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    Title: 俄羅斯政治文化與普丁的威權統治
    Russian political culture and Putin`s authoritarian rule
    Authors: 姜俊廷
    Contributors: 林永芳
    姜俊廷
    Keywords: 政治文化
    民主鞏固
    威權政體
    普丁
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2012-10-30 10:30:43 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文研究將政治文化視為一國民主建立與鞏固的關鍵因素,政治文化的適切與否將直接影響民主轉型與鞏固之成敗。藉由回溯俄羅斯的歷史經驗,探討在俄羅斯的政治文化中是否具備有利於民主發展的元素。

    本文重新檢視在普丁政權的建立與鞏固過程中,強大的國家機器與政治強人實為民意所望,而這樣的民意表徵並不全然來自於短期性的政策改變,而且是根深蒂固於政治文化之中。

    本文研究發現,現行的俄羅斯民主政體並非真正的民主,甚至可將之歸類為威權政體。尤其在官方思想定調之後,自由競爭與人權大幅倒退,均無損於普丁政權的民意支持。即使俄羅斯的民主招致許多的批辦,但她確實是根據俄國獨特國情所發展而成的。
    Reference: 一、中文部份


    (一) 專書

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    田弘茂等 編,新興民主的機遇與挑戰,台北:業強,1997。

    外交學院俄羅斯研究中心 譯,Nikolai Svanidze著,大國思維:梅德維杰夫總統訪談錄,北京:法律出版社,2010。

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    唐賢興等 譯,Michael McFaul著,俄羅斯未竟的革命:從戈巴契夫到普丁的政治變遷,上海:世紀出版集團,2010。

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    (二) 期刊、論文

    王定士,「蘇聯解體後俄羅斯對外政策的克里姆林宮政治因素」,俄羅斯學報,第一期,台北:國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所,2001。頁77-80。

    林永芳,「俄羅斯政黨體系與民主化」,俄羅斯學報,第五期,台北:國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所,2006。頁35-40。

    周尚文,「俄羅斯思想與俄羅斯社會轉型」,俄羅斯學報,第二期,台北:國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所,2002。頁165-180。

    吳玉山,「解釋俄羅斯的民主倒退」,台灣民主季刊,第六卷,第一期,台北:台灣民主基金會,2009。頁199-205。

    范建中、徐宜鵬,「俄羅斯的“主權民主”:由來、爭議及前景」,俄羅斯研究,第一百四十六期,上海:俄羅斯研究編輯部,2007。頁5-6。
    許青芸,「俄羅斯國會之發展剖析」,政治科學論叢,第四十三期,台北:國立台灣大學政治學系,2010。頁119-157。


    二、英文部分


    (一) 專書(Books)

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    Bialer, Seweryn, Politics, Society, and Nationality inside Gorbachev’s Russia, Westview: BoulderCo, 1989.

    Bunce,Valerie, Michael McFaul & Kathryn Stoner-Weiss eds., Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, New York, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press, 2010.

    Cook, Linda J., Postcommunist Welfare States: Reform Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe, Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 2007.

    Dahl, Robert, On Democracy, New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press, 1998.

    De Hartog, Leo, Russia and the Mongol Yoke: the History of the Russian Principalities and the Golden Horde 1221-1502, London: British Academic Press, 1996.

    De Custine, Marquis, Letters from Russia, trans, Robin Buss. eds., Harmondworth: Penguin, 1991.

    Denton, Jr., Robert E. & Gary C.Woodward, Political Communication in America, London: Praeger, 1998.

    Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Harper, 1993.
    Hammer, Darrell P., Russian Nationalism and Soviet Politics, London: Westview Press, 1989.

    Inglehart, Ronald, Modernization and Postmodernization : Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1997.

    Inglehart, Ronald, Culture shift in advanced industrial society, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1990.

    Inkeles, Alex & Raymond Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1959.

    Lasswell, Harlod D., “Structure and Function of Communication in Society,” in Lyman Bryson eds., The Communication of Ideas, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948.

