政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/59473

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/59473

English | 正體中文 | 简体中文 | Post-Print筆數 : 27 | Items with full text/Total items : 111314/142224 (78%)
Visitors : 48354260 Online Users : 969

RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.

Scope

please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results

please goto advance search for comprehansive author search

Adv. Search

Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer

Goto mobile version

政大典藏 > College of Social Science > Department of Public Administration > Theses > Item 140.119/59473

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59473

Title:	獨立機關治理結構與過程之研究：以我國選舉行政為例 The Study of the Governance Structures and Processes of Independent Agency：The Case of Election Administration in Taiwan
Authors:	王曉麟 Wang, Hsiao Lin
Contributors:	孫本初黃臺生王曉麟 Wang, Hsiao Lin
Keywords:	獨立機關治理結構治理過程選舉行政選舉治理中央選舉委員會 Independent Agency Governance Structure Governance Process Election Administration Electoral Governance Central Election Commission
Date:	2012
Issue Date:	2013-09-02 17:02:34 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	自美國於1887年創設州際商務委員會以來，歷經20世紀歐洲管制型國家的興起，此種以美國獨立管制委員會為發展原型的獨立機關，業已成為世界各國管制革新與政府再造之主要制度設計與制度選擇。我國以行政院組織改造為主軸的政府再造亦襲用之，成立國家通訊傳播委員會、公平交易委員會、中央選舉委員會等三個獨立機關，確立通訊傳播、公平交易、選舉行政為我國三大獨立管制行政領域。鑒於獨立機關研究之方興未艾與選舉行政研究付之闕如，爰以我國中央選舉委員會為例，探討獨立機關治理結構與過程，研析我國選舉行政機關治理結構與過程，並建構我國選舉行政（選舉治理）獨立性之評估架構。本研究採用新制度論研究途徑，運用質量並用研究方法，爬梳整理獨立機關與選舉行政治理結構之類型、內涵與效果，探索各種類型之獨立機關與選舉行政機關治理結構共同之建構原則及治理過程共通之標準，歸納治理結構面向之五個影響因素為制度、組織、人事、財務、網絡；治理過程面向之五個因素為自主、公平、透明、課責、績效。同時研析我中央選舉委員會之治理結構與過程，藉以設計量化研究之調查問卷與質化研究之深度訪談題目各一項。分別以參加2011年及2012年行政院人事行政總處地方行政研習中心選務工作人員講習班之575位各級政府選務工作人員進行調查，有效問卷482份，有效問卷回收率為83.83%，相關資料以社會科學統計套裝軟體SPSS 19.0版進行統計分析。深度訪談則訪談選舉行政機關具有選舉行政決策權力之高層主管人員、政府相關機關高層人員、主要政黨高層人員等三類人員9人，相關資料以內容分析法進行分析。經由文獻分析、比較分析、案例分析與兩項實證研究，分別從獨立機關治理、選舉行政治理、我國選舉行政治理、實證研究分析等四個方面提出研究發現。為解決實務問題並提升我國選舉行政獨立性，爰從治理結構與治理過程各個因素，提出二十項政策建議，以作為未來改革我國選舉行政相關制度與機制之參考，並提出四項未來研究建議，俾後續研究者於研究主題、研究策略與研究方法等方面有所參照。 Independent Agency which take United States Independent Regulatory Commission as developmental prototype already became the main institutional design and institutional choice of regulatory reform and reinventing government all over the world since United States set up Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 and gone through the rise of regulatory state of European countries in 20th century. The reinventing government in Taiwan which take Executive Yuan organizational reform as principal axis take over it and established three independent agencies that are National Communication Commission, Fair Trade Commission and Central Election Commission, identify communication, fair trade and election administration are three independent administration governance domains in Taiwan. In view of the research of independent agencies are still growing and election administration is neglect, take Central Election Commission in Taiwan for example to discuss the governance structures and processes of independent agency, analysis the governance structures and processes and construct assessment framework of election administration (electoral governance ) in Taiwan. The dissertation adopt New Institutionalism approach and mixed research methods, sort out types, contents and effects of independent agency and election administration governance structure. Explore the common structure principles and governance processes criterions of various types of independent agencies and electoral management bodies. Summary five affect factors of governance structure dimension are institution, organization, personnel, finance and network, five affect factors of governance process dimension are independence, fairness, transparency, accountability and performance. At the same time, analysis the governance structures and processes of Central Election Commission in Taiwan in order to design a questionnaire of quantitative research and an in-depth interview question of qualitative research. The former survey 575 election affair staffs who participated in Election Affair Staff Workshops of Regional Civil Service Development Institute of Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan 2011 and 2012, valid questionnaires are 482, valid response rate is 83.83%, related data are analysis by Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS) 19.0. The latter are interview three categories persons who are with decision making power in election administration commissions, senior officials in other government authorities concerned and members of main political parties, related data are analysis by content analysis. By way of documentary analysis, comparative analysis, case studies and two empirical studies, put forward four research discoveries from four aspects which are independent agency governances, election administration governances, election administration governances in Taiwan and empirical studies analysis. For the purpose of solving practical problems and enhancing independence of election administration, make twenty policy recommendations from various factors of governance structure and governance processes regard as the references of reforming electoral administration institutions and mechanisms in Taiwan in the future. Propose four future research suggestions for the sake of giving consultations in research topics, research strategies and research methods for further follow-up researchers. "第一章緒論....................................... 1 第一節研究背景與動機.............................. 1 第二節研究目的與問題.............................. 8 第三節研究途徑、方法與流程........................ 12 第四節研究範圍與限制.............................. 19 第五節研究概念界定............................... 21 第二章文獻探討................................... 27 第一節國家治理典範變遷............................ 27 第二節獨立機關治理之意涵.......................... 35 第三節獨立機關治理之理論基礎....................... 46 第四節獨立機關治理之結構、過程與評估標準............ 51 第五節選舉行政機關治理之結構、過程與評估標準........ 58 第三章我國選舉行政機關治理結構與過程之研析.......... 83 第一節我國選舉行政治理結構與過程之演進.............. 83 第二節我國選舉委員會獨立機關定位之理由.............. 105 第三節我國選舉行政機關治理之問題................... 110 第四章研究設計................................... 123 第一節研究架構與假設.............................. 123 第二節問題設計與調查實施.......................... 128 第三節資料處理................................... 