, Robert J. & Kenneth N. Waltz. The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics. 6th ed. Lanham Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004.
Baylis, John, James Wirtz, Eliot Cohen & Colin S. Gray. Strategy in the Contemporary World: A Introduction to Strategic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Betts, Richard K. Conflicts After the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994.
Bush, Richard C. Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Washington., D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2005.
Carter, Ashton B. & William J. Perry. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institute, 1999.
Connaughton, Richard M. Military Intervention in The 1990s: A New Logic of War. London: Routledge, 1992.
Council on Foreign Relations. Intervention and American Foreign Policy. New York: Foreign Affairs, 2001.
Craig, Gordon A. & Alexander L. George. Force and Statecraft Diplomacy Problems of Our Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Dobbins, James, John G. McGinn, Keith Crane, Seth G. Jones, Rollie Lal, Andrew Rathmell, Rachel Swanger, Anga Timilsina. America’s Role in National Building: From Germany to Iraq. Arlington: RAND, 2003.
Dorman, Andrew M. & Thomas G. Otte. Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention. Brookfield: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited, 1995.
Freedman, Lawrence. Strategic Coercion：Concepts and Cases. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Garver, John W. Face Off: China, the United States, and Taiwan’s Democratization. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.
George, Alexander L., David K. Hall and William E. Simons. The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy: Laos, Cuba, Vietnam. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.
George, Alexander L. & William E. Simons. The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1994.
George, Alexander L. Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.
George, Alexander L. Forceful Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War. Washington, D. C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1991.
Hass, Richard. Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Hass, Richard. Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post Cold War World. Washington, D. C.: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Press, 1994.
Hippel, von Karin. Democracy by Force: US Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World. Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Hirsh, John L. & Robert B. Oakly. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope. Washington, D. C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995.
Hoge, Jr., James F. & Gideon Rose. How Did This Happen? Terrorism and The New War. New York: the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., 2001.
Hook, Steven W. & John Spanier. American Foreign Policy Since World War II. 15th ed. Washington D. C.,: A Division of Congressional Quarterly Inc., 2000.
Hufbauer, Gary C., Jeffrey J. Schott and Kimberly Ann Elliot. Economics Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy. 2nd ed. Washington, D. C.: Institute for International Economics, 1990.
Jakobsen, Peter V. Western Use of Coercive Diplomacy after the Cold War: A Challenge for Theory and Practice. New York: MacMillan, 1998.
Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, Jr., and Michael L. Mazarr. American National Security, 5th ed. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Kaufman, Stuart J. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Kegley, Charles W. & Gregory A. Raymond. From War to Peace: Fateful Decisions in International Politics. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2003.
Lampton, David M. The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978-2000. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Lebow, Richard N. Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1981.
Leurdijk, Dick A. Kosovo: From Crisis to Crisis. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2001.
Lund, Michael S. Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy For Preventive Diplomacy. Washington, D. C.,: United States Institute of Peace, 1996.
Makinda, Samuel M. Seeking Peace from Chaos: Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia. Boulder Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publisher, Inc., 1993.
Mayall James. The New Interventionism 1991-1994: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, former Yugoslavia and Somalia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Mazarr, Michael J. North Korea and the Bomb: A Case Study in Nonproliferation. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Mearsheimer, John J. Conventional Deterrence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham, and Tom Woodhouse. Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.
Pillar, Paul R. Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
Reiss, Mitchell. Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capability. Washington, D. C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1995.
Sahnoun, Mohamed. Somalia: The Missed Opportunities. Washington, D. C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994.
Schelling, Thomas C. Arms and Influence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.
Schultz, Kenneth A. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Scobell, Andrew. China’s Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Sigal, Leon V. Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Small, Melvin & David J. Singer. International War: An Anthology. Chicago, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1989.
Snyder, Glenn H. Deterrence and Defense: Toward a Theory of National Security. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Snyder, Glenn H. & Paul Diesing. Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1977.
Steiner, Barry H. Collective Preventive Diplomacy: A Study in International Conflict Management. New York: State University of New York Press, 2004.
Stevenson, Jonathan. Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy In Somalia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
U. S. Government Printing Office. Crisis in the Taiwan Strait: Implications for U. S. Foreign Policy. Washington, D. C.,: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
Van Evera, Stephen. Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Zhao, Suisheng. Across The Taiwan Strait: Mainland China, Taiwan, and the 1995-1996 Crisis. New York: Routledge, 1996.
2.期刊
Akashi, Yasushi, “The Limits of UN Diplomacy and the Future of Conflict Mediation.” Survival, vol. 37, no. 4, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 83-98.
