Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51307
|
| Title: | 不同脈絡下，青少年的認同策略與適應問題之關係
The relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in different contexts |
| Authors: | 曾幼涵
Tseng Yu Han |
| Contributors: | 許文耀
Hsu Wen Yau
曾幼涵
Tseng Yu Han |
| Keywords: | 認同策略
青少年適應問題
脈絡
認同範疇
文化
性別差異
發展階段
identity strategy
adolescents’ adjustment problem
context
identity domains
culture
gender differences
developmental stages |
| Date: | 2010 |
| Issue Date: | 2011-10-05 14:39:21 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究目的是欲探討青少年處理認同議題的方式（即訊息取向、規範取向、散漫-逃避取向等三種認同策略）與適應問題之關係。青少年採用之認同策略與適應問題之關係為何？過去的研究未能獲得一致的結論。本研究認為主要的理由有二：一是測量工具的問題，過去常被研究者採用的測量工具—認同風格量表，僅能測得個體對於認同策略的「偏好」，而忽略了在不同的認同範疇下，青少年可能會採用不同的認同策略，進而影響認同策略與適應的關係；一是理論觀點的問題，過去這方面的研究多是從西方文化的角度切入，而未考量文化差異之影響。這兩點理由反映出，並非某一種認同策略必然對應於特定的適應結果，而是受到「脈絡」的影響。為此，本研究首先界定出青少年階段較為重要的兩種認同範疇：學習範疇與日常活動範疇，並將三種認同策略放在此兩種特定的認同範疇下，以編製新的測量工具—青少年認同策略量表；進而探討在台灣社會文化下，不同認同範疇之認同策略與青少年適應問題之關係。此外，本研究進一步探討青少年的個別差異（包括性別差異與發展階段之不同）如何調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。
本研究選取946位台北地區的國、高中在學生為研究受試，以自陳量表的方式填答背景資料、青少年認同策略量表，與青少年自陳量表（含內、外化問題行為）。男女人數分別為487與459人；國、高中生人數分別為456與490人。研究結果顯示，就整體青少年而言，隨著脈絡之不同，三種認同策略與青少年適應問題之關聯也有所不同。不同於西方文化強調訊息取向的適應價值，在台灣社會文化下，規範取向較有利於青少年適應，訊息取向次之，散漫-逃避取向則不利於青少年適應。認同範疇的不同決定了訊息取向對於適應的影響方向：學習範疇的訊息取向可些微降低適應問題，日常活動範疇的訊息取向則增加適應問題。
青少年在性別與發展階段的異質性則調節了認同策略與適應問題之關係。在性別方面，無論男女，規範取向皆可降低受試的適應問題，散漫-逃避取向則增加適應問題；但只有對男生而言，訊息取向才會顯著影響其適應問題。在發展階段方面，對國中生來說，只有學習範疇的規範取向與散漫-逃避取向影響其適應問題，日常活動範疇的認同策略並不具有影響力。在高中階段，兩種認同範疇的認同策略皆對於適應問題有影響，訊息取向對於適應問題的影響力到高中階段才被凸顯。
本研究結果說明了，有關認青少年同策略之使用與適應問題之關係，需放在脈絡下來探討；不同脈絡下，認同策略可能帶來不同的適應結果。而在特定脈絡下，青少年的個別差異則可調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。根據研究結果，我們進一步從研究者與實務者的角度來討論三種認同策略對於青少年之功能。
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the ways in which adolescents approach identity issues (i.e. the three identity strategies: information-oriented, norm-oriented, and diffuse/avoidant-oriented) and adjustment problems. The relationship between identity strategies and adolescents adjustment problems has not been consistently replicated. Two reasons were considered: one was the limit of the Identity Style Inventory (ISI), which was extensively used to measure identity strategies. However, ISI could only measure the individuals’ “preference” of specific identity strategy, it ignored that people may use different identity strategies in different contexts. The other reason was the limit of theoretical view. In the past, such research issue was executed by the Western researchers; they didn’t consider the effects of culture differences. Our assumption was that one specific identity strategy will not necessary bring a specific adjustment outcome, but be influenced by “contexts”. For testing this assumption, we first identified two important identity domains in adolescence: learning domain and life-activity domain. Then, the new measurement tool named the Identity Strategy Inventory for Adolescence (ISI-A) was developed which measure three identity strategies in the two identity domains. Then, we used ISI-A to explore the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in Taiwan. Furthermore, we explore how the individual differences (gender difference and different developmental stage) moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adolescent’s adjustment problems.
