Reference: | 中文部份
(一)專書
王尹,1996。《管理學 (上) 重點整理》。臺北:高點文化出版社。
王尹,1996。《管理學 (下) 重點整理》。臺北:高點文化出版社。
吳玉山,2000。《俄羅斯轉型1992-1999一 一個政治經濟學的分析》。臺北:五
南出版社。
洪美蘭,2002。《經濟激進轉型策略-中東歐之經驗與啟示》。臺北:翰林出版社。
高洪深、楊宏智,2003。《知識經濟學》。臺北:五南出版社。
詹文男,2005。《2050金磚四國前哨站-中印俄巴總體環境暨資通訊市場剖析》。
臺北:資訊工業策進會資訊市場情報中心。
(二)譯著
Johnson, A. C.著,姜雪影、李定健譯,1985。《推動日本奇蹟的手-通產省》(MITI
and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975)。臺北:天下文化出版社。
(三)期刊論文
于文蘭,2008,〈俄羅斯的人才管理體制改革與政策〉,《國外社會科學》(北京),第5期,頁55-61。
王振寰,2003/12。〈全球化與後進國家:兼論東亞的發展路徑與轉型〉,《臺灣社會學刊》(臺灣),第31期,頁1-45。
王綺年,2010/4。〈發展路徑抉擇與全球生產鏈之制約:以印度軟體代工為例〉,《全球政治評論》(臺中),第30期,頁97-126。
田春生,2010/7。〈俄羅斯 “國家資本主義”的形成及其特徵〉,《經濟學動態》(北京),第7期,頁2。
台俄協會,2010。〈俄國『斯科爾科沃』(Skolkovo) 創新計畫〉,《台俄經貿》(臺北),第8期,頁44。
宋玉華、李鋒,2009/4。〈主權財富基金的新型“國家資本主義”性質探析〉,《世界經濟研究》(上海),第4期,頁51-56。
吴永忠,2003/4。〈俄羅斯教師教育的現狀、問題與啟示〉,《黔東南民族師範高等專科學校學報》(貴州),第21卷第2期,頁71-72。
李佩芝,1986/1。〈談談蘇聯科學院的軍事研究〉,《世界知識》(北京),第1期,頁26-27。
吳春光,2007/7。〈俄羅斯科技產業政策分析─從戈巴契夫到普京〉,《遠景基金會季刊》(臺北),第8卷第3期,頁127-170。
呂海彬,2007/6。〈BRICs走向軟件業全球化的戰略選擇〉,《產經評論》(廣州),第6期,頁37-40。
何雪蓮,2007/3。〈依附與發展:俄羅斯私立高等教育特點評述〉,《比較教育研究》(北京),第3期,頁60-63。
汪寧,1998/7-8。〈俄羅斯軍轉民問題〉,《俄羅斯研究》(上海),第4期,頁10-16。
姜穎,2008/1-2。〈俄羅斯國際信息技術外包發展趨勢的SWOT 分析〉,《國際商務—對外經濟貿易大學學報》(北京),第1期,頁81-85。
訊木,1996/5。〈淺談俄羅斯經濟過渡時期的國際科技合作〉,《全球科技經濟瞭望》(北京),第5期,頁46-48。
徐牧群,2012。〈俄羅斯外人直接投資情況探討〉,《台俄經貿》(臺北),第11期,年,頁47。
徐海燕,2010/1-3。〈俄羅斯科技資源管理的經驗與啟示〉,《社會科學管理與評論》(北京),第1期,頁106-109。
陳民,1998/5-6。〈陷於困境的俄羅斯科學〉,《世界科技研究與發展》(四川),第3期,頁139。
陳正男、譚大純,1997。〈麥可波特「鑽石模式」量表化之初探-以「世界競爭力報導」為效標〉,《管理評論》(臺北),第16卷第2期,頁21-48。
張君,2011/9。〈中國軟件外包企業的生存困境〉,《中國服務外包》(北京),第9期,頁64-66。
陳裕昌、蔡志弘、李榮貴、羅展興,2006/3。〈分散式軟體工廠軟體開發模式之研究〉,《機械工業雜誌》(新竹),276期,頁112-117。
程傳、殷紅,2009/1-2。〈俄羅斯產業結構演變研究〉,《俄羅斯中亞東歐研究》(北京),第1期,頁41。
葉樊妮,2010/7。〈要素投入、技術進步與經濟增長〉,《經濟與管理》(河北),第24卷第7期,頁10-12。
景維民、張慧君,2008/5-6。〈國家權力與國家能力:俄羅斯轉型期的國家治理模式演進—兼論“梅—普”時代的國家治理前景〉,《俄羅斯研究》(上海),第3期,頁6-18。
張豔陽,2003/6。〈俄羅斯 “軍轉民” 問題研究〉,《內蒙古工業大學學報(社會科學版)》(內蒙古),第12卷第1期,頁32-37。
趙偉,2010/9。〈俄羅斯科教一體化政策的執行及其效果〉,《教育探索》(黑龍江),第9期,頁145-146。
趙澄謀、姬鵬宏、劉潔、張慧軍、王延飛,2005/10。〈世界典型國家推進軍民融合的主要做法分析〉,《科學學與科學技術管理》(天津),第10期,頁26-31。
