Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/52838
|
| Title: | Sanctions against North Korea and Burma: Chinese Preconditions and American Dispositions |
| Authors: | 江士培
Jemelka, Spencer Robert |
| Contributors: | 李瓊莉
Lee, Chyungly
江士培
Jemelka, Spencer Robert |
| Keywords: | 緬甸
北韓
美國
經濟制裁
Sanctions
North Korea
Burma
Myanmar
United States |
| Date: | 2010 |
| Issue Date: | 2012-04-17 09:29:46 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | This study examines China and the United States’ sanctions vis-à-vis the Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea and Burma. The central research question is: Given China’s historical stance on sanctions is it possible to encourage China to further support the sanctions regimes against North Korea and Burma? If so, how? And if not, should the sanctions regime be modified by the sender states in order to achieve the original goals of the sanctions given China’s unwillingness to support the regime? Using all UNSC cases from 1997 to the present this study explores the likelihood of China’s involvement in sanctions by identifying what factors make China’s involvement in sanctions more likely, referred to in this study as China’s sanctions parameters. After applying China’s sanctions parameters to the cases of North Korea and Burma it is found that in North Korea, China could more rigorously uphold the spirit of the UNSC sanctions. Specifically, it is recommended that China tighten its restrictions on the export of luxury goods and further restrict and inspect DPRK planes flying over Chinese airspace. Furthermore, this thesis suggests that the US apply pressure on China to change its behavior in these two areas as well as apply consistent sanctions rhetoric towards the DPRK. These recommendations are feasible as they do not overly stretch China’s sanctions parameters or overtax US capabilities. In the case of Burma, it is found that US sanctions vastly overstretch China’s sanctions parameters making it highly unlikely China will participate in the sanctions regime. Thus, it is recommended the US modify its sanctions regime to achieve the goal of liberalization in Burma. |
| Reference: | Abdihakim. “Security Council should act prudently in imposing sanctions.” Alshahid News and Analysis, December 24, 2009. http://english.alshahid.net/archives/3302.
Alamgir, Jalal. “Myanmar’s Foreign Trade and its Political Consequences.” Asian Survey 48, no. 6 (November 2008): 977-996.
Amnesty International. “Myanmar: Human rights by topic.” Amnesty International, 2011. http://www.amnesty.org/en/human-rights/human-rights-by-topic.
Ang, Adrian U-Jin, and Dursun Peksen. “When Do Economic Sanctions Work? Asymmetric Perceptions, Issue Salience, and Outcomes.” Political Research Quarterly 60, no. 1 (March 2007): 135-145.
Anonymous. Myanmar (Burma): UPDATED Economic Policy Analysis. The McKeever Institute of Economic Policy Analysis, November 11, 2008. http://www.mkeever.com/myanmar.html.
Anonymous. “The Case For Sanctions.” The Burma Campaign UK, 2011. http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/case_for_sanctions.html.
Anonymous. “Rape of Burma by generals.” The Korea Herald, May 8, 2008. http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.lib.nccu.edu.tw:8090/us/lnacademic/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1272374673406&returnToKey=20_T9199507121&parent=docview&target=results_listview_resultsNav&tokenKey=rsh-20.879056.9389768417.
BBC. “UN imposes sanctions on Eritrea.” BBC, December 23, 2009, sec. Africa. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8428881.stm.
Beck, Peter M. “North Korea in 2010: Provocations and Succession.” Asian Survey 51, no. 1 (February 2011): 33-40.
Bone, James. “UN imposes sanctions on Eritrea over support for rebels in Somalia.” Times Online. New York, December 23, 2009. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article6966873.ece.
Borger, Julian, Ian MacKinnon, and Ian Black. “As Burmese troops open fire at monks, China and Russia block global sanctions.” The Guardian. New York and Bangkok, September 27, 2007, sec. World News. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/sep/27/burma.unitednations.
Bosco, David. “Tracking North Korea sanctions.” Foreign Policy, November 2, 2010. http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/02/tracking_north_korea_sanctions.
Chang, Gordon G. “Beijing Is Violating North Korean Sanctions.” Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2009, sec. Opinion Asia. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704107204574474424116638040.html.