149 第五章結果分析................................... 157 第一節治理結構因素之分析.......................... 157 第二節治理過程因素之分析.......................... 199 第三節治理結構與治理過程之相關分析................. 236 第六章結論....................................... 241 第一節研究發現................................... 241 第二節研究建議................................... 251 參考文獻 ...........................................265 中文文獻 ........................................265 英文文獻 .........................................269 其他 ...........................................292 附錄 ...............................................293 附錄一世界各國選舉行政機關網....................... 293 附錄二世界各國或地區選舉行政機關一覽表.............. 299 附錄三各主要國家選舉行政機關組織職權一覽表.......... 315 附錄四我國各項公職人員選舉大事記................... 323 附錄五調查問卷................................... 353 附錄六調查問卷交叉分析表.......................... 359 附錄七訪談同意書................................. 409 附錄八深度訪談問題............................... 411 附錄九深度訪談紀錄............................... 415 表次表1-1-1 變革轉變趨勢............................... 2 表1-3-1 本研究各章研究方法.......................... 16 表1-5-1 我國獨立機關之比較.......................... 21 表1-5-2 選舉制度之觀點.............................. 25 表2-1-1 治理的轉型與管制國家的本質................... 27 表2-1-2 福利國家與管制型國家之差異................... 31 表2-1-3 管制型國家發生的全球化與政治趨力觀點解釋....... 33 表2-2-1 歐洲獨立管制機關典型的制度特徵............... 36 表2-3-1 管制的制度變遷.............................. 49 表2-3-2 新制度論說明制度變遷........................ 50 表2-4-1 管制過程的基本要素.......................... 55 表2-4-2 獨立機關衡量指標彙整表....................... 57 表2-5-1 選舉行政機關類型數目百分比統計............... 59 表2-5-2 三種類型選舉行政機關制度類型與特徵............ 61 表2-5-3 三種類型選舉行政機關之優缺點比較.............. 63 表2-5-4 多黨制、專家制與混合制選舉行政機關之優缺點..... 66 表2-5-5 美英法三國選舉機關比較....................... 68 表2-5-6 選舉治理之層次.............................. 72 表2-5-7 選舉評估步驟與績效指標....................... 76 表2-5-8 選舉績效稽核：標準與議題 .................... 79 表2-5-9 選舉行政指標彙整表.......................... 81 表3-1-1 選舉法制研修沿革............................ 88 表3-1-2 我國選舉行政機關演變........................ 94 表3-1-3 中央選舉委員會改制前後差異比較............... 94 表3-3-1 我國中央選舉委員會之獨立性驗證............... 113 表3-3-2 選政選務制度觀點之比較...................... 119 表4-2-1 調查問卷治理結構面向問題.................... 129 表4-2-2 調查問卷治理過程面向問題.................... 130 表4-2-3 個人基本資料............................... 131 表4-2-4 實證研究訪談題目與問卷題目對照表............. 137 表4-2-5 第13任總統副總統及第8屆立法委員選舉投票日選務工作人員人數統計...................................... 142 表4-2-6 研究樣本基本屬性統計表...................... 144 表4-2-7 樣本代表性檢定............................. 145 表4-2-8 深度訪談受訪者個人資料表.................... 147 表4-2-9 深度訪談行程表.............................. 148 表4-3-1 治理結構面問題之因素命名與信度分析表.......... 151 表4-3-2 治理過程構面問題之因素命名與信度分析表........ 153 表5-1-1 制度因素問題平均數分析表.................... 157 表5-1-2 制度因素問題次數分配表...................... 158 表5-1-3 基本屬性與制度因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析......... 159 表5-1-4 基本屬性與制度因素之單因子變異數分析.......... 160 表5-1-5 制度因素之假設驗證.......................... 161 表5-1-6 組織因素問題平均數分析表.................... 167 表5-1-7 組織因素問題次數分配表...................... 167 表5-1-8 基本屬性與組織因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析......... 168 表5-1-9 基本屬性與組織因素之單因子變異數分析.......... 169 表5-1-10 組織因素之假設驗證......................... 170 表5-1-11 人事因素問題平均數分析表................... 174 表5-1-12 人事因素問題次數分配表..................... 174 表5-1-13 基本屬性與人事因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析........ 175 表5-1-14 基本屬性與人事因素之單因子變異數分析......... 177 表5-1-15 人事因素之假設驗證......................... 178 表5-1-16 財務因素問題平均數分析表................... 182 表5-1-17 財務因素問題次數分配表..................... 182 表5-1-18 基本屬性與財務因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析........ 183 表5-1-19 基本屬性與財務因素之單因子變異數分析......... 185 表5-1-20 財務因素之假設驗證......................... 186 表5-1-21 網絡因素問題平均數分析表................... 189 表5-1-22 網絡因素問題次數分配表..................... 189 表5-1-23 基本屬性與網絡因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析....... 190 表5-1-24 基本屬性與網絡因素之單因子變異數分析......... 192 表5-1-25 網絡因素之假設驗證......................... 193 表5-2-1 自主因素問題平均數分析表.................... 199 表5-2-2 自主因素問題次數分配表...................... 200 表5-2-3 基本屬性與自主因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析......... 201 表5-2-4 基本屬性與自主因素之單因子變異數分析.......... 202 表5-2-5 自主因素之假設驗證.......................... 203 表5-2-6 公平因素問題平均數分析表.................... 208 表5-2-7 公平因素問題次數分配表...................... 209 表5-2-8 基本屬性與公平因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析......... 210 表5-2-9 基本屬性與公平因素之單因子變異數分析.......... 211 表5-2-10 公平因素之假設驗證......................... 212 表5-2-11 透明因素問題平均數分析表................... 214 表5-2-12 透明因素問題次數分配表..................... 215 表5-2-13 基本屬性與透明因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析........ 216 表5-2-14 基本屬性與透明因素之單因子變異數分析......... 217 表5-2-15 透明因素之假設驗證......................... 218 表5-2-16 課責因素問題平均數分析表................... 222 表5-2-17 課責因素問題次數分配表..................... 222 表5-2-18 基本屬性與課責因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析........ 223 表5-2-19 基本屬性與課責因素之單因子變異數分析......... 225 表5-2-20 課責因素之假設驗證......................... 226 表5-2-21 績效因素問題平均數分析表................... 228 表5-2-22 績效因素問題次數分配表..................... 228 表5-2-23 基本屬性與績效因素之獨立樣本t檢定分析........ 229 表5-2-24 基本屬性與績效因素之單因子變異數分析......... 231 表5-2-25 績效因素之假設驗證......................... 232 表5-3-1 治理結構面向與治理過程面向之相關分析表........ 239 表5-3-2 相關性假設驗證............................. 240 表6-1-1 自由公平的選舉之關鍵因素.................... 244 表6-2-1 研究建議整理............................... 261 圖次圖1-3-1 研究流程.................................... 18 圖2-4-1 獨立機關權力架構模型......................... 53 圖2-4-2 管制之意義.................................. 55 圖2-5-1 選舉循環.................................... 71 圖2-5-2 南非選舉行政系統指數......................... 75 圖4-1-1 研究架構................................... 124