遲嵐,2004/3-4。〈俄羅斯科技體制改革與戰略〉,《俄羅斯中亞東歐研究》(北京),第2期,頁24-29。
關貴海,2003/9-10。〈科技因素對蘇聯經濟的影響〉,《當代世界與社會主義》(北京),第5期,頁90。
蘭天,〈俄羅斯科技園十年發展概述〉,《全球科技暸望》(北京),第1期,2001年1月,頁53-54。
顧海兵、周智高,2004/2。〈俄羅斯國立研究機構改革及其借鑒〉,《開放導報》(廣東),第1期,頁91-95。
(四)學位論文
田珮,2008。《國家角色、科技產業政策與產業發展:歷經金融海嘯之台韓液晶顯示器產業競爭力分析》。桃園:國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文。
吳正宜,2002。《臺灣軟體公司國際化成功因素探討》。新竹:國立交通大學高階主管管理學程碩士論文。
李維軒,2006。《從尤科斯事件看俄羅斯金融寡頭與政權運作之關係》。臺北:國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文。
周凌霄,2012。《群聚效應對文化創意產業發展的貢獻:以華山1914文化創意園區為例》。臺北:國立政治大學國家發展研究所碩士論文。
許書銘,1999。《產業國際競爭力之發展及其影響因素分析—國家競爭力觀點》。臺北:國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。
黃俊傑,2002。《我國創投公司對科技產業之知識互動研究》。臺北:國立政治大學經營管理碩士學程碩士論文。
蔡婷婷,2010。《中國軟體業之研究》。嘉義:南華大學國際暨大陸事務學系亞太研究所碩士論文。
(五)研討會論文
魏少君,2006/11/25-26。〈國家財政分析(1960s-1990s):發展主義與財政社會學取徑〉,「2006年台灣社會學會」年會。臺中:東海大學社會學系台灣社會學會。頁1-33。
<http://soc.thu.edu.tw/2006TSAconference/_notes/2006TSApaper/3-7.pdf>
(六)網際網路
中華民國資訊軟體協會,〈何謂CMMI-DEV〉,《CMMI提升資訊軟體品質(CMMI)計畫》,
<http://www.cmmi-taiwan.org.tw/content/templateAbout.aspx?id=10>。
法務部,〈公務員服務法〉,《全國法規資料庫》,
<http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?Pcode=S0020038&FLNO
=14>。
孫南申,2009/7/10。〈技術創新市場失靈了怎麼辦〉,《新華網》, <http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/theory/2009-07/10/content_11683793.htm>。
張冬楊,2010/8/4。〈俄羅斯資訊技術公司將享受稅收優惠政策〉,《電子促貿會》,
< http://www.ccpitecc.com/article.asp?id=950 >。
2005/9/30。〈俄羅斯的宏觀科技管理體系〉,《生命經緯》,
< http://old.biovip.com/content/20050930/38303.htm >。
2006/7/18。〈知識創新與技術擴散〉,《行政院主計處》, <www.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/6718165471.pdf>。
2007/12/12。〈普京表示俄羅斯不會實行國家資本主義〉,《中國經濟網》,<http://intl.ce.cn/gjzx/oz/russia/jjxw/200712/12/t20071212_13894453.shtml>
2008/6/4。〈NHK「言論管制 普京帝國與媒體」沉湎復興沙俄帝國的昔日榮耀 重返霸權大國的俄羅斯 總理普丁院政時代的新聞監管〉,《新浪部落》,<http://blog.sina.com.tw/rakuten/category.php?pbgid=49870&categoryid=169106>。
2008/12/27。〈俄羅斯確定國家優先扶持企業名錄〉,《新華網》,
<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2008-12/27/content_10566202.htm>。