Central Intelligence Agency. “North Korea.” The World Factbook, March 16, 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.html.
Cha, Victor. “America must show resolve over North Korea.” FT.com (May 20, 2010). http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/51cc0ef4-6444-11df-8618-00144feab49a.html#axzz1SFZznlD6
Charbonneau, Louis, and Xavier Briand. “China committed to enforcing North Korea sanctions: U.S.” Reuters, July 30, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/30/us-korea-north-un-idUSTRE56T5WV20090730.
Chi-dong, Lee. “China committed to enforcing U.N. sanctions on North Korea: envoy.” Yonhap News Agency, December 15, 2010, sec. Politics/Diplomacy. http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2009/12/15/11/0301000000AEN20091215004700315F.HTML.
Choo, Jaewoo. “Mirroring North Korea’s Growing Economic Dependence on China: Political Ramifications.” Asian Survey 48, no. 2 (April 2008): 343-372.
Choo, Jae-Woo. “North Korea’s Collapse and China’s Strategic Options.” Korea Focus, October 2008. http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=102201.
Crail, Peter. “UN Tightens North Korea Sanctions.” Arms Control Association, July 2009. http://www.armscontrol.org/print/3730.
Downs, Erica, and Suzanne Maloney. “Getting China to Sanction Iran: The Chinese-Iranian Oil Connection.” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (March 2011).
http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/03_china_iran_downs_maloney.aspx.
Ewing-Chow, Michael. “First Do No Harm: Myanmar Trade Sanctions and Human Rights.” Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights 5, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 153-180.
Ferguson, Jane. “Burmese sanctions likely to stay, despite ASEAN call.” East Asia Forum, February 18, 2011. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/02/18/burmese-sanctions-likely-to-stay-despite-asean-call/.
Global Witness. “Cote d’Ivoire.” Global Witness, 2010. http://www.globalwitness.org/campaigns/conflict/conflict-diamonds/cote-divoire.
Hadar, Leon T. “U.S. Sanctions against Burma: A Failure on All Fronts.” CATO Institute (March 26, 1998). http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3656.
Haggard, Stephen, and Marcus Noland. “Sanctioning North Korea: The Political Economy of Denuclearization and Proliferation.” Asian Survey 50, no. 3 (May 2010): 539-568.
Harden, Blaine. “China Trade Helps Shield N. Korea Cash Aids Military, May Offset Sanctions.” The Washington Post, June 27, 2009, sec. Asia/Pacific. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/26/AR2009062604238.html.
Holliday, Ian. “Doing Business with Rights Violating Regimes Corporate Social Responsibility and Myanmar’s Military Junta.” Journal of Business Ethics 61, no. 4 (November 2005): 329-342.
Holliday, Ian. “Rethinking the United States’s Myanmar Policy.” Asian Survey 45, no. 4 (August 2005): 603-621.
Hosenball, Mark. “Why Did North Korea Sink the South Korean Ship?” Newsweek, May 21, 2010. http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/2010/05/21/why-did-north-korea-sink-the-south-korean-ship-.html.
Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Jeffrey J. Schott. “Economic Sanctions and U. S. Foreign Policy.” American Political Science Association 18, no. 4 (Autumn 1985): 727-735.
International Crisis Group. Balkans Briefing: Sanctions Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (As of 10 October 2000). Washington/Brussels: International Crisis Group, October 10, 2000.
International Crisis Group. China’s Myanmar Dilemma. Asia Report. International Crisis Group, September 14, 2009. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/north-east-asia/china/177-chinas-myanmar-dilemma.aspx.
Jagan, Larry. “China Supports Burma, But Urges Change.” The Irrawaddy. Bangkok, August 27, 2003, sec. Burma. http://www.irrawaddy.cc/article.php?art_id=53.
Johnston, Tim. “Suu Kyi warned over sanctions support.” Financial Times. Bangkok, February 14, 2011, sec. Asia-Pacific. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f63699d8-3823-11e0-8257-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Se6dmROl.
Kim, Jack, and Lee Jae-won. “North Korea shells South in fiercest attack in decades.” Reuters, November 23, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/23/us-korea-north-artillery-idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123.