    Levada,Yu. A. eds., Sovetskiy prostoy chelovek. Opyt sotsial’ nogo portreta na rubezhe 90-kh godov, The Soviet man-on-the-street: An attempt at a social portrait in the early 1990s Moscow: Mirovoy Okean, 1993.

    Levitsky, Steven & Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2010.

    Linz, Juan J. & Alfred Stepan, Problems of democratic transition and consolidation : southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

    Likhachev, Dmtrii, Biblioteka literatury drevnei Rusi, Sankt Peterburg: Nauka, 1997.

    Linz, Juan J. & Seymour M. Lipset & Larry Diamond, Politics in developing countries : comparing experiences with democracy, Boulder: Colo. : L. Rienner Publishers, 1990.

    McDaniel, Tim, The Agony of the Russian Idea, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.

    Moore, Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Demaocracy: Lord and Peasant in the making of the Modern World, Boston : Beacon Press, 1966.

    Millar, James R. eds., Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Fromer Soviet Citizens, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

    Mickiewicz, Ellen, Television, Power, and the Public in Russia, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

    Mainwaring, Scott P., Rethinking Party System in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.

    Nordlinger, Eric A., On the Autonomy of the Democratic State, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.

    O`Donnell, Guillermo & Philippe C. Schmitter & Laurence Whitehead eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986..

    Pipes, Richard, Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture, Yale University Press, 2005.

    Pye, Lucian W. & Sidney Verba eds., Political Culture and Political Development, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1965.

    Pridham, Geoffrey & Tatu Vanhanen eds., Democratization in Eastern Europe:domestic and International Perspectives, London: Routledge, 1994.

    Putnam, Robert, Making Democracy Work: Civic Tradition in modern italy, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1993.

    Przeworski, Adam, Democracy and the Market: political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1991.

    Pollack, Detlef, & Jurg Jacobs & Olaf Muller & Gert Pickel eds., Political Culture in Post-Communism Europe: Attitudes in new Democracies, Ashgate: Aldershot, 2003.

    Petro, Nicolai N., The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1995.

    Rosenbaum, Walter A., Political Culture, New York: Praeger, 1975.

    Riha, Thomas, eds., Readings in Russian Civilization, Vol. 2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

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    Remington, Thomas, Politics in Russia, New York : Pearson-Longman, 2006.

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    Sakwa, Richard, Putin: Russia’s Choice, London: Routledge, 2004.

    Sakwa, Richard, Russian Politics and Society, New York : Routledge, 2008.

    Whitefield, Stephen, eds., Political Culture and Post-Communism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan in association with St Antony`s College, Oxford, 2005.

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    White, Stephen & Richard Rose & Lan McAllister, How Russia Votes, Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997.


    (二) 論文、期刊 (Articles)

    Atwal, Maya, “Evaluating Nashi’s Sustainability: Autonomy, Agency and Activim”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 61, No. 5, 2009, pp.743-747.

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    Colton, Timothy & Michael McFaul, “Are Russians undemocratic?,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2002, pp.91-121.

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    Evans, Jr., Alfred B., “Vladimir Putin’s Design for Civil Society,” in Alfred B. Evans, Jr., Laura A. Henry & Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. eds., Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment, New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2006, pp.147-151.

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    Gibson, James & Raymond Duch, “Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union,” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 54, 1992, pp.87-88.
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    Hahn, Gordon, “Reforming the Federation,” in Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa. eds., Developments in Russian politics 6, Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2005, p.148-167.

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    Herd, Graeme P., “Colorful Revolutions and the CIS,” Problem of Post-Communism, vol. 52, No. 2, 2005, pp.3-18.

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    Lukin, Alexander, “Russia’s New Authoritarianism and the Post-Soviet Political Ideal,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol.25, No. 1, 2009, pp.67-71.

    Lukin, Alexander & Pavel Lukin, “Myths about Russian Political Culture and the Study of Russian History,” in Stephen Whitefield. eds., Political Culture and Post-Communism, New York: Oxford, 2005, pp.28-35.

    Linz, Juan J., “Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference?,” in Juan J. Linz & Arturo Valenzuela. eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Batimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, pp.6-19.