2009/10/27。〈2007年主要國家地區軟體產業發展比較研究一〉,《上海情報服務平台》, <http://www.libnet.sh.cn:82/gate/big5/www.istis.sh.cn/list/list.aspx?id=5423>
2009/10/27。〈2007年主要國家地區軟體產業發展比較研究二〉,《上海情報服務平台》,
<http://www.libnet.sh.cn:82/gate/big5/www.istis.sh.cn/list/list.aspx?id=5424>
2010/10。〈俄羅斯投資環境簡介-投資法規及程序〉,《全球台商服務網》,
<http://twbusiness.nat.gov.tw/countryPage.do?id=12&country=RU>。
2011/6/1。〈印度在國際外包市場優勢漸減〉,《中國軟件園研究網》,
<http://softparkinfo.com/News_View.asp?NewsID=368>。
2011/9/18。〈2010英國高技術移民4月6日起大幅提高標準〉,《大眾網》,
<http://www.177liuxue.cn/yingguo/yimin/2010-4/76418.html>。
2011/10/25。〈2011年1-9月全國軟件業經濟運行情況〉,《中華人民共和國工業和信息化部》, <http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11294132/n12858477/14290111.html>。
2011/11/25。〈揭秘美國情報外包業〉,《新華網》,
<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/globe/2011-11/25/c_131269627.htm>。
2012/1/11。〈俄羅斯2011年ICT產業發展綜述〉,《新浪網》,
<http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20120111/5540392.html>。
2012/1/12,〈俄羅斯2011年ICT產業發展綜述〉,《中國機電出口指南》,
<http://big5.mofcom.gov.cn/gate/big5/mep128.mofcom.gov.cn/mep/xwzx/cyzx/293206.asp>。
2012/1/31。〈普京推崇國家資本主義引領俄羅斯經濟轉型〉,《新浪網》, <http://finance.sina.com/bg/usstock/sinacn/su/20120131/0257444333.html>。
2012/5/22。〈微軟投資俄羅斯Skolkovo數千萬美元〉,《經濟部國際貿易局-經貿資訊網》,
<http://www.taiwantrade.com.tw/CH/bizsearchdetail/6275695/C/>。
2012/9/8。〈普京:只有交流先進技術才會有經濟進步〉,《俄新網》,
<http://big5.rusnews.cn/eguoxinwen/eluosi_duiwai/20120908/43553268.html>。
英文部份
(一)專書
Breznitz, Dan, 2007. Innovation and the state:political choice and strategies for growth in Israel, Taiwan, Ireland. New Haven and London :Yale University Press.
Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council, 2010. Statistical yearbook 09-10. India:Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council.
<http://www.escindia.in/uploads/overall%20export%202009-10.pdf>
Evans, Peter, 1995. Embedded Autonomy: State and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press.
Federal State Statitics Service, 2010. Russia in Figures 2010:Statistical Handbook.
Moscow:Federal State Statistics Service.