Art, Robert J. “To What End Military Power?.” International Security, vol. 4, no. 4, Spring 1980, pp. 3-35.
Bearden, Milton. “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6, November/December 2001, pp. 17-30.
Bellamy, Alex L.“Lessons Unlearned: Why Coercive Diplomacy Failed at Rambouillet.”International Peacekeeping, vol. 7, no. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 95-114.
Bertram, Christoph. “Multilateral Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution.” Survival, vol. 37, no. 4, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 65-82.
Blechman, Barry M. & Tamara C. Wittes. “Defining Moment: The Threat and Use of Force in American Foreign Policy.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 114, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1-30.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Brent Scowcroft & Richard Murphy. “Differentiated Containment.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 3, May/June 1997, pp. 20-41.
Byman, Daniel L. & Matthew C. Waxman. “Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate.” International Security, vol. 24, no. 4, Spring 2000, pp. 5-38.
Chellaney, Brahma.“Fighting Terrorism in Southern Asia: The Lessons of History.” International Security, vol. 26, no. 3, Winter 2001/02, pp. 94-116.
Dobbie, Charles. “A Concept for Post-Cold War Peacekeeping.” Survival, vol. 36, no. 3, Autumn 1994, pp. 121-148.
Dworken, Jonathan T. “Rule of Engagement: Lessons from Restore Hope.” Military Review, vol. 74, no. 9, September 1994, pp. 26-35.
Freedman, Lawrence. “Victims and Victors: Reflections on the Kosovo War.” Review of International Studies, vol. 26, no. 3, July 2000, pp. 335-358.
Gause III, F. Gregory. “The Illogic of Dual Containment.”Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, no. 2, March/April 1994, pp. 56-65.
George, Alexander L. “The Need for Influence Theory and Actor-Specific Behavioral Models of Adversaries.”Comparative Strategy, vol. 22, 2003, pp. 463-487.
Glosny, Michael A. “Strangulation from the Sea?: A PRC Submarine Blockade of Taiwan.” International Security, vol. 28, no. 4, Spring 2004, pp. 125-160.
Heymann, Philip B. “Dealing with Terrorism: An Overview.” International Security, vol. 26, no. 3, Winter 2001/2002, pp. 24-38.
Hoar, Joseph P. “A CINC’s Perspective.” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 2, Fall 1993, pp. 56-63.
Huth, Paul K. “Extended Deterrence and the Outbreak of War.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 82, no. 2, June 1988, pp. 423-443.
Jentleson, Bruce W. “The Reagan Administration and Coercive Diplomacy: Restraining More Than Remaking Governments.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 106, no. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 57-82.
Karl, David J. “Proliferation Pessimism and Emerging Nuclear Powers.” International Security, vol. 21, no. 3, Winter 1996/97, pp. 87-119.
Lake, Anthony. “Confronting Backlash States.”Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, no. 2, March/April 1994, pp. 45-55.
Langenheim, William S. “Give Peace a Chance: First, Try Coercive Diplomacy.” Naval College Review, vol. 4, no. 4, Autumn 2002, pp. 49-71.
Lauren, Gordon Paul. “Ultimata and Coercive Diplomacy.”International Studies Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 2, June 1972, pp. 131-166.
Lebow, Richard Ned. “Is Crisis Management Always Possible?”Political Science Quarterly, vol. 102, no. 2, Summer 1987, pp. 181-192.
Lewis, Bernard. “Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad.”Foreign Affairs, vol. 77, no. 6, November/December 1998, pp. 14-19
Licklider, Roy. “Coercive Diplomacy Revisited.” Mershon International Studies Review, 1994, pp. 344-345.
Martin, Curtis H. “Rewarding North Korea: Theoretical Perspectives on the 1994 Agreed Framework.” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 39, no. 1, 2002, pp. 51-68.
Mazarr, Michael. “Going Just a Little Nuclear: Nonproliferation Lessons from North Korea.” International Security, vol. 20, no. 2, Fall 1995, pp. 92-122.
McGillivray, Fiona & Allan C. Atam. “Political Institutions, Coercive Diplomacy, and the Duration of Economic Sanctions.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 48, no. 2, April 2003, pp. 154-172.
Millot, Marc D. “Facing the Emerging Reality of Regional Nuclear Adversaries.” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 3, Summer 1994, pp. 41-71.
Oakley, Robert B. “An Envoy’s Perspective.” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 2, Fall 1993, pp. 44-55.
Pape, Robert A. “Coercion and Military Strategy: Why Denial Works and Punishment Doesn’t.” Journal of Strategic Study, vol. 15, no. 4, December 1992, pp. 423-475.