Reference:	壹、中文文崇一 1988 調查訪問法，收錄於楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園編，社會及行為科學研究法（下冊），頁550-586，臺北：東華書局。王文科 1990 質的教育研究方法，臺北：師大書苑。王保進 1996 統計套裝程式SPSS與行為科學研究，臺北：松崗電腦圖書資料股份有限公司。王曉麟 2007 論我國立法委員選舉制度之變革：制度與制度變遷之觀點，選舉評論，第3期，頁37-58。王曉麟 2011 比較選舉機關研究，收錄於張世賢編，各國選舉制度，頁37-58，臺北：五南圖書出版公司。丘昌泰 2000 公共管理－理論與實務手冊，臺北：元照出版公司。朱浤源 1999 撰寫博碩士論文實戰手冊，臺北：正中書局。江岷欽、劉坤億 1999 企業型政府，臺北：智勝文化事業有限公司。余雪明 2006 司法院釋字第613 號解釋余雪明大法官之協同意見書，臺北：司法院。吳庚 1992 行政法之理論與實用（增定四版），臺北：三民書局。吳秦雯 2009 從法國法論獨立機關於行政爭訟之地位，行政院98年度法制研討會實錄，頁149-206，臺北：行政院法規委員會。吳定 2005 公共政策辭典，臺北：五南圖書出版公司。吳瓊恩 1998 行政學，臺北：三民書局。呂亞力 1989 政治學方法論，臺北：三民書局。李英明 2002 資訊時代下的「國家」與「社會」，國政研究報告，內政(研)091-024號，臺北：財團法人國家政策研究基金會。周志宏 2006 我國獨立機關建置問題之研究，第一屆公共行政與公法學術研討會暨吳英銓教授百歲誕辰紀念論文集，頁1-33頁，臺北：國立台北大學公共行政及政策學系。林鐘沂 2004 行政學，臺北：三民書局。施能傑 2009 考試權獨立機關定位的新討論－民主責任政治的檢驗，臺灣民主季刊，第6卷，第1期，頁135-168。胡幼慧、姚美華 1996 一些質性方法上的思考：信度與效度？如何抽樣？如何蒐集資料、登錄與分析？，收錄於胡幼慧編，質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性主義研究實例，頁141-158，臺北：巨流圖書公司。胡至沛 2007 建構良善的政府管制治理，會議論文發表於「2007 TASPAA年會暨第三屆兩岸四地公共管理」學術研討會，世新大學行政管理學系主辦，臺北。孫本初 2001 公共管理（第3版），臺北：智勝文化事業有限公司。孫本初審定（Pieere, J. and Peters, B. G原著） 2002 治理、政治與國家，臺北：智勝文化事業有限公司。孫本初 2005 公共管理（第4版），臺北：智勝文化事業有限公司。孫本初 2007 新公共管理，臺北：一品文化出版社。孫煒 2007 由授權理論分析獨立機關：兼論對於我國政府改造的啟示，會議論文發表於「獨立行政機關之研究」研討會，台大政治系、中華民國憲法學會、台大政府與公共事務研究中心主辦，臺北。孫煒 2008 民主治理與非多數機構：公民社會的觀點，公共行政學報，第26期，頁1-36。孫煒 2009 代表性行政機關之研究：以族裔社群為取向研究成果報告，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告。徐仁輝、陳敦源、黃光雄等譯（Gordon Tullock, Arthur Seldon, Gordon L.Brady 著） 2005 政府失靈-公共選擇的初探（Government Failure：Whose Obedient Servant？A Primer in Public Choice），臺北：智勝文化事業有限公司。國家通訊傳播委員會 2010 99年度獨立機關運作之回顧與前瞻研討會會議資料，臺北：國家通訊傳播委員會。張世賢 2011 獨立管制委員會組織之探討，收錄於張世賢編，各國選舉制度，頁403-415，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。張世賢 2011 各國選舉制度，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。張世賢、陳恆鈞 2010 比較政府，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。張其祿 2009 獨立管制機關「獨立性」與「課責性」之研究，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告。許文義 2002 個人資料保護法論，臺北：三民書局。郭冬瑞 2009 中央選舉委員會組織法草案評估報告，臺北：立法院法制局。陳淳文 2007 從法國法論獨立行政機關，會議論文發表於「獨立行政機關之研究研討會」，國立台灣大學政治學系、中華民國憲法學會、台灣大學政治學系政府與公共事務研究中心合辦，臺北。陳淳文 2009 論獨立行政機關之監督，行政院98年度法制研討會實錄：獨立機關之法制定位，頁3-50，臺北：行政院法規委員會。陳敦源 2002 績效制度設計的資訊問題：信號、機制設計、與代理成本，行政暨政策學報，第55期，頁45-69。陳景堂 2004 統計分析SPSS for Windows入門應用（第5版），臺北：儒林圖書公司。陳尚懋 2007 台灣金融改革的政治分析：ACTA模型的檢驗，東吳政治學報，第25卷，第1期，頁115-160。彭文賢 2007 邁向後現代的公共行政，會議論文發表於「2007 TASPAA年會暨第三屆兩岸四地公共管理」學術研討會，世新大學行政管理學系主辦，臺北。游清鑫 2005 單一選區兩票制：成分與政治影響，會議論文發表於「台灣法學會2005年年度法學會議暨第35屆會員大會」，頁1-20，臺北。游清鑫、劉義周、王業立 2006 修憲後選區劃分法制問題之研究，內政部委託研究報告。華力進 1988 政治學，臺北：經世書局。項靖、翁芳怡 2000 線上政府：我國地方政府WWW 網站之內涵與演變，行政暨政策學報，第2期，頁41-96。黃東益、黃佳珊 2003 地方政府「數位民主機制-以台灣省二十一縣市政府網站為例，淡大法政學報，第16卷，頁179-202。黃紀、游清鑫主編 2008 如何評估選制變遷：方法論的討論，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。黃偉峰 1997 從比較的觀點論英國選區規劃委員會，國民大會憲政改革委員會常務委員會委託專題研究報告，第5輯，頁87-105，臺北：國民代表大會秘書處。黃榮護譯（Knot, J. H. and Miller, G. J.著） 2006 政府改造：公共組織選擇的政治（Reforming Bureaucracy: The Politics of Institutional Choice），臺北：雙葉書廊有限公司。楊日青等譯（Andrew Heywood著） 2002 最新政治學新論（Politics），臺北：韋伯文化事業出版社。楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園 1988 社會及行為科學研究法（下冊），臺北：東華書局。詹志禹、賴世培 2003 應用統計（第二版），臺北：國立空中大學。廖俊松 2009 全球化觀點下的政府治理，T & D飛訊，第79期，臺北：國家文官學院。劉孔中 2009 美、英、德、新獨立機關之研究，行政院研究發展考核委員會委託研究報告。鄭為元 1999 發展型「國家」或發展型國家「理論」的終結？台灣社會研究季刊，第34期，頁1-45。賴為堯、林鍾沂、施能傑、許立一 2005 行政學入門，臺北：國立空中大學。薛曉源、陳家剛 2007 全球化與新制度主義，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。蘇永欽 2008 尋找共和國，臺北：元照出版公司。貳、英文 Aaken, A. V. 2009 “ Independent Electoral Management Bodies and International Election Observer Missions: Any Impact on the Oservered Level of Democracy ? A Conceptual Framework ”. Constitutional Political Economy, 20(3-4): 296-322. Alston, L. J. 1996 Empirical Studies in Institutional Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Alvarez, R. M. and Hall, T. D. 2006 “ Controlling Democracy: The Principal-Agent Problems in Election Administration “. Policy Studies Journal, 34(4): 491-510. Alvarez, R. M. & Hall, T. D. 2008 “ Building Secure and Transparent Election through Standard Operating Procedures ”. Public Administration Review, 68(5): 828-838. Andres, L., Guasch, J. L., Diop, M. & Azumendi, S. L. 2007 “ Assessing the Governance of Electricity Regulatory Agencies in Latin America and Caribbean Region: A Benchmarking Analysis ”. Policy Research Working Paper, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Armony, A. C. 2004 The Dubious Link: Engament and Democratization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Baudrier, A. 2001 “ Independent Regulation and Telecommunications Performance in Developing Countries ”. In Annual Conference of the International Society for New Institutional Economics(ISNIE), Sep.13-15, Berkeley. Beermann, J. M. 2010 Administrative Law (3rd ed). New York: Aspen Publishers. Bell, D. 1973 The Coming of Post- Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Book. Bhatta, G. 2006 International Dictionary of Public Management and Governance, New York: M. E. Shaepe, Inc. Birch, S. 2007 Electoral Management Bodies and the Electoral Integrity: Evidence from Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union, Project on Electoral Malpracticein New and Semi- Democracies Working Paper, No. 2. Bland, G. A. & Moore, T. 2008 Election Administration Systems Index (EASI)™, RTI International. (www.rti.org/brochures/election_administration_index.pdf. accessed 2012/10/17) Bland, G. A. & Moore, T. 2013 “ Measuring the Quality of Election Administration ”. Democratization, 20 (2): 358-377. Boda, M. D. 2006 “ Independence is not a Panacea: An Evaluation of Election Administration in the United Kingdom ”. The Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association, Jun.1-3, Toronto(UK). Bond, J. R. & Smith, K. B. 2010 The Promise and Performance of American Democracy (10th ed). Moston: Wadsworth. Bouckaert, G. & Peters, G. B. 2004 ” What is Available and What is Missing in the Study of Quangos ? ” In Pollitt, C. and Talbot, C. (eds.). Unbundled Government: A Critical Analysis of the Global Trend to Agencies, Quangos and Contractualisation, New York: Routledge. Bovaird, T. & Loffler, E. 2003 Public Management and Governance. New York: Routledge. Braithwaite, J. 2000 “ The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology ”. Biritish Journal of Criminology, 40(2): 222-238. Bratton, M. & Walle, N. Van de. 1997 Democratic Experiment in Afica: Regime Transistions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Bratton, M. & Walle, V. D. 1997 Democratic Experiments in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Braun, D. & Gilardi, F. 2006 Delegation in Contempory Democracies. New York: Routledge. Breyer, S. 1990 Regulation and its Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. Brinton, M. C. & Nee, V. 1998 The New-Institutionalism in Sociology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Bugaric, B. 2009 “ Toward a New Regulatory State in Europe: Variety of Models or Convergence ? ” . Paper presented at the Aannual Meeting of The Law and Society, May. 25, Las Vegas. Butler, D. & McLean, I. 1996 “ The Redrawing of Parliamentary Boundaries in Britain ”, In Butler, D. and McLean, I.