Klinger, Bruce. “Sanctions: An Important Component of U.S. North Korea Policy.” 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea, May 2, 2010. http://38north.org/2010/05/sanctions-an-important-component-of-u-s-north-korea-policy/.
Kyaw, Aye Thidar. “Trade volume to jump 12 percent.” The Myanmar Times, April 3, 2011. http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/business/568/biz56803.html.
Lind, Jennifer M. Democratization and Stability in East Asia. University of California Irvine: Department of Political Science, UC Irvine, February 2009.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack Snyder. “Democratization and War.” Foreign Affairs 74, no. 3 (May 1995): 79-86.
Marciel, Scot. Burma: Policy Review. Bangkok, Thailand: U.S. Department of State, 2009. http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2009/11/131536.htm.
Moe, Wai. “US Sanctions Taking Toll on Burmese Gems Industry.” The Irrawaddy, February 19, 2009. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=15150.
Mohammed, Arshad. “U.S. keeps Myanmar sanctions, plans more talks.” Reuters, September 23, 2009, sec. Americas. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N23424614.htm.
Montlake, Simon. “Why Aung San Suu Kyi wants to keep sanctions on Burma.” Christian Science Monitor. Bangkok, February 22, 2011, sec. World. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0222/Why-Aung-San-Suu-Kyi-wants-to-keep-sanctions-on-Burma/(page)/2.
Nikitin, Mary Beth, Emma Chanlett-Avery, Mark Manyin, Nanto K. Dick, Dianne Rennack, and MiAe Taylor. Implementation of U.N. Security Council Resolution 1874. Memorandum. Congressional Research Service, October 8, 2010. http://lugar.senate.gov/issues/foreign/reports/NKoreaCRSReport.pdf.
Noland, Marcus. “How to Make Sanctions on North Korea Stick.” Newsweek, February 14, 2009. http://www.newsweek.com/2009/02/13/take-away-their-mercedes.html.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Democracy and Human Rights. New York: United Nations, 2008. http://www.unis.unvienna.org/pdf/Democracy_Human_Rights_2008.pdf.
Oh, Kongdan, and Ralph Hassig. “North Korea in 2009: The Song Remains the Same.” Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (Jan): 89-96.
Peksen, Dursun. “Better or Worse? The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights.” Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 1 (2009): 59-77.
Peterson Institute for International Economics. “Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Burma (Myanmar).” Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2011. http://www.iie.com/research/topics/sanctions/myanmar2.cfm#goals.
Rennack, Dianne E. North Korea: Economic Sanctions. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service, October 17, 2006. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41438.pdf.
Rennack, Dianne E. North Korea: Legislative Basis for U.S. Economic Sanctions. Congressional Research Service, September 29, 2010.
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29611/.
Sachs, Jeffrey. “Myanmar: Sanctions Won’t Work.” YaleGlobal Online, June 27, 2004. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/myanmar-sanctions-wont-work.
Seekins, Donald M. “Burma and U.S. Sanctions: Punishing an Authoritarian Regime.” Asian Survey 45, no. 3 (June 2005): 437-452.
Seekins, Donald M. “Myanmar in 2009: A New Political Era?” Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (Jan): 195-202.
Snyder, Scott. “UN Sanctions and their Impact on North Korea.” In Asia, October 27, 2010. http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2010/10/27/un-sanctions-and-their-impact-on-north-korea/.
Steinberg, David I. Burma: The State of Myanmar. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2001.
Tea, Billy. China and Myanmar: Strategic Interests, Strategies and the Road Ahead. New Delhi, India: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, September 2010.
Than, Mya, and Myat Thein. “Transitional Economy of Myanmar: Present Status, Developmental Divide, and Future Prospects.” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 24, no. 1 (April 2007): 98-108.
The Diplomat. “Time to Drop Burma Sanctions.” The Diplomat, March 3, 2011. http://the-diplomat.com/2011/03/03/%E2%80%98time-to-drop-burma-sanctions%E2%80%99/.
The Guardian. “US embassy cables: China losing patience with Burma”, December 9, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/137835.
Turnell, Sean. “Burma’s Insatiable State.” Asian Survey 48, no. 6 (December 2008): 958-976.
United Nations. “United Nations Security Council Sanctions Committees”, 2011. http://www.un.org/sc/committees/.