946 students (487 males, 456 junior high school students) in junior and senior high schools in Taipei were recruited. All students completed questionnaires on personal and family background, ISI-A, and Youth Self-Report Checklist (YSR) which measured externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Results indicated that the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems is different in different context. Information-oriented was considered the beneficial identity strategy in Western culture, but we found norm-oriented was more beneficial to adolescents’ adjustment than information-oriented. Like the findings in Western culture, we found diffuse/avoidant-oriented was detrimental to adolescents’ adjustment. Different identity domains determine the values of information-oriented. In learning domain, information-oriented was somewhat beneficial to adjustment, but in life-activity domain, information-oriented was detrimental to adjustment.
Gender differences and developmental stages in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. In the two identity domains, norm-oriented reduce and diffuse/avoidant-oriented increase adolescents’ adjustment problems across different genders, but information-oriented influence only male’s adjustment problems. For junior high school’s students, adjustment problem was influenced by norm- and diffuse/avoidant-oriented in learning domain, but wasn’t by any identity strategies in life-activity domain. For senior high school’s students, however, identity strategies in the two identity domains have effect on adjustment problems. Furthermore, the influence of information-oriented was highlighted in senior high school students.
These findings indicate that it’s necessary to consider the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in “contexts”. A specific identity strategy brings to different adjustment outcomes in different context. In a specific context, individual differences in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. Based on these findings, we further discussed the three identity strategies’ function from the viewpoint of researcher and practitioner. |
| Reference: | 王保進（2002）。視窗板SPSS與行為科學研究。台北市：心理出版社。
王梅香、江澤群（2003）。台北市青少年休閒動機與休閒參與之研究。北體學報，11期，203-216。
王嘉寧、翁儷禎（2002）。探索性因素分析國內應用之評估：1993至1999。中華心理學刊，44(2)，239-251。
朱儀羚（2003）。《犯行青少年之自我敘事與自我認定》。中正大學犯罪防治研究所，碩士論文。
呂玉瑕（1996）。兩性的角色分工與家庭發展。基督書院學報，3，91-100。
呂玉瑕、伊慶春（2005）。社會變遷中的夫妻資源與家務分工：台灣七○年代與九○年代社會文化脈絡的比較。台灣社會學，10期，41-94。
呂玉琴、溫世展（2001）。國小、國中與高中教師的數學教學相關信念之探討。國立台北師範學院學報，14，459-490。
李美枝（1984）。女性心理學。台北：大洋。
林惠雅（2007）。青少年獨立自主發展之探討。應用心理研究，35，153-183。
吳季珊（2006）。努力本質觀對華人青少年憂鬱情緒之預測力。國立台灣大學心理系碩士論文。
陳怡群、黃惠玲、趙家琛（2009）。阿肯巴克實證衡鑑系統計分手冊。台北市：心理出版社。翻譯自Achenbach System Of Empirically Based Assessment(ASEBA), edited by T. M. Achenbach & L. A. Rescorla. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
陳坤虎（2007）。認同重要性、認同確定性、及認同落差之生態效度：青少年自我認同介入方案之療效分析。台灣大學心理系：博士論文。
陳坤虎、雷庚玲、吳英璋（2005）。不同階段青少年之自我認同內容及危機探索之發展差異。中華心理學刊，47，249-268。
章英華、傅仰止（主編）（2006）。台灣社會變遷基本調查計畫第五期第一次調查計畫執行報告。中央研究院社會學研究所。
許文耀、呂嘉寧（1999）。國中生的犯最高危險群初探—由「學習者」角色扮演的角度切入。中華心理衛生學刊，12(2)，87-107。
陸洛、翁克成（2007）。師生的心理傳統性與現代性、關係契合性對師生互動品質及學生心理福祉的影響。本土心理學研究，第27期，81-118。
陸洛、楊國樞（2005）。社會取向與個人取向的自我實現觀：概念分析與實徵初探。本土心理學研究，23，3-69。
孫蒨如（2000）。自我肯定歷程在相依我概念下的運作。見華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫辦公室（主編）：華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫八十九年度計畫執行報告書。台北市：國立台灣大學心理學系，華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫辦公室。
榮泰生（2006）。SPSS與研究方法。台北市：五南書局。
黃囇莉（1996）。中國人的人際和諧與衝突：理論建構及實徵研究。台灣大學心理學研究所：博士論文。
曾秋玲（1999）。台灣國中生的自我落差、學業成就與憂鬱、焦慮之關係。政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
曾幼涵（2001）。解析青少年犯罪率高峰之現象：「低自我控制」與「成熟代溝」之再議。政治大學心理系，碩士論文。
曾幼涵、許文耀、黃守廉（2009）。探討成熟斷層對於青少年違犯行為之影響。中華心理衛生學刊，22, 213-240。
翁嘉英、楊國樞、許燕(2008)。華人多元自尊的概念分析與量表建構：本土化觀點。見楊國樞、陸洛（主編）：中國人的自我：心理學分析。台北市：國立台灣大學出版中心。
楊中芳（1991）。試論中國人的「自己」：理論與研究方向。中國人、中國心—人格與社會篇。台北：遠流出版社。