(eds). Fixing the Boundaries: Defining and Redefining Singler- Member Electoral Districts. Aldershot, England: Dartmouth. Cain, E. B., Donald, M. & Murakami, H.M. 2008 “ Administering the Overseas Vote ”. Public Administration Review, 68(5): 802-813. Caulfield, J., Peters,G. B. & Bouckeart, G. 2006 “ Symposium on the Diffusion of the Agency Model: Guest Editors’ Preface ”. Public Administration and Development, 26(1): 1-2. Center for Competition, Investment & Economic Regulation. 2007 Political Economy Constraints in Regulatory Regime in Developing Countries.(http://www.cuts-ccier.org/pdf/RL-INSERT-1-07.pdf. accessed 2012/9/1） Center for Competition, Investment & Economic Regulation. 2008 Constraints Faced by Competition and Regulatory Agencies. (http://www.circ.in/pdf/PolicyBrief1.pdf. accessed 2012/9/1) Cheema, G. S. 2005 Building Democratic Institutions: Governance Reform in Developing Countries. Stanford: Kumarian Press. Choe, Y. & Darnolf, S. 1999 “ Evaluating the Structure and Functional Role of Electoral Administration in Contemporary Democracies: Building Free and Fair Election Index` and Effective Election Index ”. Paper presented at American Political Science Association Conference, Sep.2-5, Atlanta. Christensen, T. & Laegreid, P. 2006 Autonomy and Regulation: Coping with Agencies in the Modern State . Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Christensen, J. G. & Yesilkagit, K. 2006 “ Delegation and Specialization in Regulatory Administration: A Comparative Analysis of Denmark, Sweden and The Netherlands “. In Christensen, T. and Laegreid, P.(eds). Autonomy and Regulation: Coping with Agencies in the Modern State, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Coen, D. & Thatcher, M. 2005 “ The New Governance of Markerts and Non- Majoritarian Regulators . Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions, 18(3): 329-346. Council of Europe. 2006 Organization of Elections by an Impartial Body. Strasbourg Cedex: Council of European Publishing. Cox, G.W. 1997 Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World`s Electoral Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press. Crawford, E. S. & Ostrom, E. 1995 “ A Grammar of Institutions ”. American Political Review, 89(3): 582-600 . Curtice, J. 2002 “ The State of Election Studies: Mid-Life Crisis or New Youth ? “. Electoral Studies, 21: 161-168. Dacey, P. 2005 “ What Do ‘Impartiality’, ‘Independence’ and ‘Transparency’ Mean?- Some Thoughts from Australia ”. Paper delivered at the Improving the Quality of Election Management Conference of Commonwealth Chief Election Officers, Feb.24-26, New Delhi(India). Debowski, S. 2006 Knowledge Management. Sydney: John Wiley & Sons . DeBusk, S. 1996 International Directory of Election Offices. Washington: IFES. Diamond, L. 1999 Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. Diamond, L. J., Linz, J. & Lipest, S. M. 1988 Democracy in Developing Countries. Colorado: Lynne Rienner. Dietrich, M. 1994 Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond: Towards a New Economics of the Firm. London: Routledge. Dohler, M. 2002 “ Institutional Choice and Bureaucratic Autonomy in Germany “. West European Politics, 25(1): 101-124. Dundas, C. W. 1993 Organising Free and Fair Elections at Cost-Effective Levels. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. Dundas, C. W. 1998 “ Compendium of Election Laws, Practices and Cases of Selected “. Commonwealth Countries, 1, Part 2A and Part 2B. Dunleavy, P. & Margetts,H. 1995 “ Understanding the Dynamics of Electoral Reform “. International Political Science Review, 16(1): 9-29. Eggertsson, T. 1990 Economic Behavior and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eisenstadt, T. 2004 “ Settling Election Disputes: What the United States Can Learn from Mexico ”, Election Law Journal , 3(3): 530-536. Elgie, R. 2006 “ Why Do Governments Delegate Authority to Quasi-Autonomous Agencies? The Case of Independent Administrative Authorities in France ”. Governance, 19(2): 207-227. Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. 2001 “ Analysing the Impact of Election Administration on Democratic Politics Representation ”. Journal of Representative Democracy , 38(1): 3-10. Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. 2002 “ The Impact of Election Administration on the Legitimacy of Emerging Democracies: A New Comparative Politics Research Agenda ”. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 40(2): 86-119. Elklit, J. & Reynolds, A. 2005 ” A Framework for the Systematic Study of Election Quality ”. Democratization, 12(2): 147-162. Elklit, J. & Svensson, P. 1997 “ What Makes Elections Free and Fair ? ”. Journal of Democracy, 8: 32-46. Elklit, J. & Svensson, P. 1999 “ Electoral Institutional Change and Democratization: You Can Lead a Horse to Water, but You Can`t Make It Drink ”. Democratization, 6(4): 28-51. Elmendorf, C. S. 2006 “ Election Commissions and Electoral Reform: An Overview “ . Election Law Journal, 5(4): 425-446. Esping- Andersen. 1997 “ Hybrid or Unique ?: The Japanese Welfare State Between Europe and America “ . Journal of European Social Policy, 7(3): 179-181. Estache, A. & Rossi, M. 2007 Regulatory Agencies: Impact on Firm Performance and Consumer Welfare, Unpublished manuscript. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Foote, S. B. 1988 “ Independent Agencies Under Attack: A Skeptical View of the Importance of the Debate “. Duke Law Journal, 1988: 223-237. Fountain, J. 2001 Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Chang. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press. Francesco, F. De. 2012 “ Diffusion of Regulatory Impact Analysis Among OECD and EU Member States ”. Comparative Political Studies, 45(10): 1277-1305. Franchino, F. 2002 “ Efficiency or Credibility? Testing the Two Logics of Delegation to the European Commission ”. Journal of European Public Polic, 9(5): 677-694. Franklin, M. & Wlezien. C. 2002 “ Reinveting Election Studies ”. Electoral Studies, 21: 331-338. Garber, L. 1994 “ Election Commissions: Responsibilities and Composition ”. Paper presented at the NDI-sponsored African Election Colloquium, Nov.15-18, Victoria Falls( Zimbabwe). Garson, G. D. 2006 Public Information Technology & E-Governance: Managing theVirtual State. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Gazibo, M. 2006 “ The Forging of Institutiona; Autonomy: A Conparative Study of Electoral Management Commission in Africa ”. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 39: 611-633. Genoud, C. 2003 “ Regulation as a Game: The Role of Independent Regulatory Agencies in the Regulatory Process ”. Paper presented at the CARR Risk and Regulation Research Student Conference at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Sep.18-19, London. Gilardi, F. 2001a “ Policy Creadibility, Independence, and Delegation of Regulatory Competencies to Independent Agencies: A Comparative Empirical Consideration ”. Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Apr. 6-11, Grenoble. Gilardi, F. 2001b “ Principle-Agent Models Go to Europe: Independent Regulatory Agencies as Ultimate Stepe of Delegation ”. Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Sep. 6-8, Canterbury. Gilardi, F. 2002 “ Policy Credibility and Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Comparative Empirical Analysis ”. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(6): 873-893. Gilardi, F. 2003a “ Spurious and Symbolic Diffusion of Independent Regulatory Authories in Westetn Europe ”. Workshop paper for The Internationalization of Regulatory Reforms , University Califomia Berkeley, 25-26 April. Gilardi, F. 2003b “ Institutional Change in Regulatory Policies: Regulation Through Independent Agencies and the Three New Institutionalism ”. In Jordana, J. and Levi-Faur, D.(eds), The Politics of Regulation: Examining Regulatory Institutions and Instrumenta in the Age of Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, Inc. Gilardi, F. 2003c “ Functionalists and Non-Functionalist Logics of Diffusion: Delegation to Indeprndrnt Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe ”. Workshop paper for The Politics of Regulation, Nov. 29-30, Barcelona(Spain). Gilardi, F. 2003d “ Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe: A Cross-Sectional Comparison ”. In Delegation in Contemporary Democracies, ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Mar. 29- Apr. 2, Edinburgh(UK). Gilardi, F. 2003e “ Evaluating Independent Regulators ”. In Proceedings from the OECD Expert Meeting on Regulatory Performance: Ex Post Evaluation of Regulatory Politicies, Paris. Gilardi, F. 2004 “ Institutional Change in Rregulatory Politicies: Regulation through Independent Agencies and the Three New Institutionalism ”. In Jordana, J., and Levi-Faur, D. The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing. Gilardi, F. 2005 “ The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Capitalism: The Diffusion of Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe ”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598: 84-101. Gilardi, F. 2008 Delegation in the Regulatory State: Independent Agencies in Western Europe. Massachusetts: Edwart Flgar. Gilardi, F., Jordana, J & Levi- Faur, D. 2006 “ Regulation in the Age of Globalization: The Diffusion of Regulatory Agencies Across Europe and Latin America ”. IBEI working papers, 1886-2802 . Glaeser, L. E. & Shleifer, A. 2001 “ The Rise of the Regulatory State ”. Journal of Economic Literature, 41(2):401-425. Glazer, N. & Moynihan, D. P. 1963 Beyond the Melting Pot: the Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge: MIT Press. Goodwin, G-Gill. & Guy, S 1994 Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice. Geneva: Inter- Parliamentary Union. Goodwin, G-Gill. & Guy, S. 2006 Free and Fair Elections New Expanded Edition. Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union. Grofman, B. & Lijphart, A. 1986 Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press. Hale, K. & Slaton, D. C. 2008 “ Building Capacity in Election Administration: Local Responses to Complexity and Interdependence ”. Public Administration Review, 68(5):839-849. Hall, S. R., Simon, J. L., Nisbet, R. M., Tessier, A. J. & Ca´ceres, C. E. 2009 “ Resource Ecology of Virulence in a Planktonic Host-Parasite System: An Explanation Using Dynamic Energy Budgets ”. The Aamerican Naturalist, 174(2): 149-162. Hall, T. 2011 “ Public Participation in Election Management: The Case of Language Minority Voters ”. The American Review of Public Administration, 33(4):407-422. Hall, R. H. 1963 “ The Concept of Bureaucracy: An Empirical Assessment ”. American Journal of Sociology, 69(1): 32-40. Harris, J. P. 1934 Election Administration in the United States. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institute. Harris, P. 1997 “ An Electoral Administration: Who, What and Where ”. Paper prepared at IDEA for the South Pacific Electoral Administrators’ conference , Oct.8-10, Suva(Fiji). Harris, P. 1998 “ Building an Electoral Administration “ . In Harris, P. and Reilly, B.(eds). Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: International IDEA. Hartlyn, J., McCoy, J, & Mustillo, M. T. 2008 “ Electoral Governance Matters: Explaining the Quality of Elections in Contemporary Latin America”. Comparative Political Studies, 41(1): 73-98. Hasen, R. L. 2010 “ Election Administration Reform and New Institutionalism “. California Law Review, 98(3): 1075-1100. Hassard, J. & Parker, M. 1993 Postmodernism and Organizations. New York: SAGE Publications. Havard, W. C. 1965 Government and Politics of the United States. New York: Haper and Row, Publisher. Heinrich,C. J. & Lynn, L. E. 2000 Governance and Performance: New Perspectives. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Hollarn, P. 2008 “ Practitioner Commentary: Okaloosa Distance Balloting Pilot “. Public Administration Review, 68(5): 814-815. Hood, C. 1990 Beyond the Public Bureaucracy State? Public Administration in 1990s. London: LSEPS. Hood, C. 1991 “ A Public Management for All Seasons? “. Public Administration , 69(1): 3-19. Hood, C., Scott, C., James, O., Jones, G. & Travers, T. 1999 Regulation Inside Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Horn, M.J. 1995 The Political Economy of Public Administration. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hughes, E.O. 1994 Public Management and Administration(1sted). New York: PALGRAVE. Hughes, E.O. 1998 Public Management and Administration(2nded). New York: PALGRAVE. Hughes, E.O. 2003 Public Management and Administration(3rd ed). New York: PALGRAVE. Huntington, S. P. 1991 The Third Wave- Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. IDEA. 1999 Code of Conduct for the Ethical and Professional Administration of Elections. Stockholm: IDEA. IDEA. 2002 International Electoral Standards: Guildines for reviewing the legal framework of elections. Stockholm: IDEA. IDEA. 2006 Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: IDEA. IDEA. 2008 Electoral Managewment Bodies Capacity Assessment Report. Stockholm: IDEA. (http://aceproject.org/ero-en/misc/electoral-management-bodies-embs-capacity/view. accessed 2012/10/15) IDEA. 2012 Electoral Managewment during Transition: Challenges and Opportunities. Policy Paper, Stockholm: IDEA. (http://www.idea.int/publications/electoral-management-during-transition/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=53312, accessed 2012/12/1) Ingraham, P. W. & Lynn, L.E. 2004 The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and Administration. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Jabko, N. 2004 ” The Political Foundations of the European Regulatory State ”. In Jordana, J.and Levi- Faur, D.(eds). The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Jacobzone, S. 2005 “ Independent Regulatory Authorities in OECD Countries: An Overview ”. Proceedings of an Expert Meeting in London, UK: OECD. Jessop, B. 2002 The Future of the Capitalist State. Cambridge: Polity Press. Jinadu, A. 1997 “ Matters Arising: African Elections and the Problem of Electoral Administration ”. African journal of political science, 2(1): 1-11. Johannsen, K. S. 2003 “ Regulatory Independence in Theory and Practice- A Survey of Independent Energy Regulators in Eight European Countries ”. AKF, Denmark. (http://www.akf.dk/eng2003/regulatory_indepencence.htm, accessed 2012/9/15) Johnson, C. 1982 MITI and the Japanese Miracles: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. California: Stanford University Press. Jordana, J. & Levi- Faur, D. 2004 The Politics for Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Jordana, J., Levi-Faur, D., & Xavier, F. I. M. 2011 “ The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Agencies: Channels of Transfer and Stages of Diffusion”. Comparative Political Studies, 44(10): 1343-1369. Katz, R.S. 1997 Democracy and Elections. New York: Oxford University Press. Kettle, D. F. 2000 The Global Public Management Revolution. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Khandwalla, P. N. 1997 “ Some Top Management Styles: Their Control and performance ”. Organization and Administration Science, 7:21-51. Kjaer, M. A. 2004 Governance: Theories of Democratization . Cambridge: Polity Press. Klein, K. 1995 “ Approaches to Conducting Elections: Why An Electoral Commission ? “ . Paper presented at Workshop on Constitutionalizing the Election Commission, Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of South Africa, Theme Committee 6, Subtheme Committee 6.1, Specialized Structures of Government, May. 22. Kuhn, T. S. 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Laegreid, P., Rolland, V.W., Roness, P.G. & Agotnes, E. 2003 “ The Structural Autonomy of the Norwegian State 1947-2003 ”. Paper presented on the Seminar on Organizational Forms, Autonomy and Control in the Public Sector, Dec.1-2, Bergen. Lehoucq, F. E. 2002 “ Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization ” . International Political Science Review, 23(1): 29-46. Levi- Faur, D. 2005 “ The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism ”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598(1): 112-132. Levitt, B. S. 2003 “ The Concept of State Strenth in Laitin America’s Electoral Management Bodies(EMBs) “ . Paper presented at ⅩⅩⅨ International Congress of Latin American Studies Association, Mar.27-29, Dallas. Levy, B. & Spiller, P. 1996 Regulations, Institutions, and Commitment: Comparative Studies in Telecommunications. Cambridge: University Press. London. Lewis-Beck, M. S. 2002 The French Voter: Before and After the 2002 Elections. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Lijphart, A. 1994 Electoral Systems and Party Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. Lopez-Pintor, R. 2000 Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Development Policy. Loughlin, J. 1994 “ Nation, State, and Region in Western Europe ” . In Beckemans, L(ed). Culture: The Building Stone of Europe. Brussels: Presses Interuniversitaires. Lynn, L. E. 2006 Public Management: Old and New. New York: Routledge. Majone, G. 1990 Deregulation or Re-Regulation?: Regulatory Reform in Europe and the United States. New York :St. Martin`s Press. Majone, G. 1994 “ The Rise of the Regulatory States in Europe ”. West Europran Politics, 17(3): 77-101. Majone, G. 1997 “ Frome the Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance ”. Journal of Public Policy, 17(2):139-67. Majone, G. 1999 “ The Regulatory State and Its Legitimacy Problems ”. West European Politics, 22(1): 1- 24. Majone, G. 2001a “ Nonmajoritarian Institutions and the Limits of Democratic Governance: A Political Transation- Cost Approach”. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 157(1): 57-58. Majone, G. 2001b “ Two Logics of Delegation: Agency and Fiduciary Relations in EU Governance ”. European Union Politics, 2(1): 103-122. McConkey, M. 2003 Thinking Regulation: A Roadmap to the Recent Periodical Literature. Tornto: Institute of Public Administration in Canada(IPAC). McCubbins, M., Noll, R., & Weingast, B. 1989 “ Structure and process, politics and policy: Administrative Arrangements and the political control ”. Virgina Law Review, 75:431-482. McGowan, F. & Wallace,H.H. 1996 “ Towards a European Regulatory State ”. Journal of European Public Policy, 3(4): 560-576. Miller, W. L. & Crabtree, B. F. 1992 “ Primary Care Research: A Multimethod Typology and Qualitive Road Map ”. In Crabtree, W. L. & Miller, B.F.