数据加载中.....
|
请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/63191
|
| 题名: | 論我國針對含萊克多巴胺畜產品之進口管制與WTO規範下SPS協定之合致性
The Legal Analysis of Taiwan`s Meat Regulation regarding Ractopamine under SPS Agreement of WTO |
| 作者: | 田起安 |
| 贡献者: | 施文真
田起安 |
| 关键词: | 萊克多巴胺
SPS協定
Codex委員會
Ractopamine
SPS Agreement
Codex Alimentarius Commission |
| 日期: | 2013 |
| 上传时间: | 2014-01-02 13:44:51 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 自2005年以降，我國針對是否開放含萊克多巴胺畜產品進口之問題即屬多事之秋，其主因係在食品添加物專家委員會（Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives，簡稱JECFA）所擬每日容許攝食量下，國際上之相關科學研究無法確切證明萊克多巴胺是否完全安全，抑或其可能對於人體造成之危害及程度，因此多數肉品出口國仍常於家畜飼養過程中添加萊克多巴胺於飼料中，藉以增加畜產品之瘦肉比例並提升經濟效率；另一方面，由於不肖業者違法使用乙型受體素（如克崙特羅、沙丁胺醇）導致人體中毒的案件時有所聞，影響民眾對於畜產品的消費意願及產業發展，是故雖然萊克多巴胺之毒性相較於其他乙型受體素為低，惟受他種毒素高出數倍的乙型受體素之累，在我國自2006年起亦屬禁用之列。在國際食品標準委員會（Codex Alimentarius Commission，簡稱Codex委員會）於去（2012）年以普通多數決之方式制定萊克多巴胺的國際標準後，我國遂修訂食品衛生管理法第11條（2013年新法第15條）、第17-1條 （新法第25條）及動物用藥殘留標準第3條，並公告農防字第1011473960號之行政命令，採行「安全容許、牛豬分離、強制標示、排除內臟」之檢疫政策，在牛肉（含脂肪）的部分採行與國際標準相同之檢疫標準；惟在豬肉及內臟的部分，則為兼顧「國人特殊膳食習慣」及「相關產業發展」，仍維持既有「零檢出」的檢疫政策，全面禁止含萊克多巴胺的畜產品進口。針對此我國特殊之管制作法，本文將以國際經貿法的觀點，依據WTO協定中與檢疫措施最密切相關的SPS協定規範、過往案例之判決及相關文獻，分析我國進口檢疫規定之適法性，藉以思考目前畜產品進口的議題，並判斷該措施將來是否存在遭非難之可能，希冀能對於我國日後檢疫政策走向提供一實質性之參考及展望。
Since 2005, the issue of liberalizing the import of meat containing Ractopamine had sparked great controversy in Taiwan, resulting from the lack of clear and definite scientific evidences worldwide to prove the harmlessness toward human body under JECFA’s maximal residue level and acceptable daily intake. Owing to the abusing of other much more poisonous Beta-adrenergic agonist (e.g., Clenbuterol, Salbutamol) by some of illegal stockbreeders causing the vibration of meat market and industry, Taiwan’s government had decided to ban the residual of Beta-adrenergic agonist including Ractopamine contained in both domestic and import meat products since 2006. After Codex Alimentarius Commission finally voted through the international standard of Ractopamine in 2012, Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan amended former regulations, approving the import of beef which conformed to Codex’s international standard, while still remained the prohibition of pork containing Ractopamine. This essay staying with the view of international trade law, in particular the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures under World Trade Organization, tries to analyze the consistency of Taiwan’s meat regulations with the SPS agreement in order to prospect Taiwan’s trade policy and meat regulations regarding Ractopamine in the future. |
| 參考文獻: | 壹、中文資料：
一、專書
1. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2010年。
2. 黃立、李貴英、林彩瑜，WTO國際貿易法論，2009年。
3. 洪德欽，WTO法律與政策專題研究，2002年。
4. 經濟部國貿局，烏拉圭回合多邊貿易談判協定，2版，2003年。
二、期刊與文章：
1. 牛惠之，世界貿易組織之SPS協定關於風險評估與風險管理之規範體系與爭端案例研究，臺灣國際法季刊，1卷2期，頁151-236，2004年。
2. 彭心儀，「依循先例原則」在WTO爭端解決體制下之定位與實踐，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫，網址：http://ir.lib.nthu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/12566/1/922414H007001.pdf。
3. 倪貴榮、吳慈珮，由WTO貿易規範檢視美國牛肉的進口管制，月旦法學雜誌，176期，頁147-159，2010年。
4. 譚偉恩，食品法典委員會──帶著貿易自由化的包袱走向不確定的未來，中華民國國際法學會。
5. 張愷致，我國對含萊克多巴胺畜品進口規範之WTO適法性分析，中華民國國際法學會。
貳、英文資料
一、專書
1. JOANNE SCOTT, THE WTO AGREEMENT ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES (1st ed. 2007).
2. TRACEY EPPS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND HEALTH PROTECTION: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE WTO`S SPS AGREEMENT (1st ed. 2008).
