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    政大機構典藏 > 文學院 > 宗教研究所 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/62037
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    Title: 佛與眾生的一致性與差異性— 以如來藏三義的六種概念為主要研究課題
    The Sameness and the Difference between the Buddhas and Ordinary Sentient Beings:an Investigation focusing on the Six Notions Related to the Three Reasons for Tathāgatagarbha.
    Authors: 林采蓉
    Contributors: 耿晴
    林采蓉
    Keywords: 如來藏三義
    真如
    後得智
    法身
    色身
    本性住種姓
    習所成種姓
    “three reasons for establishing that all sentient beings are Tathāgatagarbha-s”
    Thusness
    subsequently attained cognition
    Absolute Body
    Corporeal Body
    Innately abiding seeds
    Proclivities seeds
    Date: 2013
    Issue Date: 2013-12-02 17:53:52 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本論文探討印度佛教的「如來藏三義思想」,來反思如來藏思想基本困難與哲學問題,如來藏思想的困難在於,眾生與佛有「一致性」來成立如來藏思想,還需要考量眾生與佛現實上的「差異性」。為了同時回答這兩方面,就必須同時考慮「所纏、出纏、有為法、無為法」這四種面向。
    雖然現代學者試圖為如來藏三義思想作出解釋,由於沒有考慮所纏、出纏、有為法、無為法的四種面向,因此無法了解眾生與佛的差異性。本論文試圖從眾生與佛的「有為法、無為法」面向來了解如來藏三義,就會有如來藏三義下面涵蓋的六種概念:真如、後得智、法身、色身、本性住種姓與習所成種姓,透過六種概念的比較與分析,我們才能真正掌握眾生與佛的相同與相異之處。
    本文從如來藏三義的六種概念提供的重要性在於:出纏的佛不斷教化所纏眾生,所纏眾生如果不斷練習則可能成為出纏的佛,基於這樣的詮釋,正是如來藏思想的解脫學之主要目標與特色。再者,本論文依《寶性論》為主的如來藏思想的解脫學,提供一條清楚的脈絡與演示,也是本文最主要的貢獻之處。
    This thesis examines the idea of the “three reasons for establishing that all sentient beings are Tathāgatagarbha-s” in Indian Buddhism in order to reflect upon the fundamental difficulty of tathāgatagarbha theory. The difficulty lies in that, on the one hand, both sentient beings and Buddha share something exactly the same, but on the other hand, they are still realistically different. To resolve this seeming contradiction, I argue that we need to consider the notion of Tathāgatagarbha along the following four aspects at once: “entangled in defilements,” “not entangled in defilements”, “being conditioned” (saṃskṛta) and “being unconditioned” (asaṃskṛta).
    A few modern scholars have tried to provide interpretations of the “three reasons for establishing that all sentient beings are Tathāgatagarbha-s,” but their interpretations are not satisfying, because they did not take all the above four aspects into account. To give a more satisfying interpretation, I argue, we need to further differentiate along the line of “being conditioned or unconditioned” and divide the “three reasons” into six notions: “thusness” (tathatā) , “subsequently attained cognition”(pṛṣṭhalabdha-jñāna),”Absolute Body”(dharmakāya), “Corporeal Body” (rupakāya), “innately abiding seeds”(prakṛtisthaṃ gotra), “proclivities seeds” (samudānīta gotra). By comparing these six notions, we can better see in what aspects the Buddha and sentient beings are the same, and in what other aspects they are different.
    The main contributions of this thesis are two: (1) highlighting the main soteriological goal of Tathāgatagarbha thought, which is to convey the idea that the Buddhas, who are not anymore entangled in defilements, are continuously teaching sentient beings, and sentient beings, who are still entangled in defilements, are continuously praticing to become Buddhas. (2) laying out a clear map of the soteriology of Tathāgatagarbha thought.