(eds). Doing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park CA. Miller, G. P. 1986 “ Independent Agencies ”. Supreme Court Review, 1986: 41-97. Minichello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E. & Alexander, L. 1995 In- Ddepth Interviewing(2nd ed). South Melbourne: Longman. Moe, T. M. 1984 “ The New Economics of Organization ” . American Journal of Political Science, 28(4): 739-777. Moe, T. M. 1990 “ Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story ”. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 6: 213-253. Moe, T. M. 1991 “ Politics and the Theory of Organization ” . Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 7: 106-129. Moe, T. M. 1995 ” The Politics of Structural Choice: Toward a Theory of Public Bureaucracy ” . In Williamson, O. E.(ed). Organization Theory: From Chester Bernard to the Present and Beyond . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Montjoy, S. R. 2008 “ The Public Administration of Elections ”. Public Administration Review, 68(5): 788-799. Montjoy, S. R. 2010 “ The Changing Nature. . . and Cost. . . of Election Administration ”. Public Administration Review, 70(6): 867-875. Moran, G. 2001 “ The Rise of Regulatory State in Britain ”. Parliamentary Affairs, 54(1): 19-34. Morrison, K. 1995 Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought. London: SAGE Publications. Moynihan, D. P. 2004 “ Building Secure Elections: E-Voting, Security, and Systems Theory ”. Public Administration Review, 64(5): 515-528. Moynihan, D. P. & Silva, C. L. 2008 “ The Administrators of Democracy: A Research Note on Local Election Officials ”. Public Administration Review, 68(5): 816-827. Moynihan, D. P. & Lavertu, S. 2012 “ Cognitive Biases in Governing: Technology Preferences in Election Administration”. Public Administration Review, 72(1): 68-77. Mozaffar, S. 2002 “ Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africas Emerging Democracies ”. International Political Science Review, 23(1): 85-101. Mozaffar, S. & Schedler, A. 2002 “ The Comparative Study of Electoral Governance ”. International Political Science Review, 23(1): 5-27. Nachmias, C. & Nachmias, D. 1981 Research Methods in The Social Sciences(2nd ed). New York: St. Martin`s Press. Nicolaides, P. 2005 “ Regulation of Liberalised Markets : A New Role for the State ? ”. In Geradin, M. & Petit, N.(ed). Regulation through Agencies in the EU: A New Paradigm of European Governance. UK: Vheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Nonaka, I. & Hirotaka, T. 1995 The Knowledge-Creating Company：How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Nonaka, I. & Ichijo, K. 2007 Knowledge Creation and Management：New Challenges for Managers. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. North, D.C. 1981 Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W.W. Norton. North, D.C. 1990 Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OECD. 2002 Regulatory Policies in OCDE Countries: From Interventionism to Regulatory Governance. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2005 Desiging Independent and Accountable Regulatory Authorities for High Quality Regulation. Paris: OECD. Oliveira, G., Machado, E. L., Novaes, L. M. & Ferreira, C. B. G. 2005 “ Aspects of the Independence of Regulatory Agencies and Competition Advocacy ”. the Competition Policy Implementation Working Group. Sao Paulo( Brazil). Pastor, R. A. 1999a “ The Role of Electoral Administration in Democratic Transitions: Implications for Policy and Research”. Democratization, 6 (4):1-27. 1999b “ A Brief History of Electoral Commissions ”. In Schedler, A.,Diamond, L. and Plattner, M.F.(eds). The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Patton, M. Q. 1990 Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Patton, M. Q. 2003 Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Peters, G. B. 1989 The Politics of Bureauracy, New York: Longman. Pierce, R. J., Shapiro, S. A. & Verkuil, P. R. 1992 Administrative Law and Process(2nd ed). New York: Foundation Press. Pierre, J. 1995 “ Comparative Public Administration: The State of the Art ”. In Pierre, J.(ed). Bureaucy in the Modern State: An Introduction to Comparative Public Administration. New York: Edward Elgar. Pierre, J. & Peters, B.G. 2000 Governance, Politics and the State. London: Macmillan. Pollack, M. A. 2002 “ Learning From the Americanists(Again): Theory and Method in the Study of Delegation ”. West European Politics, 25(1): 200-219. Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G. 2004 Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis (2nd ed ) .Oxford: Oxford University. Posner, R. A. 1974 “ Theories of Economic Regulation ”. The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 5(2): 335-358. Quirk, P. J. 1985 “ Dergulation and the Politics of Ideas in Congress ”, In Mansbridge, J. J.(ed). Beyond Self- Interest . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Rae, D.W. 1971 The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press. Rakner, L. & Svasand, L. 2005 Maybe Free but not Fair: Electoral Administration in Malawi 1994-2004. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute. Ranney, A. 1987 Governing: An Introduction to Political Science. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Rhodes, R. 1997 Understanding Governance: Policy Networks. Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press. Rosenbloom, D.H. & Kravchuk, K.R. 1998 Public Administratio：Understanding Management,Politicics,and Law in the Public Sector. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Schedler, A. 2002 “ The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections ”. International Political Science Review, 23(1): 103-122. Scott, B. R. & Hood, C. 1998 “ Introduction ”, In Scott, B. R. and Hood, C.(eds). A Reader on Regulation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scott, F. 2000 “ Accountability in the Regulatory State ”. Journal of Law and Society, 27(1): 38-60. Shapiro, M. 1997 “ The Problems of Independent Agencies in the United States and the European Union “ . Journal of European Public Policy, 4(2): 76-291. Sharma, R. R. 2006 Change Management: Concepts & Applications. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sirtaine, S., Pinglo, M. E., Foster, V. & Guasch, J. L. 2004 “ How Profitable are Private Infrastructure Concessions in Latin America? ”. Empirical Evidence and Regulatory Implications, Washington DC: The World Bank. Sosay, G. 2007 ” Embedding Independent Regulatory Agencies into Administrative Traditions: Acceptance or Resistance? ”. Paper presented in 2007 Annual Conference of the European Consottium for Political Research, Sep.6-8, Pisa（Italy）. Stern, J. 1997 “ What Makes an Independent Regulatory Independent? ”. Business Stategy Review, 8(2): 67-74. Stern, J. & Cubbin, J. 2005 “ Regulatory Effectiveness: The Impact of Regulation and Regulatory Governance Arrangements on Electricity Industry Outcomes ”. Policy Research Working Paper, Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Stigler, G. J. 1971 “ The Theory of Economic Regulation “. The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2(1): 3-21. Strom, K. 2000 “ Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies ”. European Journal of Political Research, 37(3): 261-289. Sudo, S. 2003 “ Regional Governance and East and Southeast Asia: Towards the Regulatory State? ”. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 4(2): 331-347. Sunstein, G. 1990 “ Paradoxes of The Regulatory State ”. University of Chicago Law Review, 57:407-441. Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. 2003 Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Tenbucken, M. & Schneider, V. 2004 “ Divergent Convergence: Structures and Functions of National Regulatory Authorities in the Telcommunications Sectors ”. In Jordana, J., and Levi-Faur, D.(eds). The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. Massachusettes: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Thatcher, M. & Stone, A. S. 2002 “ Theory and Practice of Delegation to Non- Majoritarian Institutions ”. West European Politics, 25 (1): 1-22. Thatcher, M. 2002a “ Analysing Regulatory Reform in Europe ”. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(6): 859-872. Thatcher, M. 2002b Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Thatcher, M. 2002c “ Regulation After Delegation: Independent Regulatory Agencies in Europe ”. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(6): 954-972. Thelen, K. 1999 “ Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics ”. Annual Review of Political Science, 2: 369-404. Thiel, S. V. & Leeuw, L.F. 2002 “ The Performance Paradox in the Public Sector ”. Public Performance & Management Review, 25(3): 267-281. Thomas, D. R. 2000 Qualitative Data Analysis: Using A General Inductive Approach. Health Research Methods Advisory Service. Department of Community Health University of Auckland, New Zealand. Tiwana, A. 2002 The Knowledge Management Toolkit: Practical Techniques for Building a Knowledge Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Toby, J. S. 2012a “ Reputations, Peer-Pressure and Performance: Improving Election Administration through Benchmarking Standards in an Age of Networked Governance ”. Paper for the Annual Political Science Association Conference, Apr.3-5, Belfast(UK). Toby, J. S. 2012b Elite Statecraft and Election Administration: Bending the Rules of the Game. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke. Tokaji, D. P. 2009 The Future of Election Reform: From Rules to Institutions. Yale Law & Policy Review, 28: 125-154. Trebilcock, M. & Chitalkar, P. 2009 “ From Nominal to Substantive Democracy: The Role and Design of Election Management Bodies ”. The Law and Development Review, 2 (1): 190-224. United Nations. 2006 Innovations in Governance and Public Administration: Replicating What Works. New York: United Nations. Verkuil, P. R. 1988 “ The Purposes and Limits of Independent Agencies ”. Duke Law Journal, 1988(2/3): 257-279. Verhoest, K., Roness, P. G., Verschuere, B., Rubecksen, K., & MacCarthaigk, M. 2010 Autonomy and Control of State Agencies: Comparing States and Agencies . New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Viscusi, W.K. 1995 “ Careinogen Regulation: Risk Characteristics and the Synthetics Risk Bias ” . American Economic Review, 85(21): 50-54. Williamson, O.E. 1975 Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implication, New York: Free Press. Williamson, O. E. 1985 The Economic Institutions of Capitalism , New York: The Free Press. Williamson, O. E. 1986 Economic Organization: Firms, Markets and Policy Control, New York: New York University Press. Williamson,O. E. 1988 “ Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance ” . The Journal of Finance, 43(3): 567-591. Wilson, W. 1887 “ The Study of Administration ”, Political Science Quartely. 2(2): 197-222. Wimmer, R. D. & Dominick, J. P. 1991 Mass Media Research: An Introduction. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Wise, C. R. 2001 “ Election Administration in Crisis: An Early Look at Lessons from Bush versus Gore ” . Public Administration Review , 61(2): 131-139. Xenakis, A. & Macintosh, A. 2005 “ Electoral Administration: Organizational Lessons Learned from the Deployment of E-voting in the UK ” . Digital Government Society of North America : 191-197. Yamomoto, K. 2006 “ Performance of Semi-Autonomous Public Bodies: Linkage Between Autonomy and Performance in Japanese Agencies ”. Public Administration and Development, 26(1): 35-44. Yang, K. & Holzer, M. 2006 “ The Performance-Trust: Implications for Performance Measurement ” . Public Administration Review, 66(1): 114-126. Yesilkagit, K. 2004 ” The Design of Public Agencies: Overcoming Agency Costs and Commitment Problems ” . Public Administration and development, 24(2): 119-127. 參、其他 Gheventer, A. 2003 Autonomia versus Controle: Origens do novo marco regulatório antitruste na América Latina e seus efeitos sobre a democracia. Ph.D Dissertation do Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro.
Description:	博士國立政治大學公共行政研究所 93256502 101
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093256502
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Public Administration] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
index.html	0Kb	HTML2	219	View/Open

All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.

社群 sharing

著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement

1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.

DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004 MIT & Hewlett-Packard / Enhanced by NTU Library IR team Copyright © - Feedback