Gregory, N., Nollen, S., and Tenev, S., 2009. New Industries from New
Places: The Emergence of the Software and Hardware Industries in China and India. Washington:World Bank &Stanford University Press.
Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, 2009. National innovation system and state innovation policy of the Russian federation. Moscow:Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation.
RusSoft association, 2008. Russian software developing industry and software exports-5th annual survey. St. Petersburg:RusSoft association.
RusSoft association, 2011. Russian software developing industry and software exports-8th annual survey. St. Petersburg: RusSoft association.
(二)專書論文
Crane, Keith and Usanov, Artur, 2010. “Role of High-Technology Industries,” in Åslund, Anders, Guriev, Sergei, and Kuchins, Andrew, eds., Russia after the Global Economic Crisis. Washington:Peterson Institute for International Economics. p.99.
(三)期刊論文
Arocena, R., and Sutz, J., 2005. “Innovation systems and developing countries,” DRUIDWorking Paper Technical Report, No. 2-5, pp. 1-28.
< http://www3.druid.dk/wp/20020005.pdf >
Åslund, A., 2004/9. “Russia’s Economic Transformation under Putin,” Eurasian
Geography and Economics, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 342-397.
Bascavusoglu, E., 2005. “Does International Trade Transfer Technology to Emerging Countries? A Patent Citation Analysis,” The Open University research centre on Innovation ,Knowledge and development Working paper, No. 14, pp. 1-50 .
< http://www.open.ac.uk/ikd/workingpapers/workingpaper_14.pdf >
Beltyukov, A., Kondo, J., M., Lewis, W.,W., Obermayer, M., M.,, Palmade, V., and Reznikovitch, A., 2000. “Reflection on Russia,” The Mckinsey Quarterly, No. 1, pp. 21-41.
Burzynski, R. O., Graeml, R. A., and Balbinot, Z., 2010. “The Internationalization of The Software Market: Opportunities and Challenges for Brazilian Companies,” Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 499-516.
Carmel, Erran, 2003. ‘‘Taxonomy of New Software Exporting Nations,” The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries,Vol.13, No.2, pp. 1-6
Cusumano, A., M., 2006/2. “Where does Russia fit into the global software industry? ,” Communication of the ACM, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 31-34
Feakins, Melanie, 2009/1. “Offshoring in the core:Russian software firms onshoring in the USA,” Global Network, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 1–19
Ferdinand, Peter, 2007/11. “Russia and China: converging responses to globalization,” International affairs, Vol.83, No.4, pp.655-680
Gianella, Christian, and Tompson, William, 2007. “Stimulating Innovation in Russia: The Role of Institutions and Policies,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 539, pp.1-47.
Goodman, S., E., and McHenry, W., K., 1991/6. “The Soviet computer industry: a tale of two sectors,”Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, Issue 6, pp. 25-29
Green, M., J., 2012. “The Russian IPR Problem: How Accession to the WTO is Not the Magical Solution, Rather a Step in the Right Direction,” American University Intellectual Property Brief, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp.57-65
Hawks, S., and Mchenry, W., 2005/1. “The maturation of the Russian offshore software industry,” Information Technology for Development, Vol.11, Issue.1, pp.1-28
Heath, R., J., 2009. “Strategic Protectionism? National Security and Foreign Investment in the Russian Federation,” George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.465-501
Heeks, R., and Nicholson, B., 2002. “Software Export Success Factors and Strategies in Developing and Transitional Economies ,” Development Informatics Working Paper, No.12, pp. 1-22
Kihlgren, Alessandro, 2003/1. “Promotion of innovation activity in Russia through the creation of science parks: the case of St. Petersburg (1992–1998),’’ Technovation, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 65-76
Kusheleva, Irina, 2011. “ Model of Formation of Institutes of Investment in Innovation Market Agents,” Journal of International Scientific Publications:Economy & Business, Vol. 5, Part 2, pp. 58-68
Mehrizi, R., H., M., and Pakneiat, M., 2008/10. “Comparative analysis of sectoral system and diamond model (The case of telecom sector of Iran),’’ Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.86-88
Mirabito, Richard, 1989/12. ‘‘Prospects for Western Investment: A Comparison of Joint Venture Laws in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and China,’’ Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol.12, Issue 1, pp. 103-117
OECD, 2008/6. “Measuring the impacts of ICT using official statistics,” OECD
Digital Economy Papers, No. 136, p. 9 .