United Nations Department of Public Information, “Security Council Demands End to Violence In Cote D’Ivoire, Imposing Sanctions Against Former President And Urging Him to ‘Step Aside’ in Resolution 1975,” March 30, 2011, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10215.doc.htm
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Human Development Report 2004, 2004. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr04_complete.pdf.
United Nations Sanctions Secretariat, Department of Political Affairs. Smart Sanctions, The Next Step: Arms Embargoes and Travel Sanctions. Second Expert Seminar. Berlin: United Nations Sanctions Secretariat, Department of Political Affairs, December 3, 2000. http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/sanctions/overview.pdf.
United Nations Security Council. 3868th Meeting. S/PV.3868. March 31, 1998. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 3870th Meeting. S/PV.3870. April 9, 1998. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 3989th Meeting. S/PV.3989. March 26, 1999. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4011th Meeting. S/PV.4011 June 10, 1999. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4051st Meeting. S/PV.4051. October 15, 1999. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4129th Meeting. S/PV.4129. April 18, 2000. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4251st Meeting. S/PV.4251. December 19, 2000. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4394th Meeting. S/PV.4394. October 25, 2001. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4405th Meeting. S/PV.4405. November 5, 2001. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 4472nd Meeting. S/PV.4472. February 13, 2002. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5015th Meeting. S/PV.5015. July 30, 2004. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5040th Meeting. S/PV.5040. September 18, 2004. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5078th Meeting. S/PV.5078. November 15, 2004. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5153rd Meeting. S/PV.5153. March 29, 2005. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5423rd Meeting. S/PV.5423. April 25, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5500th Meeting. S/PV.5500. July 31, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5551st Meeting. S/PV.5551. October 14, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5551st Meeting. SC/8853. October 14, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5612th Meeting. S/PV.5612. December 23, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5616th Meeting. S/PV.5616. January 9, 2007. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5647th Meeting. S/PV.5647. March 24, 2007. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5753rd Meeting. S/PV.5753. October 5, 2007. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 5777th Meeting. S/PV.5777. November 13, 2007. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 6141st Meeting. S/PV.6141. June 12, 2009. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 6141st Meeting. SC/9679. June 12, 2009. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 6254th Meeting. S/PV.6254. December 23, 2009. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 6335th Meeting. S/PV.6335. June 9, 2010. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 6491st Meeting. S/PV.6491. February 26, 2011. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. 6498th Meeting. S/PV.6498. March 17, 2011. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1160 (1998). S/RES/1160 (1998). March 31, 1998. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1161 (1998). S/RES/1161 (1998). April 9, 1998. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1289 (2000). S/RES/1298 (2000). May 17, 2000. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1493 (2003). S/RES/1493 (2003). July 28, 2003. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1572 (2004). S/RES/1572 (2004). November 15, 2004. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1636 (2005). S/RES/1636 (2005). October 31, 2005. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1689 (2006). S/RES/1689 (2006) June 20, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1718 (2006). S/RES/1718 (2006). October 14, 2006. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1874 (2009). S/RES/1874 (2009). June 12, 2009. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1970 (2011). S/RES/1970 (2011). February 26, 2011. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Security Council. Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006). S/AC.49/2006/21. January 30, 2008. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Web Services Section. “Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) concerning Côte d’Ivoire”, 2011. http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1572/.
US House of Representatives. Development in Burma: Hearing for House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Asia and The Pacific, and Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights, Committee on International Relations. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004. http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/108/92745.pdf.
U.S. Department of the Treasury. “What You Need to Know About U.S. Sanctions Against Burma”. U.S. Department of the Treasury, December 5, 2008. http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/burma/burma.pdf.
Voice of America. “US Reinforces Tough Sanctions on North Korea.” GlobalSecurity.Org, April 19, 2011. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/dprk/2011/dprk-110419-voa01.htm
Washington Times. “China fails to stop illegal North Korean arms shipments.” Washington Times, December 17, 2009, sec. World. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/17/illegal-n-korean-arms-fly-in-chinese-airspace/?page=1&feat=home_headlines. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
98253038
99 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098253038 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 303801.pdf | 1212Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1353 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