楊浩然（2002）。青少年憂鬱疾患及憂鬱症狀之追蹤研究。台灣大學流行病學研究所：博士論文。
楊孟麗（2005）。教育成就的價值與青少年的心理健康。中華心理衛生學刊，18, 75-99。
楊國樞（1981）。中國人的性格與行為：形成及蛻變。中華心理學刊，23（1），39-55。
楊國樞（1982）。青少年問題行為之研究。輯於「開放的多元社會」，楊國樞著。台北：東大。
楊國樞（1992）。中國人的蛻變。台北：桂冠圖書公司。
楊國樞、吳英璋、余德慧（1986）。台北市青少年犯罪之心理傾向及其防治：期終報告。台北市政府警察局。
楊國樞、陸 洛（2005）。社會取向與個人取向自我實現者的心理特徵：概念分析與實徵研究。本土心理學研究，23，71-143。
楊國樞，葉光輝（1993）。社會取向與個我取向心理與行為的家庭教化歷程。行政院國科會科資中心，台北市。
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Are American children’s problems still getting worse? A 23-Year comparison. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 1-11.
Adams, G. R. (1999). Objective measure of ego identity status: A manual on theory and test construction. Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph.
Adams, G. R., & Fitch, S. A. (1982). Ego stage and identity status development: A cross-sequential analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 574-583.
Adams, G. R., & Marshall, S. K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of identity: understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 429-442.
Adams, G. R., & Montemayor, R. (1992). Trajectories of identity development. Unpublished raw data. Utah State University, Logan.
Adams, G. R., Munro, B., Doherty-Poirer, M., Munro, G., Petersen, A. R., & Edwards, J. (2001). Diffuse-avoidance, normative, and informational identity styles: Using identity theory to predict maladjustment. Identity, 1, 307-320.
Adams, G. R., Munro, B., Munro, G., Doherty-Poirer, M., & Edwaeds, J. (2005). Identity processing styles and Canadian adolescents’ self-reported delinquency. Identity, 5, 57-65.
American Psychological Association. (2002). Developing adolescents: A reference for professionals. Washington, DC: Author.
Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2001). The epidemiology of disorders of conduct: Nosological issues and comorbidity. In J. Hill & B. Maughan (Eds), Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 126-168). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Angold, A., & Rutter, M. (1992). Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 5-28.
Archer, S. L. (1982). The lower age boundaries of identity development. Child Development, 53, 1551–1556.
Archer, S. L. (1989). Gender differences in identity development: issues of process, domain and timing. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 117-138.
Archer, S., & Waterman, A. (1983). Identity in early adolescence: A developmental perspective. Journal of Early Adolescence, 3, 203-214.
Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. E., & Shagle, S. C. (1994). Associations between parental psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1120-1136.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meaning of Life. New York: Guilford.
Baumeister, R. F., & Muraven, M. (1996). Identity as adaptation to social, cultural, and historical context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 405-416.
Beaumont, S. L., & Zukanovic, R. (2005). Identity development in men and its relation to psychosocial distress and self-worth. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 37(1), 70-81.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 268-282.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self-construction over the lifespan: A process perspective on identity formation. Advances in Personal Construct Psychology, 1, 155-186.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1992a). Identity style and coping strategies. Journal of Personality, 60, 772-787.
Berzonsky, M. D. (1992b). Identity Style Inventory (ISI3). Unpublished Manuscript, State University of New York, Cortland.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2003). The structure of identity: commentary on Jane Kroger’s view of identity status transition. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3(3), 231-245.
Berzonsky, M. D. (2008). Identity formation: The role of identity processing style and cognitive processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 645-655.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Adams, G. R. (1999). Reevaluating the identity status paradigm: Still useful after 35 years. Developmental Review, 19, 557-590.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2005). Identity style, psychosocial maturity, and academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 235-247.
Berzonsky, M. D., & Sullivan, C. (1992). Social-cognitive aspects of identity style need for cognition, experiential openness, and introspection. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 140-155.
Carroll, A., Durkin, K., Hattie, J., & Houghton, S. (1997). Goal setting among adolescents: A comparison of delinquent, at-risk, and not-at-risk youth. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 441-450.
Cheung, S. K. (1997). Self-discrepancy and depressive experiences among Chinese early adolescents: significance of identity and the undesired self. International Journal of Psychology, 32(5), 247-359.
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 6-20.
Cooper, P. J., & Goodyer, I. (1993). A community study of depression in adolescent girls I: Estimates of symptom and syndrome prevalence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 369-374.
Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Berzonsky, M. D., & Meeus, W. (2009). Brief report: The Identity Style Inventory—validation in Italian adolescents and college students. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 425-433.
Crystal, D. S., Chen, C., Fuligni, A. J., Stevenson, H. W., Hsu, C., Ko, H., Kitamura, S., & Kimura, S. (1994). Psychological maladjustment and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study of Japanese, Chinese, and American high school students. Child Development, 65, 738-753.
Damon, W. (1988). Socialization and individuation. In Gerald Handel, (Eds.), Childhood Socialization (pp. 3-10). New York: Hawthorne.
Dollinger, S. M. C. (1995). Identity styles and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 475-479.
Dusek, J. B. (1996). Adolescent Development and Behavior(3 ed). N.J. : Prentice Hall
Dworkin, J. (2005). Risk taking as developmentally appropriate experimentation for college students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 219-241.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1997). Vital involvement in old age: The experience of old age in our time. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Eryigit, S., & Kerpelman, J. (2009). Using the Identity Processing Style Q-Sort to examine identity styles of Turkish young adults. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1137-1158.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorder in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 263-279.
Fadjukoff, P., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2005). Identity processes in adulthood: Diverging domains. Identity, 5, 1-20.
Farrington, D. P. (1986). Age and crime. In M. Tonry & N. Morris(Eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research(Vol. 7, pp. 189-250). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Good, M., Grand, M. P., Newby-Clark, I. R., & Adams,G. R. (2008). The moderating effect of identity style on the relation between adolescent problem behavior and quality of psychological functioning. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 8, 221-248.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 532-560.
Goossens, L. (1992, September). Longitudinal trajectories of identity status development in university students. Paper presented at the Fifth European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Seville, Spain.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. H. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Grotevant, H. D. (1986). Assessment of identity development: Current issues and future directions. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 175-182.
Grotevant, H. D. (1992). Assigned and chosen identity components: A process perspective on their integration. In G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotta, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Adolescent Identity Formation, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Grotevant, H. D., & Adams, G. R. (1984). Development of an objective measure to assess ego identity in adolescence: Validation and replication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13, 419-438.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319-340.
Hill, J. P., & Lynch, M. E. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In J. Brooks-Gunn & A. C. Petersen(Eds.), Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives (pp. 201-228). New York: Plenum.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 867-884.
Hofer, J., Kärtner, J., Chasiotis, A., Busch, H., & Kiessling, F. (2007). Socio-cultural aspects of identity formation: The relationship between commitment and well-being in student samples from Cameroon and Germany. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 265-288.
Holmbeck, G. N., Friedman, D., Abad, M., & Jandasek, B. (2006). Development and Psychopathology in Adolescence. In “Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment”Edited by D. A. Wolfe & E. J. Mash, Chapter 2. Guilford, New York.
Holmbeck, G. N., & Shapera, W. F. A. (1999). Research methods with adolescents. In P. C. Kendall, J. N. Butcher, & G. N. Holmbeck(Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed., pp. 634-661). New York: Wiley.
Hunter, F. T., & Youniss, J. (1982). Changes in functions of three relations during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 806-811.
Irwin, C. E., Burg, S. J., & Cart, C. U. (2002). America’s adolescents: Where have we been, where are we going? Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6, Suppl. 1), 91-121.
Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, R. M., & Hartmann, B. R. (1988). Ego identity: developmental difference and experimental substance among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 11, 347-360.