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    Morozov, Viatcheslav, “Modernizing Sovereign Democracy-Russian Political Thinking and the Future of the Reset,” PONARS, Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 130, 2010, pp.1-2.

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    McFaul, Michael, “The Electoral System”, in Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa. eds., Developments in Russian politics 6, Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2005, pp.61-79.

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    Petrov, Nikolai, “From Managed Democracy to Sovereign Democracy-Putin’s Regime Evolution in 2005,” PONARS, Policy Memo, No. 396, 2005, pp.181-183.

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    Rose, Richard, “How Floating Parties Frustrate Democratic Accountability: A Supply-Side View of Russia’s Elections,” in Archie Brown. eds., Contemporary Russian Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.221-222.

    Sakwa, Richard, “Partial Adapation and Plitical Culture,” in Stephen Whitefield. eds., Political Culture and Post-Communism, New York: Oxford, 2005, pp.43-63.

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    Slider, Darrell, “Politics in the Regions,” in Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa. eds., Developments in Russian politics 6, Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2005, pp.169-176.

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    White, Stephen, “Soviet Political Culture Ressessed,” in Archie Brown. eds., Political Culture and Communist Studies, London: Macmillan, 1984, pp.62-99.

    White, Stephen, “The Political Party,” in Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa. eds., Developments in Russian politics 6, Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2005, pp.81-90.

    White, Stephen, “Classifying Russia’s Politics,” in Stephen White, Richard Sakwa & Henry E. Hale eds., Develoments in Russian Politics 7, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp.263-280.

    Whitefield, Stephen, “Russian Citizens and Russian Democracy: Perceptions of State Governance and Democratic Practice, 1993-2007,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 2 2009, pp.93-117.

    Willerton, John, “Putin and the Hegemonic Presidency,” in Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa. eds., Developments in Russian politics 6, Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2005, pp.23-25

    Wyman, Matthew, “Elections and Votes,” in Stephen White. eds., Developments in Russian Politics, Duham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2001, pp.68.


    三、網路資源

    (一) 網站

    「人權觀察」:<http://www.hrw.org/>

    「自由之家」:< http://www.freedomhouse.org>

    「保護記者協會」:< http://cpj.org/ >

    「俄羅斯聯邦總統」:<http://eng.kremlin.ru/>

    「俄羅斯聯邦院」:<http://www.council.gov.ru/eng/index.html>

    「俄羅斯聯邦中央選舉委員會」:<http://www.cikrf.ru/eng/elect_duma/leg/index.jsp>

    「國際特赦」:<http://www.amnesty.org/>

    「統一俄羅斯黨」:<http://er.ru/index.shtml>

    「歐洲自由電台」:< http://www.rferl.org/section/Russia/161.html >


    (二) 新聞

    BBC中文網,「別斯蘭為人質事件死者舉行首批葬禮」,<http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3620000/newsid_3629500/3629512.stm>,檢視日期:2011/02/18。

    BBC中文網,「數萬俄國人群聚紅場參與反恐集會」,<http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3630000/newsid_3635200/3635234.stm>,檢視日期:2011/02/18。

    BBC中文網,「愛沙尼亞駐莫斯科使館暫停領事業務」,<http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_6610000/newsid_6617200/6617271.stm>,檢視日期:2011/03/02。

    BBC NEWS, “Russian youths `hound UK envoy”,
    <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6162033.stm>. 檢視日期:2011/03/02。


    (三) 評論

    McFaul, Michael, “Putin’s Strong Hand Is Failing Russia,” Center for American Progress, <http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2004/09/b186693.html>. (September 14, 2004). 檢視日期:2011/02/20。

    Rutland, Peter, “Is Putin Out to Destroy Civil Society in russia?,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 1, Issue. 21, (May 31, 2004). <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=26588&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=175&no_cache=1>. 檢視日期:2011/01/29。

    Hahn, Gordon, “Putin’s Stealth Authoritarianism,” Radio Free Europe, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1344299.html> (April15, 22 &29, 2004). 檢視日
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