Pape, Robert A. “Why Japan Surrendered.” International Security, vol. 18, no. 2, Autumn 1993, pp. 154-201.
Patman, Robert G. “Disarming Somalia: The Contrasting Fortunes of United States and Australia Peacekeepers during United Nations Intervention, 1992-1993.” African Affairs, vol. 96, no. 385, October 1997, pp. 509-533.
Perry, William F. “Preparing for the Next Attack.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6, November/December 2001, pp. 31-45.
Posen, Barry R. “The Struggle Against Terrorism: Grand Strategy, Strategy, and Tactics.” International Security, vol. 26, no. 3, Winter 2001/2002, pp. 39-55.
Posen, Barry R. “The War for Kosovo.” International Security, vol. 24, no. 4, Spring 2000, pp. 39-84.
Posen, Barry R. “Military Responses to Refugee Disasters.” International Security, vol. 21, no. 1, Summer 1996, pp. 72-111.
Powell, Colin L. “U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 5, Winter 1992, pp. 32-45.
Robert, Adam. “The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping.” Survival, vol. 36, no. 3, Autumn 1994, pp.93-120.
Ross, Robert S. “The Geography of the Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century.” International Security, vol. 23, no. 4, Spring 1999, pp. 81-118.
Ross, Robert S. “Navigating the Taiwan Strait: Deterrence, Escalation Dominance, and U. S.-China Relations.” International Security, vol. 27, no. 2, Fall 2002, pp. 48-85.
Ross, Robert S. “The 1995-96 Taiwan Strait Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility and the Use of Force.” International Security, vol. 25, no. 2, Fall 2000, pp. 87-123.
Roy, Denny. “Tensions in The Taiwan Strait.” Survival, vol. 42, no. 1, Spring 2000, pp.76-96.
Ruggie, John G. “Peacekeeping and U.S. Interests.” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 17, no. 4, Autumn 1994, pp. 175-184.
Scobell, Andrew. “Show of Force: Chinese Soldiers, Statesman, and the 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 115, no. 2, 2000, pp. 227-246.
Shiltz, Richard H., Jr. “Compellence and the Role of Airpower as a Political Instrument.” Comparative Strategy, vol. 11, Jan./ Mar. 1992, pp. 15-27.
Stanton, Martin N. “Task Force 2-87: Lessons from Restore Hope.” Military Review, vol. 74, no. 9, September 1994, pp. 35-42.
Stein, Janice Gross. “Deterrence and Compellence in the Gulf War: A Failed or Impossible Task?.” International Security, vol. 17, no. 2, Autumn 1992, pp. 147-149.
Stevenson, Jonathan. “Hope Restored in Somalia?.” Foreign Policy, no. 91, Summer 1993, pp. 138-155.
Stigler, Andrew L. “A Clear Victory for Air Power.” International Security, vol. 27, no. 3, Winter 2002/3, pp. 124-157.
Tarr, David W. “Coercive Diplomacy in the Gulf Crisis: Deterrence vs. Compellence.” Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, vol. 13, no. 3, 1991, pp. 45-62.
Tharror, Shashi, “Should UN Peacekeeping Go Back to Basics?.” Survival, vol. 37, no. 4, Winter 1995-1996, pp. 52-64.
Walt, Stephen M. “Beyond bin Laden: Reshaping U.S. Foreign Policy.” International Security, vol. 26, no. 3, Winter 2001/2002, pp. 56-78.
Wang, Yuan-kang. “Taiwan’s Democratization and Cross-Strait Security.” Orbis, vol. 48. no. 2, pp. 293-304.
Weinberger, Caspar W. “U.S. Defense Strategy.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 64, no. 4, Spring 1986, pp. 675-697.
Whiting. Allen S. “China’s Use of Force: 1950-1996, and Taiwan.” International Security, vol. 26, no. 2, Fall 2001, pp. 103-131.
You, Ji. “Making Sense of War Games in the Taiwan Strait.” Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 6, no. 15, March 1997, pp. 287-305.
Zhao, Suisheng. “Military Coercion and Peaceful Offense: Beijing’s Strategy of National Reunification with Taiwan.” Pacific Affairs, vol. 72, no. 4, Winter 1999, pp. 495-512.
Zimmermann, Tim. “The American Bombing of Libya: A Success for Coercive Diplomacy?.” Survival, vol. 24, no. 4, May / June 1987, pp. 195-214.
3.報紙
The Washington Post
The New York Times |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
92253029
94 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922530291 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