Jones, R. M., Ross,C. N., & Hartmann, B. R. (1992). An investigation of cognitive style and alcohol/ work-related problems among naval personnel. Journal of Drug Education, 22(3), 241-251.
Kendall, P. C., Hedtke, K. A., & Aschenbrand, S. G. (2006). Anxiety disorders. In “Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment”Edited by D. A. Wolfe & E. J. Mash, Chapter 7. Guilford, New York.
Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1002-1014.
Klimstra, T. A., Hale III, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus,W. H. J. (2010). Identity formation in adolescence: Change or stability? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 150-162.
Kroger, J. (1997). Gender and identity: The intersection of structure, content, and context. Sex Roles, 36, 747-770.
Kroger, J. (2003). What transits in an identity status transition? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3(3), 197-220.
Kwon, J-H., Chung, C. S., & Lee, J. (2009). The effects of escape from self and interpersonal relationship on the pathological use of internet games. Community Mental Health Journal, 23. Published online.
La Voie, J. C. (1976). Ego identity formation in middle adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 371-385.
Lee, Y. K. (2000). Psychological characteristics of drug-abusing adolescents. Master’s thesis, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
Lockwood, P., Marshall, T. C., & Sadler, P. (2005). Promoting success or preventing failure: cultural differences in motivation by positive and negative role models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 379-392.
Loeber, R., Pardini, D. A., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Raine, A. (2007). Do cognitive, physiological, and psychosocial risk and promotive factors predict desistance from delinquency in males? Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 867-887.
Lu, Y. H. (1996). Attitudes toward Gender Role: Changes in Taiwan, 1991-2001. Paper presented at the International Conference on Intergenerational Relation in Families’ Life Course. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology, Academic Sinica, 2003 Mar, 12-14.
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture, self and ways to achieve SWB: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 5, 51-79.
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Berzonsky, M. D., Smits, I., Goossens, L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2007). Information-oriented identity processing, identity consolidation, and well-being: The moderating role of autonomy, self-reflection, and self- rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1099-1111.
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58-82.
Lyons, N. P. (1983). Two perspectives: On self, relationships, and morality. Harvard Educational Review, 53, 125-145.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558.
Marcia, J. E. (1976). Identity six years after: A follow-up study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 145-160.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson(Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, New York: Wiley & Son.
Marcia, J. E. (1991). Identity and self-development. In R. M. Lerner, A. C. Petersen, & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (Vol. 1). New York: Garland.
Marcia, J. E., Waterman, A. S., Matteson, D. R., Archer, S. L., & Orlofsky, J. L. (1993). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Meilman, P. W. (1979). Cross-sectional age changes in ego identity status during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 15, 230-231.
Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention-deficit disorder: Developmental trajectories from age 3 to 15. Child Development, 61, 893-910.
Moffitt, T. E. (1991). Juvenile delinquency: Seed of a career in violent crime, just sowing wild oats--or both? Paper presented at the Science and Public Policy Seminars of the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences, Washington, DC.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and Life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674-701.
Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: a 10-year research review. Cause of Conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency, edited by Lahey, B. B., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. The Guilford Press.
National Institute of Mental Health (1999). Suicide facts. [Online]. Available: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/suifact.htm
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504-511.
Noom, M. J., Deković, J., & Meeus, W. (2001). Conceptual analysis and measurement of adolescent autonomy, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 577-595.
Nurmi, J. (1997). Self-definition and mental health during adolescence and young adulthood. In J. Schulenberg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 395-419). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nurmi, J.-E., Berzonsky, M. D., Tammi, K., & Kinny, A. (1997). Identity processing orientation, cognitive and behavioral strategies and well-being. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 555-570.
Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Depression in adolescence. American Psychologist, 48(2), 155-168.
Phillips, T. M. (2008). Age-related differences in identity style: A cross-sectional analysis. Current Psychology, 27, 205-215.
Phillips, T. M. (2009). Does social desirability bias distort results on the ego identity process questionnaire or the identity style inventory? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9, 87-94.
Phillips, T. M., & Pittman, J. F. (2007). Adolescent psychological well-being by identity style. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 1021-1034.
Phinny, J. S., & Goossens, L. (1996). Identity development in context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 401-403.
Piquero, A. R., & Brezina, T. (2001). Testing Moffitt’s account of adolescence-limited delinquency. Criminology, 39(2), 353-370.
Pittman, J. F., Kerpelman, J. L., Lamke, L. K., & Sollie, D. L. (2009). Development and validation of a Q-sort measure of identity processing style: The identity processing style Q-sort. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1239-1265.
Powers, S., Hauser, S., & Kilner, L. (1989). Adolescent mental health. American Psychologist, 44, 200-208.
Roberts, R. E., Attkisson, C. C., & Rosenblatt, A. (1998). Prevalence of psychopathology among children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(6), 715-725.
Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 58-66.
Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (1989). Ethnic differences in adolescents’identity status and associated behavior problems. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 361-374.
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., & Daley, S. E. (2006). Mood disorders. In “Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment”Edited by D. A. Wolfe & E. J. Mash, Chapter 8. Guilford, New York.
Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sampson, E. E. (1978). Personality and the location of identity. Journal of Personality, 46, 552-568.
Schwartz, K. (1987). The relationship between culture and stress: A comparison of Chinese, Saudi and American student perceptions regarding problems and effectiveness of coping. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Pittsburg.
Smetana, J. G. (1989). Adolescents’ and parents’ reasoning about actual family conflict. Child Development, 60, 1052-1067.
Smetana, J. G., & Asquith, P. (1994). Adolescents’ and parents’ conceptions of parental authority and personal autonomy. Child Development, 65, 1147-1162.
Smetana, J. S., & Gaines, C. (1999). Adolescent-parent conflict in middle-class African American families. Child Development, 70(6), 1447-1463.
Smetana, J. G., Yau, J., & Hanson, S. (1991). Conflict resolution in families with adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 189-206.
Smits, I., Sonens, B., Luyckx, K., Duriez, B., Berzonsky, M., & Goossens, L. (2008). Perceived parenting dimensions and identity styles: Exploring the socialization of adolescents’ processing of identity-relevant information. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 151-164.
Soenens, B., Berzonsky, M. D., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2005). Identity styles and causality orientations: In search of the motivational underpinnings of the identity exploration process. European Journal of Personality, 19, 427-442.
Song, L., Singh, J., & Singer, M. (1994). The Youth Self-Report Inventory: A study of its measurement fidelity. Psychological Assessment, 6(3), 236-245.
Sprinthall, N. A., & Collins, W. A. (1995). Adolescent Psychology: A Developmental View. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Impact of puberty on family relations: Effects of pubertal status and pubertal timing. Developmental Psychology, 23, 451-460.
Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. B. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851.
Tanner, J. M. (1978). Fetus into man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tsai, Y. M., & Yi, C. C. (1997). Persistence and changes in Chinese family values: the Taiwanese case. Pp. 123-169 in Taiwan Society in 1990s, edited by L. Y. Chang, Y. H. Lu, & F. C. Wang. Taipei, Taiwan: The Preparatory Office of the Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica.
Vleioras, G. (2007). Not all identity style items refer to identity: Does it matter? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(3), 255-262.
Vleioras, G., & Bosma, H. A. (2005). Are identity styles important for psychological well-being ? Journal of Adolescence, 28, 397-409.
Wampler, R. A., & White, J. M. (1996). An evaluation of the Neighborhood Involvement Centers. Unpublished Manuscript, Texas Tech University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies.
Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18, 341-358.
Waterman, A. S. (1985). Identity in the context of adolescent psychology. In A. S. Waterman (Ed.), Identity in adolescence: Processes and contents. New directions in child development (No. 30, pp. 5-24). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
White, J. M., & Jones, R. M. (1996). Identity styles of male inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(3), 490-504.
White, J. M., Wampler, R. S., & Winn, K. I. (1998). The identity style inventory: A revision with a sixth-grade reading level(ISI-6G). Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, 223-245.
Wild, D., Grove, A., Martin, M., Eremenco, S., McElroy, S., Verjee-Lorenz, A., & Erikson, P. (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health, 8(2), 94-104.
Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotype: A thirty nation study. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Wolfe, D. A., & Mash, E. J. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents. In “Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Nature, Assessment, and Treatment”Edited by D. A. Wolfe & E. J. Mash, Chapter 1. Guilford, New York.
Yau, J., & Smetana, J. G. (1996). Adolescent-parent conflict among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Development, 67, 1262-1275.
Ybrandt, H. (2008). The relation between self-concept and social functioning in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 1-16. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
92752502
99 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0927525023 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [心理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 52502301.pdf | | 1722Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 3427 | View/Open | | 52502302.pdf | | 181Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1150 | View/Open | | 52502303.pdf | | 126Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1085 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