Park, Yong-tae, 1999/8. “A taxonomy of national systems of innovation:R&D structure of OECD economies,” Science and Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 241-246.
Peltola, Kaisa-Kerttu, 2008. “Russian innovation system in international comparison - Opportunities and challenges for the future of innovation development in Russia,” PEI Electronic Publications, No.11, pp. 1-25
Pries-Heje, Jan, Baskeville, R., and Hanson, I., G., 2005/1. “Strategy Models for Enabling Offshore Outsourcing: Russian Short-Cycle-Time Software Development,” Information Technology for Development, Vol. 11, Issue. 1, pp. 5-30
Soubbotina, T., and Weiss, C., 2009/5. “A new model of technological learning for Russia,” Science and Public Policy, Vol. 36, No. 4, p. 271.
Soubbotina, P., T., 2006/7. “Generic Models of Technological Learning by Developing Countries,” World Bank: draft papers prepared for WB science and technology program, <http://www.usp.org.fj/worldbank2009/frame/Documents/Publications_global/Challenge_Tech_Learning_Oct05.pdf>
Terekhov, A., A., 2001/11-12. “The Russian Software Industry,” IEEE Software, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 98-101.
Teubal, Morris, 1997/1. “A catalytic and evolutionary approach to horizontal technology policies (HTPs),” Research Policy, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 1163-1165
Weinert, S., Weber, M., and Vasak, D., 2008/12. “Offshore Outsourcing to Russian IT Providers: Opportunities, Risks and Best Practice Procedures,” Schumpeter discussion papers, pp. 1-20
(四)研討會論文
St. Petersburg International Economic Forum , 2012/6. “Russian Federation Facts and Figures,”paper presented at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Russia:Minister for Economic Development of the Russian Federation, p. 30,
<http://2012.forumspb.com/bfx-cc/system/uploads/fact_and_figure/file_ru/2/161_facts_figures_01_fow_web1_A4.pdf>
(五)網際網路
Andrianova, Anna, 2012/3/30. “Russia monetizes its innovative potential,” Russia beyond the headlines,
<http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/03/30/russia_monetizes_its_innovative_potential_15216.html>
Berry, Lynn, 2008/7/18. “Russia: Get computer-savvy or get out, Medvedev tells Staff,” The Guardian,
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/18/russia.computing>
Center for international development at Harvard university, “Readiness for the networked world assessment:Russia”, pp.1-50
<http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/itg/libpubs/RussiaReadinessAssessment.pdf>
Cole, Devin, 2011/12/28. “2011: Mass Benefits from Russian Tech Modernization,” Global Business Hub,
<http://www.boston.com/business/blogs/global-business-hub/2011/12/russian_moderni.html>
Gannes, Stuart, 1985/11/25. “The Soviet Lag in High-tech Defense Despite considerable success at playing catch-up with the U.S., the U.S.S.R. is learning with some horror that it faces a crucial $ challenge in microelectronics. That could force it to divert vastly more resources from its civilian economy to the military,” CNN Money,
<http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1985/11/25/66652/index.htm>
Gati, T., T., 2008/10/1. “Russia’s New Law on Foreign Investment in Strategic Sectors and the Role of State Corporations in the Russian Economy,” Akin gump Strauss Hauer & Feldllp, pp.11-12
<http://www.akingump.com/files/upload/Foreign_Investment%20in%20Russian%20Strategic%20Sectors%20-%20by%20Toby%20T.%20Gati.pdf>
Liberty of Congress Washington DC Congressional research service, 2009/6/29. “Russia’s Economic Performance and Policies and Their Implications for the United States,” CRS Report for Congress, p.16,
<http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34512.pdf>.