    Reference: 一、漢譯佛教經藏 (依經號排序)
    《央掘魔羅經》,T2, no. 120。
    《大法鼓經》,T9, no. 270。
    《大寶積經》,T11, no. 310。
    《勝鬘師子吼一乘大方便方廣經》,T12, no.353。
    《大方等如來藏經》,T16, no. 666。
    《佛說不增不減經》,T16, no. 668。
    《佛說無上依經》,T16, no. 669。
    《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》,T16, no. 670。
    《大乘密嚴經》,T16, no. 681。
    《金剛仙論》,T25, no. 1521。
    《瑜伽師地論》,T30, no. 1579。
    《成唯識論》,T31, no. 1585。
    《大乘莊嚴經論》,T31, no. 1604。
    《佛性論》,T31, no.1610。
    《究竟一乘寶性論》,T31, no. 1611。
    《大乘法界無差別論》,T31, no. 1626。
    《妙法蓮華經玄贊》,T34, no. 1723。
    《金剛三昧經論》,T34, no. 1730。
    《大方廣佛華嚴經疏》,T35, no. 1735。
    《勝鬘寶窟》,T37,no. 1744。
    《大乘法界無差別論疏》,T44,no. 1838。
    《大乘義章》,T44, no. 1851。

    二、經論的現代翻譯與註釋 (按字母、筆畫順序排列)
    談錫永(2006)。《寶性論梵文新譯》,台北:全佛文化事業有限公司,(《寶性論》梵文之漢譯)。
    高崎直道(1999)。《究竟一乘寶性論.大乘法界無差別論》,東京:大藏出版,(《寶性論》梵文之日譯》)。
    Asaṅga /Maitreyanātha.2004.(L. Jamspal, R. Clark, J. Wilson, L. Zwilling, M. Sweet, and R. Thurman, trans.). The Universal Vehicle Discourse Literature (Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra), Together with its Commentary (Bhāsya) By Vasubandhu. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University/Columbia University’s Center for Buddhist Studies and Tibet House, US.(《大乘莊嚴經論》梵、藏、漢之英譯)
    Alex Wayman and Hideko Wayman. 1990. The Lion`s roar of Queen Śrīmālā : a Buddhist scripture on the Tathāgatagarbha theory / translated, with introduction and notes , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Pub.(《勝鬘經》英文翻譯與解釋)。
    Fuchs, Rosemarie by Arya Maitreya. 2000. with commentary by Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé, the Unassailable lion`s roar, and explanations by Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche , Buddha nature : the Mahayana Uttaratantra shastra, Ithaca, N.Y. : Snow Lion Publications, (由噶瑪巴派的第一世蔣貢康楚羅卓泰耶仁波切註釋與竹清嘉措仁波切解釋《寶性論》藏文根本偈頌之英譯)
    Griffiths, Paul J and Hakamaya,Noriaki.(袴谷憲昭)1989. The realm of awakening : a translation and study of the tenth chapter of Asaṅga`s Mahāyānasaṅgraha. New York:Oxford University Press .(《攝大乘論》第十章翻譯語研究)。
    Hookham, Susan K. 1991. The Buddha within : Tathagatagarbha doctrine according to the Shentong interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga. Albany, N.Y : State University of New York Press.(《寶性論》以覺囊派為主「他空」學說藏文之英譯)
    Lamotte, Étienne. 1973. MAHĀYĀNASAṂGRAHA (La Somme du Grand Véhicule d`Asaṅga). Volume II : Translation and Commentary。Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron translated from the French.(《攝大乘論》翻譯與註釋)
    Takasaki, Jikido.(高崎直道) 1966. A Study on the Ratnagotravibhāga (Uttaratantra) Being a Treatise on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory of Mahāyāna Buddhism . Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.(《寶性論》梵文之英譯)
    Obermiller, E. 1931.The Sublime School of the Great Vehicle to Solvation, Being a Manual of Buddhist Monism,Acta Orientalia, vol. IX; -3,4 , p.81-306.(《寶性論》藏文英譯)
    三、中、日文專書(按筆劃順序排列)
    上田義文著作,陳一標譯(2002)。《大乘佛教思想》,東大出版社。
    中村瑞隆著(1988)。世界佛學名著譯叢編委會譯:《梵漢對照究竟一乘寶性論研究》,台北:華宇出版社。
    水野弘元著(2002)。相光書鄉編輯組翻譯, 《佛教的真隨》,嘉義市:香光書鄉。
    平川彰著(2004)。莊崑木翻譯。《印度佛教史》,臺北市:商周出版。
    牟宗三(1977)。《佛性與般若》,臺北市:學生書局。
    松本史朗著,蕭平、楊金萍譯(2006)。《緣起與空——如來藏思想批判》,北京:中國人民大學出版社。
    金克木(1984)。《比較文化論集》,北京:三聯出版發行新華經銷。
    ——(1999)。《梵佛探》,南昌市,江西教育。
    林鎮國(1991)。〈佛教哲學可以是一種批判哲學嗎?——現代東亞「批判佛教」思潮的思想史省察〉,《佛教思想的傳承與發展--印順導師九秩華誕祝壽論文集》,臺北:東大圖書公司》。
    吳汝鈞(2011)。《佛教的當代判釋》,國立編譯館,台北市:台灣學生書局。
    耿晴(2010)。〈「自然」與「人性」間的異質性——檢討印度佛教如來藏思想如何聯繫此二者〉,第六屆兩岸三地四校南北哲學論壇學術研討會,香港:中文大學哲學系。
    ——(2011)。〈「佛性」與「佛姓」概念的混淆:以《佛性論》與《大乘起信論》為中心〉,《漢語哲學新視域》,政治大學哲學系。
    ——(2012)。〈論如來藏思想在解脫學上的根本困難—以《寶性論》為中心的探討〉,第四屆東方人文思想國際學術研討會--天台思想與實踐,華梵大學東方人文思想研究所。
    陳一標(2006)。〈他空說的系譜與內含——論印順法師對唯識空性說的理解〉,《臺大佛學研究》。
    創古仁波切著,帕滇卓瑪翻譯(1999)。《佛性-《究竟一乘寶性論》十講》,台北市:眾生文化。
    楊惠珊(1988)。《《寶性論》中佛性思想之研究》,台北:中華佛學院。
    彌勒菩薩論(2012)。聖無著阿遮利耶釋、嘉曹傑‧達瑪仁欽疏、江波(仁欽曲札)譯,《大乘寶性論釋疏》繁體中藏對照版,台北:台北市藏傳佛典協會。
    藍吉富主編,李世傑譯(1987)。《如來藏思想》,《世界佛學名著譯叢— 68》,臺北:華宇出版社。
    釋印順(1981)。《如來藏研究》,新竹:正聞出版社。
    ——(1981)。《初期大乘佛教之起源與開展》,新竹:正聞出版社,1981年。
    ——(1988)。《印度佛教思想史》,新竹:正聞出版社。
    ——(1993)。《華雨集第五冊》,新竹:正聞出版社。
    釋恆清(1997),《佛性思想》,台北:東大圖書公司。
    釋聖嚴(2005)。《自家寶藏:如來藏經語體譯釋》,臺北市:法鼓文化。
    小川一乘(1982)。《佛性思想》,京都:文榮堂。
    ——(2004)。《小川一乘仏教思想論集》,第一卷、第二卷,京都市:法藏館。
    下田正弘(1997)。《涅槃经の硏究:大乗经典の硏究方法試論》,東京都:春秋社。
    中村瑞隆(1967)。《究竟一乗宝性論研究―蔵和対訳》,東京都:鈴木学術財団。
    水谷幸正(1977)。〈浄土と如來蔵〉,日本仏教學学編輯,收錄於《仏教における淨土思想》,京都:平楽寺書店。
    宇井伯壽著(1979)。《寶性論研究》,東京都:岩波書店。
    高崎直道著(2009)。《如來蔵思想の形成》,東京都:春秋社。
    ——(2009)。《如來蔵思想の形成 Ⅱ(第五卷)》,東京都:春秋社。
    ——(2009)。《如來蔵思想の形成 Ⅱ(第七卷)》,東京都:春秋社。
    四、西文專書、論文 (按字母、筆畫順序排列)
    Brown, Brian E. 1991. The Buddha nature : a study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijnana , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass .
    Bernert, Christian Andreas. 2009. Rong-ston on Buddha-Nature:A Commentary on the Fourth Chapter of the Ratnagotravibhāga (vv.1.27–95[a])Christian Bernert.MA Thesis. University of Vienna.
    Nagao, Gadjin .(長尾雅人) 1991. “Buddha Body”, Madhyamika and Yogacara:A Study of Mahayana Philosophies, State University of New York Press, Albany.
    D’Amato, Mario. 2003. “Can all beings potentially attain awakening? Gotra-theory in the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies.Volume 26.Number1, 115–138.
    Hubbard, Jamie. 2001. Absolute delusion, perfect Buddhahood : the rise and fall of a Chinese heresy. Honolulu : University of Hawai`i Press.
    Jiang, Bo. 2008. Cataphatic emptiness: rGyal-tshab on the Buddha-essence theory of Asaṅga’s "Ratnagotravibhagavyakhya" . Columbia University.
    Johnston, Edward H. 1950. Ratnagotravibhāga Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra by Asaṅga, Patna: Bihar Research Society.(《寶性論》梵文原文)
    King, Richard. 1995. Is “Buddha-Nature” Buddhist? Doctrinal Tensions in the Śrīmālā Sūtra: An Early Tathāgatagarbha Text ,Numen, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan), pp. 1–20.
    Keng, Ching. 2011. ” In Search of the Doctrinal Differences between the Shorter and the Longer Versions of the Ratnagotravibhāga”. Indian Buddhist Thought in 6th-7th Century China International Workshop. National Chengchi University.
    King, Sallie. 1999. B. Buddha nature. Albany, New York: State University of New York Pres.
    Makransky, John. 1997. J. Buddhahood Embodied. Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet. Albany: State University of New York Press.
    Magee, William. 2010. “Tathāgatagarbha in Tibet ”Path to Omniscience: the Geluk Hermeneutics of Nga-wāng-bel-den.台北市:法鼓文化。(《前往遍智之道:昂望奔登依格魯派了義與不了義的觀點所作的詮釋》)
    Paul, Diana . 1979. “The Concept of Tathāgatagarbha in the Śrīmālādevī Sūtra (Sheng-Man Ching)”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 99,No.2, pp.191–203.
    Paul J. Griffiths and John P. Keenan. 1990. Buddha Nature Treatise:A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota.Buddhist Books International.
    Prasad, H.S. 1991. The Uttaratantra of Maitreya : containing introduction, E.H. Johnson`s Sanskrit text, and E. Obermiller`s English translation / introduction .Delhi,India:Sri Satguru Publications.
    Ruegg, David Seyfort. 1967. The study of Indian and Tibetan thought: some problems and perspectives, inaugural lecture , Chair of Indian Philosophy, Buddhist Studies and Tibetan, University of Leiden, E. J. Brill.
    ——.1967. ‘The Meanings of the Term “Gotra” and the Textual History of the “Ratnagotravibhāga’”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 39, No. 2 , pp. 341–363.
    ——. 1995. “Some Reflections on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism” JIABS 18(2)pp.145–181.
    ——. 19891. Buddha-nature, mind and the problem of Gradualism in a comparative perspective : on the transmission and reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet . School of Oriental and African Studies in London.
    ——. 1989b. “The Buddhist Notion of an `Immanent Absolute` (tathāgatagarbha) as a Problem in Hermeneutics.” In: The Buddhist Heritage. Ed. by T. Skorupski, 229–245.
    ——. 2004. “Aspects of the study of the (earlier) Indian Mahāyāna.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies .27/1, 3–61.
    ——. 2010. “Negation of Opposed Terms in the Description of the Absolute in the Ratnagotravibhāga” The Buddhist philosophy of the middle: essays on Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka, Boston, Mass.: Wisdom Publications.
    Schmithausen, 1991. Lambert.Buddhism and Nature. The Lecture delivered on the Occasion of the EXPO 1990: An Enlarged Version with Notes. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
    Takasaki, Jikidō. 1966. “Dharmatā, Dharmadhātu, Dharmakāya and Buddhadhātu─Structure of the Ultimate Value in Mahāyāna",Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū , vol . XIV, no.2, pp903-919.(78-94).
    ——. 2000. “The Tathāgatagarbha Theory Reconsidered: Reflections on Some Recent Issues in Japanese Buddhist Studies,” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol., 27/1-2: 73-83.
    Williams, Paul. 2000. Buddhist thought : a complete introduction to the Indian tradition. London ; New York : Routledge.
    ——.2005. “The doctrine of the Buddha-nature in the Mahāyana Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra” in Liu, Ming-wood. Buddhism critical concepts in religious studies , London ; New York : Routledge.
    ——. 2009.” The Tathāgatagarbha” , Mahāyāna Buddhism : the doctrinal foundations . London. New York : Routledge .
    Zimmermann, Michael. 2002. A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra: The Earliest Exposition of the Buddha-nature Teaching in India. Tōkyō: International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.
    五、網路、工具、辭典 (按字母、筆畫順序排列)
    Bucknell, Roderick S. 1994. Sanskrit manual : a quick-reference guide to the phonology and grammar of classical Sanskrit, Delhi, India : Motilal Banarsidass.
    Tubb, Gary A. and Boose, Emery R. 2007. Scholastic Sanskrit: A Handbook for Students, New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University.
    Edgerton, Franklin. 1953. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary .Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, Reprint of: 1st ed. New Haven : Yale University Press.(《佛教混淆梵語:文法與辭典》)
    Muller, Charles.1995. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism,Established July, University of Tokyo.(電子佛教辭典)http://www.buddhism-dict.net/ddb/
    TLB (Thesaures Literaturae Buddhiae)by Professor Jens Braarvig. Norway: University of Oslo. Department of Culture Studies and Oriental languages.有關《究竟一乘寶性論》梵文(Johnston出版)、漢文(勒那摩提翻譯)、藏文(Tg phi翻譯)、英文(Takasaki翻譯)對照。https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=volume&vid=61
    Williams .2008. Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary(梵英電子辭典)http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/
    Whitney,William Dwight. 1991. The roots, verb-forms, and primary derivatives of the Sanskrit language: a supplement to his Sanskrit grammar. Motilal Banarsidass Publ,Whitney.梵文語根網路電子版本http://www.language.brown.edu/Sanskrit/whitney/
    Speijer,J. S. 1989. Sanskrit Syntax, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
    平川彰主編(1997)。《佛教漢梵大辭典》,日本:京都。
    神亮三郎,(1995)。《梵語學》,台北:如實出版社。
    榊亮三郎,工藤成樹(新修)(原著1973、1996)。《新修梵語學》,京都:永田文昌堂。如實佛學研究室中文編譯,收於《新譯梵文佛典:金剛般若波羅蜜經(五):新修梵語學》,台北:如實佛學研究室。
    荻原雲來(1985)。《漢譯對照梵和大辭典》,台北:新文豐出版社。
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    宗教研究所
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    102
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0981560061
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[宗教研究所] 學位論文

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