3. LUKASZ GRUSZCZYNSKI, REGULATING HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS UNDER WTO LAW: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPS AGREEMENT (1st ed. 2010).
二、期刊與文章
1. Donna Roberts, Preliminary Assessment of the Effects of the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Trade Regulations, 1(3) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 377-405 (1998).
2. Reinhard Quick, Andreas Blüthner, Has the appellate body erred? An appraisal and criticism of the ruling in the WTO Hormones case, 2(4) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 603-639 (1999).
3. Joost Pauwelyn, The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures as Applied in the First Three SPS Dispute, EC－Hormones, Australia－Salmon and Japan－Varietals, 2(4) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 641-664 (1999).
4. Natalie McNelis, The Role of the Judge in the EU and WTO-Lessons from the BSE and Hormones Cases, 4(1) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 189-208 (2001).
5. M. Gregg Bloche, Introduction: Health and WTO, 5(4) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 821-823 (2002).
6. M. Gregg Bloche, WTO Deference to National Health Policy: Toward an Interpretive Principle, 5(4) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 825-848 (2002).
7. Donna Roberts, Laurian Unnevehr, Resolving trade disputes arising from trends in food safety regulation: the role of the multilateral governance framework, 4(3) WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 469-497 (2005).
8. Christiane R. Conrad, The EC–Biotech dispute and applicability of the SPS Agreement: are the panel`s findings built on shaky ground?, 6(2) WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 233-248 (2007).
9. Caroline E. Foster, Public Opinion and the Interpretation of the World Trade Organisation’s Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, 11(2) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 427-458 (2008).
10. Steven Bernstein, Erin Hannah, Non-State Global Standard Setting and the WTO: Legitimacy and the Need for Regulatory Space, 11(3) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 575-608 (2008).
11. Yves Bonzon, Institutionalizing Public Participation in WTO Decision Making: Some Conceptual Hurdles and Avenues, 11(4) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 751-777 (2008).
12. Tracey Epps, Reconciling public opinion and WTO rules under the SPS Agreement, 7(2) WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 359-392 (2008).
13. Robert L. Howse, Henrik Horn, European Communities－Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, 8(SP1) WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 49-83 (2009).
14. Bernard Hoekman, Joel Trachtman, Continued suspense: EC－Hormones and WTO disciplines on discrimination and domestic regulation Appellate Body Reports: Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC – Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/AB/R,WT/DS321/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008, 9(SP1) WORLD TRADE REVIEW, 151-180 (2010).
15. Thomas Cottier, Managing Director, What Role for Non-Discrimination and Prudential Standards in International Financial Law?, 13(3) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 817-835 (2010).
16. Michael Ming Du, Autonomy in Setting Appropriate Level of Protection under the WTO Law: Rhetoric or Reality?, 13(4) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 1077-1102 (2010).
17. Michael Ming Du, The Rise of National Regulatory Autonomy in the GATT/WTO Regime, 14(3) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, 639-675 (2011).
三、WTO相關文件
（一）小組報告
1. Panel Report, Australia－Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/R (adopted Nov. 6, 1998).
2. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (Complainant: United States), WT/DS26/R (adopted Feb. 13, 1998).
3. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (Complainant:Canada), WT/DS42/R (adopted Feb. 13, 1998).
4. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/R; WT/DS292/R; WT/DS293/R (adopted Nov. 21, 2006).
5. Panel Report, United States－Certain Measures Affecting Imports of Poultry from China, WT/DS392/R (adopted Oct. 25, 2010).
（二）上訴機構報告
1. Appellate Body Report, Australia－Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (adopted Nov. 6, 1998).
2. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R (adopted Feb. 13, 1998).
3. Appellate Body Report, Japan－Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS76/AB/R (adopted Mar. 19, 1999).
4. Appellate Body Report, Japan－Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/AB/R (adopted Dec. 10, 2003).
5. Appellate Body Report, United States/Canada－Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC — Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/AB/R, WT/DS321/AB/R (adopted Nov. 14, 2008).
6. Appellate Body Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (adopted Dec. 17, 2007).
7. Appellate Body Report, Australia－Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand, WT/DS367/AB/R (adopted Dec. 17, 2010).
8. WTO, Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Guidelines to Further the Practical Implementation of Article 5.5 (Consistency), G/SPS/15 (July 18, 2000).
（三）其他文件
1. WTO, Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Guidelines to Further the Practical Implementation of Article 5.5 (Consistency), G/SPS/15 (July 18, 2000).
2. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods Updated as at the 35th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (July 2012), available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/weblinks/MRL2_e_2012.pdf(last visited July 28, 2013). |
| 描述: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
100351042
102 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100351042 |
| 数据类型: | thesis |
| 显示于类别: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
|
文件中的档案:
| 档案 |
大小 | 格式 | 浏览次数 |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 257 | 检视/开启 |
|
在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.
|