Norris, Mark, 2010/10/4. “Skolkovo —Russia’s Silicon Valley?” Deloitte & Touche Regional Consulting Services Limited ,
OECD, 1996. The knowledge-based economy, p.7 <http://www.oecd.org/science/scienceandtechnologypolicy/1913021.pdf>
OECD, “Dataset: Gross domestic expenditure on R-D by sector of performance and source of funds,” OECD iLibrary, <http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GERD_FU>
OECD, “Dataset: R-D expenditure by sector of performance and type of R-D,” OECD iLibrary, <http://stats.oecd.org/OECDStat_Metadata/ShowMetadata.ashx?Dataset=RD_ACTIVITY&ShowOnWeb=true&Lang=en>
Pwc, 2011/ January. “New rules for deducting R&D expenses; Duma passes bill in first reading ,” Pwc, Vol. 238, No. 2,
<http://www.pwc.ru/en/tax-consulting-services/legislation/novye-pravila-priznaniya-rashodov-na-niokr.jhtml>.
Pwc, 2012/ March. “List of R&D activities eligible for tax deduction with a coefficient of 1.5 has been updated,” Pwc, Vol. 275, No. 9,
<http://www.pwc.ru/en/tax-consulting-services/legislation/tax-deduction-niokr.jhtml>
PWI Incorporation, 2002. Russia: Offshore Software Development “Diamond in the Rough”, PWI Incorporation,
<http://www.pwicorp.com/Diamond.pdf>
Software Russia, “Doing IT business in Russia / Government position,” Software Russia,
<http://www.software-russia.com/business/government>
Vital Wave Consulting, 2009. Emerging Markets Definition and World Market
Segments, Vital Wave Consulting, <http://www.vitalwaveconsulting.com/pdf/2011/Emerging%20Markets%20Definition%20and%20World%20Market%20Groups.pdf>
Volek, Tomas, 2012/3/15. “Global off shoring and outsourcing market dynamics,” presentation presented at the Softecon conference. Bratislava:SOFTEC, p. 5
<http://www.softec.sk/files/Softecon/softecon2012/prednasky/4-softecon_2012_volek.pdf>
2008/7/4. “Russia`s foreign debt grows 48% to $460 bln in 2007,” RIANOVOST, <http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080407/103938437.html>
2010/6/30. “Emerging Markets,” Economy Watch,
<http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/emerging-markets/>
2011/6/20. “We are not building state capitalism – Medvedev,” RT,
<http://rt.com/politics/medvedev-talk-climate-security/>
2011/7/6. “10 Countries Facing the Biggest Brain Drain”, Onlineuniversities.com,
<http://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2011/07/10-countries-facing-the-biggest-brain-drain/>
2011/11/21. “Lawmakers lift red-tape to boost foreign investment,” RT, <http://rt.com/business/news/foreign-investment-law-change-835>
2012/4/9. “Microsoft to bring more technology to Russian academics,” East-West Digital News, <http://www.ewdn.com/2012/04/09/microsoft-to-bring-more-technology-to-russian-academics/>
2012/4/20. “Software makers seek state support, ” Russia &India report, <http://indrus.in/articles/2012/04/20/software_makers_seek_state_support_15545.html>
2012/7. “Russian IT market to hit€16bn in 2012,” PMR, p. 2 <http://www.pmrpublications.com/free_stuff/1087/russian-it-market-to-hit-16bn-in-2012-july-2012>
2012/9/7. “Innovating Russian IT company with product lines in Software and IT Services,” ARDAMA, p.3, <http://armd.ru/common/upload/ARMADA_presentation_for_investors.pdf>
俄文部份
專書
Федеральной службы государственной статистики, 2010. Регионы России Социально-экономические показатели. Москва:Федеральной службы государственной статистики.
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации, 2006. Стратегия развития науки и инноваций в Российской Федерации на период до 2015 года. Москва:Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации |